The document provides an internship report on WLL, Switching and Transmission at Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) in Karachi. The three section report includes: 1. Introduction to the internship and PTCL organization 2. Details about the WLL, Switching and Transmission department where the internship was conducted, including services provided and duties performed. 3. Findings and recommendations from the internship, along with a conclusion. The report provides an overview of the internship experience at PTCL's WLL, Switching and Transmission department, with the goal of fulfilling degree requirements.

1. INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON
WLL, SWITCHING AND TRANSMISSION
PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED, KARACHI.
Submitted By:
HERA NOOR
Roll No: D-13-TE-07
B.E Telecommunication
Session: 2013-2017

3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am full of gratitude to:
 Almighty ALLAH for giving me the life and energy to conceive and actualize the
internship and this report.
 Our learned and erudite teacher Chairman of Telecommunication department,
Dawood University of Engineering & Technology, for his inspiring guidance, keen
interest, and continuous encouragement throughout my internship report making efforts.
 My Bachelor Friend who pushed me every now and then to complete this report as soon
as possible.
 All the teaching staff of DUE & T who implicitly or explicitly helped me in my
Internship Report.
 Last but not the least I am highly indebted to our Dawood University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi and faculty of Telecommunication Department for providing me the
opportunity and support to accomplish my B.E Telecommunication degree.

4. DEDICATION
No words can adequately express my overriding debt of gratitude to my parents whose support
helps me in all the way.
The true value of a teacher is determined not by what he knows, nor by his ability to impact what
he knows, but by his ability to stimulate in others a desire to know. So I want to say thanks to my
TEACHERS….
Above all I shall thank my Teachers friends who constantly encouraged and blessed me so
enable me to do this work successfully

5. PREFACE
This report is prepared as a result of performing six weeks of Internship in Pakistan
Telecommunication Company Limited, as a compulsory requirement for the completion of
Degree of Bachelor in Telecommunication Engineering.
The specific department is chosen for internship, only with a view that the future time is only of
the digital communication, and the simple analog communication is going behind the curtains.
And here is this department, we can learn a little about how the Communication set up, and that
how is it connected nationwide.
Following is the detail of the sequences, in which the report is constructed, along with the facility
of getting all this report in a Compact Disk as I already said that the modern time is to be
digitalized so I provided the report in digital form too.
This Report consists of THREE Sections.
The First Section is of Five (5) Chapters, whereas: The Chapter Number One is entitled as
Introduction to the Report, having the data about the study conducted, as the Scope of the
Study, Limitations, etc. of the Study. The Chapter Number Two is entitled as Organizational
Introduction. It has the data about the Historical Background of the Company, its Vision,
Mission, Core Values, and a Brief Discussion about the Company’s Profiles which is cited from
the Company’s Website. The Third Chapter is entitles as Structure of PTCL, which has the
managerial structure of the organization for nationwide as well as local.

6. The Section Two is about the Internship Department, i.e. it contains the information about the
Internship Department, its managerial and technological structure, services offered by the
department, and also I have discussed here the duties performed during the internship. All
these topics are covered in three chapters respectively.
Section Three consists of the Findings, Recommendations, Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, Threats, and also the SWOT Matrix. Whereas Findings and Recommendations
are in a separate chapter, while the other topics in a separate chapter, consisting of two chapters
overall.
This report contains a CD (Compact Disc) at the end of it, which contains all the
report in a soft form, saved in the format of Microsoft Word 2007, Microsoft Word
2010, and also in a PDF format.
HERA NOOR
B.E (Telecommunication)
(2013-2017)
D-13-TE-07

7. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Company where I did my internship is called Pakistan Telecommunication Company
(PTCL). I was selected by the selection committee. My internship started on 27/08/2014 and
lasted for 8 weeks until 7/10/2014. During the internship, I straddled in the department of WLL,
Switching & Transmission along with the field work associated with the department, under
Assistant Manager.
Among the three sections in this report, the SECTION 1 contains Introduction about the study
conducted, introduction about the Organization, the Structures of the Organization, which have
the local and the nation-wide structure of the organization,
SECTION 2 is about the Department in which I conducted the Internship, along with the
Services that are provided by the specified department at national and local level, winding the
section with the discussion of the overall activities conducted during the internship at PTCL in
its Pak Capital & Nazimabad Exchange.
SECTION 3 which is the last section of this report consists of the Findings I did during the
internship duration, Recommendations that I thought would benefit the organization.
There is a CD with this report which contains all this report in a Digital Form all in MS Word
2007, MS Word 2010, and Adobe Acrobat Reader (PDF) format.

8. TABLE OF CONTENTS .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.....
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................
SECTION 1................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CHAPTER NO 1........................INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORT ERROR! BOOKMARK
NOT DEFINED.
1.1 Reason for selecting the specific industry ....................................................................
1.2 Purpose of the Internship ..............................................................................................
1.3 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................
1.4 Methods of Collecting Data..........................................................................................
1.4.1 Use of Primary Data.............................................................................................................
1.4.2 Use of Secondary Data ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5 Hurdles in the Study......................................................................................................
CHAPTER NO 2….................ORGANIZATIONAL INTRODUCTION..................ERROR!
BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.1 Background & History...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Vision............................................................................................................................
2.3 Mission………………………………………………………………………………
2.4 Core Values………………………………………………………………………….
2.5 Company Profile……………………………………………………………………..
2.5.1 Business & Corporate Users:...............................................................................................
2.5.2 Other business specific services include:..............................................................................
2.5.3 Nationwide Infrastructure: ...................................................................................................
2.5.4 National Long-haul Core Network:......................................................................................
2.5.5 Carriers Services ..................................................................................................................
2.5.6 White Label Services: ...........................................................................................................

9. 2.5.7 Broadband Pakistan:............................................................................................................
2.5.8 IPTV Service (Smart TV):.....................................................................................................
2.5.9 Pak Internet Exchange:.........................................................................................................
2.5.10 V-fone: ..................................................................................................................................
2.5.11 International Network...........................................................................................................
2.6 Products Of PTCL……………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER NO 3…………………STRUCTURE OF PTCL ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.1 Structure of Organization..............................................................................................
3.1.1 Main Offices..........................................................................................................................
3.1.2 PTCL Head Office Organizational Chart.............................................................................
3.1.3 Bannu Department Organizational Structure.......................................................................
3.2 Technical & Operational Network................................................................................
SECTION 2.......................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER NO 4………………..WLL ( WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP )....ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
4.1 WLL ( Wireless Local Loop )....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Architecture................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Advantages ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHPATER NO 5 ......................................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.TRANSMISSION…………………………………………ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
5.1 Definition...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2 Transmission Technology..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3 Divisions of Transmission……………………………………………………………
5.4 DXX-II……………………………………………………………………………….
5.4.1 Medias of Data Transmission…………………………………………….
5.4.2 Dial Up…………………………………………………………………..
5.4.3 ISDN…………………………………………………………………….
5.4.3.1 Integrated Services……………………………………………..
5.4.3.2 Digital………………………………………………………….
5.4.3.3 Network……………………………………………………….
5.4.4 ISDN (BRI)………………………………………………………………
5.4.5 ISDN (PRI)……………………………………………………………….
5.4.6 Digital Cross Connect DXX Networking………………………………..
5.4.7 DXX Applications……………………………………………………….

10. 5.5 ZNOC (Zonal Network Operation Center)……………………………………………
5.5.1 Benefits…………………………………………………………………..
5.5.2 Limitations of Traditional Access Mode…………………………………
5.5.3 Converting Traditional Access Network to Modern Network……………
5.6 OFC-1 (Optical Fiber)…………………………………………………………………
5.6.1 Construction of Optical Fiber……………………………………………
5.6.2 Types of Optical Fiber……………………………………………………
5.6.3 Main Applications of Optical Fiber………………………………………
5.6.4 Advantages of Optical Fiber Cables……………………………………...
5.6.5 Optical Fiber Cables Used In Pakistan……………………………………
5.6.6 Ring Topology…………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER NO 6 ................SWITCHING…………………………………………….ERROR!
BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.1 Technical And Operational Network.........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.2 Modes of Switching ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.3 PTCL Corpret Services..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.4 Launch of IN Platform...............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.5 NOC in PTCL ............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
SECTION 3................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CHAPTER NO 7…………..ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.1 Findings...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2 Recommendations ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER NO 8 ...................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CONCLUSION……………………………………………ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.


11. Chapter 01
Introduction to the report
Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
Chapter 03
Structure of PTCL

12. Section 01 Chapter 01
Introduction to the Report
1
CHAPTER # 01
INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORT
I have prepared this report as an essential requirement for the certificate of the internship for the
degree of Bachelors in Engineering (BE Telecom). It has to be written after the completion of six
weeks internship, with the aim to get actual experience and use the knowledge in practical.
1.1 Reason for selecting the specific industry
The Telecom Sector is spreading all over the world and it is going to be the essential part of the
lives of the humans. It is going through a process of rapid change in the world of technology.
In line with global trend and for meeting the emerging demand, major initiatives have been
taken by PTCL too to upgrade its network and also to introduce a range of new value added
services like Broadband and IPTV. And so I have also selected their department of WLL,
Switching & Transmission for my Internship.
1.2 Purpose of the Internship
There are many reasons:
1. To fulfill the requirements for the degree of the B.E (Telecommunication)
From DUE & T.
2. To see the practical world of what we studied during the four years program.
3. To understand how the practical organizations apply the knowledge of the theories.
4. To study the organization for its function and analysis on the basis of the study.
5. To make recommendations on the basis of the study done.

13. Section 01 Chapter 01
Introduction to the Report
2
1.3 Scope of the Study
During the internship, I straddled in the department of WLL, Switching & Transmission along
with the field work associated with the department, such as:
i. DSL Installation
ii. Router Configuration
iii. Complaint Handling
iv. Transmission Process
v. Marketing
1.4 Methods of Collecting Data
I have collected the data for this report in many ways. I used Primary data, as well as secondary
data for completing the task of report writing about my internship. Some of the methods I used
are discussed below.
1.4.1 Use of Primary Data
I used Primary Data for completing the report by the following ways:
i. Self Observation
ii. Discussions with the officers
iii. Discussions with the senior students
1.4.2 Use of Secondary Data
I also used Secondary Data for completing the report writing. Some of these methods are as
follows.
i. PTCL Brochures
ii. PTCL Website
iii. Internship reports of seniors and friends
iv. Staff Training program guides

14. Section 01 Chapter 01
Introduction to the Report
3
1.5 Hurdles in the Study
I also faced some hurdles during the making of the report. There were so many hurdles but I
mention only those which seems to be important to be discussed here. Some of these hurdles are:
i. No guidance from the university about how to conduct the internship.
ii. The internees are not provided with opportunities of doing things themselves
during internship, making it difficult for them to understand technical things.
iii. Limited Financial and Technical Resources also affected the study. Such as
traveling to customer premises in the field work and the advertising were done by
the internee’s own expense.


15. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
CHAPTER # 02
ORGANIZATIONAL INTRODUCTION
2.1Background and History
Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) has established in December 1990,taking over
operations and functions from Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph Department under Pakistan
Telecommunication Corporation Act 1991.
PTCL operates in one of the most dynamic, deregulated and competitive markets in the world;
Pakistan with a population of 165 million people is a fast growing economy with relatively low
penetration of Information Communication Technology (ICT) services.
PTCL intends to be the leading ICT provider in the region by achieving customers' satisfaction
and maximizing shareholders' value and as such PTCL perceives its future as a customer centric
organization enhancing its infrastructure and investing in people.
This coincided with the Government's competitive policy, encouraging private sector
Participation and resulting in award of licenses for cellular, card-operated payphones, paging
and, lately, data communication services. In 1994, the PTCL becomes the company limited
(Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited) by issued six million vouchers exchangeable
into 600 million shares of the PTCL in two separate placements. Each had a par value of Rs. 10
per share. These vouchers were converted into PTCL shares in mid-1996In 1995, Pakistan
Telecommunication (Reorganization) Ordinance formed the basis for PTCL monopoly over
basic telephony in the country. The provisions of the Ordinance were lent permanence in
October 1996 through Pakistan Telecommunication (Reorganization) Act.
The same year, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited was formed and listed on all
stock exchanges of Pakistan PTCL launched its mobile and data services subsidiaries in 2001 by
the name of Ufone and PakNet respectively. None of the brands made it to the top slots in the
respective competitions. Lately, however, Ufone had increased its market share in the cellular
sector. The PakNet brand has effectively dissolved over the period of time. A recent DSL service

16. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
launched by PTCL reflects this by the introduction of a new brand name and operation of the
service being directly supervised by PTCL.
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited had exclusive rights to provide basic telecom
services in Pakistan till the end of year 2002. With the announcement of Deregulation Policy by
the Government of Pakistan in 2003, PTA has issued licenses for basic telephony to the private
sector in Pakistan who will be competing PTCL, the incumbent. From the humble beginnings of
Posts & Telegraph Department in 1947 and establishment of Pakistan Telephone& Telegraph
Department in 1962, to this very day, ours is a story of commitment and vision.
The year 2006-07 in the telecom sector was marked by the phenomenal growth in the mobile
sector in Pakistan, which doubled its subscriber base to 60 million. The teledensity increased
from 26% to 40%, helping to spread the benefits of communication technology across the
country. PTCL ’s mobile phone subsidiary Ufone’s subscriber base grew by more than 87%,
from 7.49 million to 14 million. The year also witnessed the entry of major telecom companies,
most notably China Telecom and SingTel, into market.
The privatization of the company was completed in the 2006, following the purchaser of26% ‘B’
class ordinary shares by Etisalat International Pakistan L.L.C. EIP took over management control
on 12th on April 2006.In short PTCL has been working vigorously to meet the dual challenge of
telecom development and socio-economic uplift of the country. This is characterized by a clearer
appreciation of ongoing telecom scenario wherein convergence of technologies continuously
changes the shape of the sector.

17. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
2.2 Vision
“To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider
in the region by achieving customers' satisfaction and maximizing shareholders'
value”
2.3 Mission
To achieve our vision by having:
 An organizational environment that fosters professionalism, motivation and
quality
 An environment that is cost effective and quality conscious
 Services that are based on the most optimum technology
 "Quality" and "Time" conscious customer service
 Sustained growth in earnings and profitability

18. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
2.4 Core Values
 Professional Integrity
 Customer Satisfaction
 Teamwork
 Company Loyalty
2.5 Company Profile
The following data is added here as the Company’s Profile.
(Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, p.
http://www.ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=90)
PTCL is all set to redefine the established boundaries of the telecommunication market and is
shifting the productivity frontier to new heights. Today, for millions of people, we demand
instant access to new products and ideas. More importantly we want them for their better living
standards with increased values in this ever-shrinking globe of ours. We are setting free the spirit
of innovation.
PTCL is going to be your first choice in the future as well, just as it has been over the past six
decades.
2.5.1 Business & Corporate Users:
For clear communication the first choice of business circles is PTCL
telephone for local, nationwide and international calling. Today businesses
can have 10-100 lines with modern day services to meet their needs. Now you
get options like Caller-ID, call-forwarding, call-waiting, Call Barring, to name
a few.
2.5.2 Other business specific services include:
0800-Toll free number, 0900-Preminum rate services, VPN-Virtual Private
Network, Audio Conference Service, Digital Cross Connect (DXX), ISDN

19. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
(Policy), Teleplus (ISDN/BRI), Digital Phone Facilities/ Modification Charges,
UAN, UIN.
2.5.3 Nationwide Infrastructure:
We have the largest Copper infrastructure spread over every city, town and
village of Pakistan with over million installed lines.
The network has over 0.5 million POTS ports with more than 250,000
Broadband ports in 13 major cities.
2.5.4 National Long-haul Core Network:
We have over 10,400 km fully redundant, fiber optics DWDM backbone
network. It connects over 840 cities and towns with 270G bandwidth.
2.5.5 Carriers Services
As carriers-carrier, we provide the core infrastructure services to the cellular,
LDIs, Local Loop operators, ISPs, Call Centers and payphone operators.
We provide all carrier services, right from inter-connects and telehousing to
DPLC and IPLC connectivity. Our interconnect services are provided from our
3200 exchange locations that connect your carriers networks domestically, in
addition to providing IPLC bandwidths to connect you internationally through
our four international gateways and SEA-ME-WE3 and SEA-ME-WE4
international submarine, also IMWE submarine cable will be added by the end
of the year.
Furthermore to provide connectivity to operators in the extreme remote areas
of the country, PTCL launched its state of the art satellite service (Skylink).
PTCL satellite service (Sky link) is provided using the Intelsat Satellite
System, an undisputed leader in satellite communications.

20. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
2.5.6 White Label Services:
PTCL customers can now provide uninterrupted services to their clients
without undertaking large scale investment in infrastructure or developing
expertise in their own network.
PTCL White Label Services are focused on speed and simplicity at minimal
capex. This will enable our customer to offer their own branded WLL, DSL etc
to customers nationally, together with an array of key support services.
2.5.7 Broadband Pakistan:
PTCL Broadband is the largest and the fastest growing Broadband service in
Pakistan. In less than two years of it launch, PTCL has acquired over 150,000
Broadband customers in over 150 cities and towns across Pakistan, leading the
proliferation and awareness of Broadband services across Pakistan.
With its entry in this market segment, PTCL opened up a broadband culture in
Pakistan, where till a couple of years back there was very little awareness in
the country about broadband & high speed internet services. PTCL made the
broadband technology affordable by lowering the barriers to entry, by
geographically bringing the service within the reach of a common user across
Pakistan and by continuous improvements in customer care for the service.
Unique offers that makes PTCL’s Broadband unmatchable are special
packages for the student segment, FREE modem and installation, FREE dial up
service for its Broadband customers and FREE access to movies, music,
classical Pakistani dramas, cricket matches, gaming, educational and religious
content on PTCL’s entertainment portal ‘BUZZ’, (made exclusive only to
PTCL Broadband subscribers). PTCL also offers multiple FREE personalized
e-mail accounts exclusively to its broadband users. In addition, PTCL recently.
Doubled its broadband speed for all its existing and new customers at the same
price, making 1 MB as its minimum offered speed.

21. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
For a connection you simply dial 0800 8 0800 or visit www.ptcl.com.pk
2.5.8 IPTV Service (Smart TV):
Using its state of the art Broadband network, PTCL entered the media sector
on 14th August 2008, by launching a digital interactive television service for
the first time in Pakistan. Employing the IPTV (Internet Protocol TV)
technology, PTCL brought Pakistan in the list of a few countries across the
globe that offers this state of the art interactive TV service to its subscribers.
Branded under ‘PTCL Smart Line’, the service includes Interactive Television,
Broadband and voice telephony all at the same time on PTCL’s telephone line.
Besides offering the highest digital quality TV picture, the most revolutionary
section of this offering is the ability to ‘rewind’ and ‘pause’ live TV channels,
the ability to block / unblock any TV channel for parental lock and the ability
to search through video on demand content. Currently PTCL Smart TV offers
its viewers over hundred live channels and over 350 local and international
Movie titles ‘on Demand’. The service for now is available in four cities
Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi Islamabad however is planned to be expanded
to all the major cities and towns across Pakistan during the year 2009.
2.5.9 Pak Internet Exchange:
It is the only IP enabled network with 40 (number increase) point-of-presences
(POP) in 26 cities. The existing 16G active bandwidth is used for internet, data,
and video and video-conferencing services and for voice of LDI. All PTCL
Broadband users, narrow band users, corporates, mobile operators, and ISP are
connected to this network.
2.5.10 V-fone:
PTCL also continues to be the largest CDMA operator in the country with
approximately 1.25 million V-fone customers.

22. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
It offers fixed wireless telephone for your homes & business. With
CDMA2000 1X technology, ours is the largest WLL network with a capacity
of 2.6M, covering over 10,000 urban & rural areas. The network is already
enabled for Voice, Dialup-Internet access (153.6kbps) and EVDO Broadband.
V-fone can be bought from our franchises or by dialing 1236 and it will be
delivered within 48-72 hours.
2.5.11 International Network
SEAMEWE-3 Submarine Cable System:
PTCL is a member of SEAMEWE 3 Cable Consortium with its Cable Landing
Station at Karachi. SMW-3 cable connects 39 cable landing stations in 33
countries and four continents. SMW-3 is the longest system of the world with a
total length of 39,000 Km.
SMW-4 Submarine Cable System:
SMW-4 is a relatively new submarine cable system (inaugurated in December
2005) and links 14 countries with 16 landing stations across Europe, Middle
East and Asia. The system is using Terabit DWDM technology to achieve. The
link between any two destinations is STM-1. SMW-4 is designed for relatively
higher traffic volumes.
I ME WE cable details and Status with Map:
IMEWE Submarine Cable is a Tera bit capacity submarine cable system
connecting India to Western Europe through Middle East. The Cable system is
13,000 km long with 10 landing points in 8 countries.
Satellite Communication:
PTCL has Intelsat Standard Earth Stations near Karachi and Islamabad. These
installations provide the diversity for International voice connectivity and also
work as Hub for domestic satellite users. There are four Intelsat Standard B
Earth Stations at Islamabad, Gilgit, Skardu and Gwadar.

23. Section 01 Chapter 02
Organizational Introduction
2.6 Products of PTCL


24. Section 01 Chapter 03
Structure of PTCL
CHAPTER # 03
STRUCTURE OF PTCL
3.1 Structure of Organization
An Organizational Structure clarify the roles of personnel of an Organization and to determine
who has to do what task, which is responsible for what, objectives to be achieved, who is to
report to whom and to remove the obstacles for performance caused by confusion and
uncertainty of job assignment as well as to make easy decision-making and communication
networks reflecting and supporting organization objectives.
The head of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is called "President". Then come the
SEVPs (Senior Executive Vice Presidents), i.e. SEVP (Finance), SEVP (Operations),
SEVP(Technical), and SEVP (Human Resource Management), SEVP (Marketing & Business
Development).Then there is a chain of Executive Vice Presidents (EVPs) like EVP (Finance
Central), EVP (Marketing), EVP (HR Central), EVP (Accounts), EVP (Operation), EVP
(Information Technology, Training & Research), and EVP (Revenue). All these are appointed at
Pakistan Telecommunication Company, Headquarters at G-8/4, Islamabad. Apart from these
EVP, there are also EVP (Operation), EVP (HR) etc. who are heading the other regions of PTCL
in major cities country wide. Then there are Chief Engineers and General Managers at H/Qs who
report to their relevant EVP. Then there are Senior Managers, Deputy Directors, Assistant
Directors, Account Officers, Assistant Account Officers, Financial Analysts, Marketing
Managers, Computer Programmers, and IT Specialists etc.
There are also Regional Heads (General Managers) to head PTCL Regions then come the Senior
Managers (Operations), Senior Engineers (Operations), Engineers to look after the telecom
system of Regions. There are also Senior Managers Finance, Account Officers and Accountants
to Handle Regional account and billing matters. Manager HR & his staff are responsible to take
care of Personnel affairs at Regional Level.

25. Section 01 Chapter 03
Structure of PTCL
In non-gazette staff there are Engineering Supervisors Operations/Switching/Power plant/Optical
Fiber system/M.W Media, Account Assistants, Stenographers, Assistants, Key Punch Operators,
Telecom Technicians, Upper Division Clerks, Lower Division Clerks, Line Men, Wire Men,
Drivers, Exchange Cleaners, Naib Qasids and Peons etc.
All the staff is recruited by the HR Department headed by SEVP HR. The HR experts are
responsible for hiring & to further streamline its recruitment process.
3.1.1 Main Offices
The Head Office of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited is situated in
Sector G-8/4, Islamabad, which is headed by the "President". Besides, it has Regional
Headquarters like:
 Islamabad Telecom Region,
 Rawalpindi Telecom Region,
 Hazara Telecom Region Abottabad,
 Northern Telecom Region-I Peshawar,
 Lahore Telecom Region (South),
 Lahore Telecom Region (North),
 Multan Telecom Region,
 Faisalabad Telecom Region
 Southern Telecom Region-I Hyderabad
 Southern Telecom Region-II Karachi
 Southern Telecom Region-V Sukkur
 Western Telecom Region Quetta.
 Switching network Central region Lahore.
These Regions provide Telecommunications services to the customers in their
respective areas. Apart from these, PTCL has an Optical Fiber Construction Region Lahore
and Optic Fiber System Islamabad, each headed by a General Manager.

26. Section 01 Chapter 03
Structure of PTCL
3.1.2 PTCL Head Office Organizational Chart

27. Section 01 Chapter 03
Structure of PTCL
3.1.3 Department Organizational Structure
A.
M
CPE
installers
Manager
S.M(MM&BB
)
Internshi
p
Departm
ent
U.D.C,
L.D.C,
Stenos etc.
Line man,
Tech: Cable
etc.
Tech:,
Cable, Line
man etc.
E.S
(Switch)
Engine
er
Engine
er
R.O
Assistant
Clerks
Ass:
B.M
Engine
er
Busine
ss
Manag
er
S.E(swit
ch)
S.E (as
above)
A.D.
W
A.D.
W
S.A.O
D.A.
O
S.E
Cord
S.M(H
R)
S.M(D&Sp
Project)
S.M(Switc
h)
S.M(O
ps)
S.M(Fi
n)
G.M
(A/N(D&M))
E.S (Bus)
T.O,
Tech:,
Wire man
etc
E.S
develop

28. Section 01 Chapter 03
Structure of PTCL
3.2 Technical & Operational Network
Pakistan telecommunication corporation under the act of 1996, Pakistan Telecommunication
Authority (PTA) issued a license to Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited for the
provision of telecom services within Pakistan to private sector and the general public as
the Federal Government may determine and during the exclusivity period of the Pakistan
Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) specified in above-mentioned Act. PTCL has
25 years license to provide telecom services in Pakistan with Stake in the Company with
about 62% equity. PTCL has largest network and huge infrastructure for it’s more than
4,405,161users as on (Mar, 2008).
 Switching Technology
 Technical and Operational Milestones


29. Chapter 04
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
Chapter 05
Transmission
Chapter 06
Switching

30. Section 02 Chapter 04
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
CHAPTER # 04
4.1 WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
Fixed line services growth has declined in the World because of the availability of wireless networks
which are easy to deploy and very cost effective compare to the fixed line networks. Further, wireless
based services enabled the customers to avail more innovative services as compare to fixed line. In line
with the world trend, Fixed line telephony in Pakistan has also shown negative growth though wireless
segment has shown positive growth. PTCL has still monopoly over fixed line services along with entry in
Wireless world.
PTCL still has monopoly over fixed line services in Pakistan and share more than 97%subscribers of fixed
lines. However, the fixed line subscribers are continuously declining mainly due to popularity of wireless
based services. PTCL fixed line subscribers in the year 2007-08 declined by about 8% and reached to 4.3
million as compared to 4.8 million in 2006-07. In the year 2007-08, PTCL lost over 402,656 subscribers.
These customers are being transferred on WLL services.
What is WLL?
A wireless loop is a generic term for an access system that uses a wireless link to connect subscriber to
their LOCAL EXCHANGE in place of convectional copper cable. Using wireless link shortens the

31. Section 02 Chapter 04
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
construction period and also installation cost.
WLL offers high traffic support.
Wireless local loop (WLL), is a term for the use of a wireless communications link as the "last mile / first
mile" connection for delivering plain old telephone service (POTS) or Internet access (marketed under
the term "broadband") to telecommunications customers. Various types of WLL systems and
technologies exist.Other terms for this type of access include Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), Radio
In The Loop (RITL), Fixed-Radio Access (FRA), Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) and Metro Wireless (MW).
So that makes:WWLLLL aa ssyysstteemm tthhaatt ccoonnnneeccttss ssuubbssccrriibbeerrss ttoo tthhee llooccaall tteelleepphhoonnee ssttaattiioonn wwiirreelleessssllyy..
From above diagram we can see BSC controls one or more BTSs and provide a interference to a local
exchange (switch) in the central office.
BSCs also called Radio port control unit (RPCU) or transcoding and Network interface Unit (TNU)
SSyysstteemmss WWLLLL iiss bbaasseedd oonn::
 CCeelllluullaarr
 SSaatteelllliittee ((ssppeecciiffiicc aanndd aaddjjuunncctt))
 MMiiccrroocceelllluullaarr
WLL technology has been introduced in Pakistan in 2003 where number of licenses has been issued to
various operators for different regions to provide telephony services based on wireless based networks.
Approximately 70% of Pakistan total population lives in rural area which presents huge opportunity for
growth of WLL service because demand for telephony in the country has surged unprecedented.
Regulator is confident that WLL is emerging as a success story in Pakistan and it will help to bridge the
digital divide in Pakistan. WLL service will enable Pakistan to bridge the communication gap by using
cost-effective, easy-to-deploy WLL systems in its rural areas.

32. Section 02 Chapter 04
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
WLL subscribers are growing exponentially since the launch service in Pakistan in 2003-04. In the year
2007-08, WLL total subscribers reached to 2.2 million with an addition of 537,515 subscribers in fiscal
year 2007-08. However, the growth of WLL subscribers in the year 2007-08 was recorded at 32% where
it was 66% in previous year.
Fixed line telephony in Pakistan has also shown negative growth though wireless segment has shown
positive growth. PTCL has still monopoly over fixed line services along with entry in Wireless world.
As of June 2007 there are about 1.85 million WLL subscribers in Pakistan. Pakistan Telecommunication
Company that works under the trademark PTCL V is the leader with a market share of 59%. TeleCard
(GO CDMA) has 23% of the market. Worldcall Telecom (stock performance; also see coverage on its deal
with Omantel) has 15% share of the WLL subscribers. Great Bear International Services (Pvt) Ltd
(DIALLOG) which is covered here, has 3% share. Even though Diallog is a smaller player, it has been
praised in blogs because of its good customer service and it has higher revenue per user (Rs. 600) than
other companies.
4.2 Architecture

33. Section 02 Chapter 04
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
In addition to wireline line operations, PTCL also provide fixed line service through its countrywide
CDMA based WLL (Wireless Local Loop) network, under the VFone brand name. In the Internet segment,
PTCL provides fixed broadband through conventional copper wire & FTTC and wireless broadband based
on EvDO Rev A and B technology with the brand name of EVO.Ptcl has also introduced a 3G tab. In the
cellular segment, the second largest cellular provider in Pakistan, Ufone based on GSM 800/1900
technology, is also a wholly owned subsidiary of PTCL.[4] In addition to these services, PTCL also offers
some of the world's first commercial HD TV services based on IPTV with the brand name of Smart TV and
home surveillance and alarm over broadband under the brand name iSentry. PTCL is also part of the
consortium of three major Submarine communication cable networks: SEA-ME-WE 3, SEA-ME-WE 4 and
I-ME-WE. PTCL offers Pakistan fastest WiMAX connection EVO Wingle at 9.3 Mbps.
Various WLL technologies and deployment options should be evaluated in terms of the following:
 Population density of the service area
 Connection cost (i.e., equipment and installation)
 Level of penetration
 Whether the country/area served is developing or developed

34. Section 02 Chapter 04
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
4.3 Advantages
From reducing the cost to enhance service and user mobility there are many advantages of using WLL
some are enlisted blow and many more can be listed though:
 Better Communications quality.
 Short construction Period lowering the labor cost.
 Absence of interference with other wireless systems: Microwave and broadcasting system.
 High Traffic Volume (better voice quality).
 Low Maintainace.
 High system capacity.
 High bandwidth Service.


35. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
CHAPTER # 05
TRANSMISSION
5.1 Definition
Transmission (abbreviation: Tx) is the process of sending and propagating an analogue or digital
information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium,
either wired, optical fiber or wireless.
5.2 Transmission Technology
Transmission technologies and schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such as
modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error control, bit synchronization and
multiplexing, but the term may also involve higher-layer protocol duties, for example, digitizing
an analog message signal, and source coding (compression).
Transmission of a digital message, or of a digitized analog signal, is known as data transmission
or digital communication.
One transmission is the sending of a signal with limited duration, for example a block or packet
of data, a phone call, or an email.
5.3 Divisions of Transmission
DXX-II
ZNOC
OFC-I

36. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.4 DXX-II
Digital Cross Connect (DXX) is a state-of-the-art communication technology over Optical Fiber.
Fast and reliable data communication can be provided using this technology from 6.4 kbps to
several Mbps. Optical Fiber streams are terminated on Digital Cross Connect nodes and data
connectivity is provided to customer’s premises using line cards (2B1Q, V.35 DCC, DINIC, 27
LC3, 28 LC etc.) and DTUs (Data Terminating Unit). Whole DXX network is monitored and
controlled by Sun based Network Management System (NMS).
Digital Cross Connect (DXX) is a state-of-the-art communication technology over Optical Fiber.
Fast and reliable data communication can be provided using this technology from 6.4 kbps to
several Mbps. Optical Fiber streams are terminated on Digital Cross Connect nodes and data
connectivity is provided to customer’s premises using line cards (2B1Q, V.35 DCC, DINIC, 27
LC3, 28 LC etc.) and DTUs (Data Terminating Unit). Whole DXX network is monitored and
controlled by Sun based Network Management System (NMS).
The Digital Cross Connect (DXX) system is deployed in the full mesh configuration. The
transmission medium is Fiber Optic. Fiber Optic is the most reliable transmission medium for
long haul communications. Similarly it offers low transmission delays. This enables the
customers to set up virtual private network at very affordable prices. The central nodes of the
network are made up of the 3630 Digital Cross Connect switches from Alcatel, which are
deployed at the Digital Transit Exchanges in all the cities. The 3630 Digital Cross Connect
switches at each Digital Transit Exchange are then connected with the 3630 Multiplexers.
Another important feature of the DXX is that Frame Relay can be employed in the existing DXX
network using FRE and FRS cards in Alcatel 3630 nodes.
5.4.1 Medias of Data Transmission
Dial Up.
ISDN (BRI).
ISDN (PRI).
Digital Cross Connect (DXX).
Digital Subscriber Line (XDSL).
Optical Fiber Access Network (OFAN).

37. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.4.2 Dial UP
A component in Windows 95 and Windows 98 that enables you to connect your computer
to a network via a “modem”
5.4.3 ISDN
The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of international standards
for access to advanced, all-digital public telecommunications networks.
ISDN has three elements
I. Integrated Services
II. Digital
III. Network
5.4.3.1 Integrated Services
Voice.
Video.
Image.
Data.
Mixed media at a number of standard
Data rates
5.4.3.2 Digital
Digital terminal equipment.
Digital local loops.
Digital trunks.
Digital switching.
5.4.3.3 Network
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or
sometimes Small Area Network
CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area
Network
PAN - Personal Area Network
DAN - Desk Area Network
ISDN
Integrated
Services
NetworkDigital

38. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.4.4 ISDN (BRI)
The backup of DXX is ISDN/BRI. BRI stands for Basic Rate Interface.
Its maximum rate is 128 KBps.
5.4.5 ISDN (PRI)
It is use for Broadband Services. PRI stands for Primary Rate Interface.
Its maximum rate is 64 KBps.
5.4.6 Digital Cross Connect (DXX)
The DXX provides a complete networking solution to the network operators with the following benefits:
Efficient utilization of existing transmission bandwidth.
Powerful NMS to manage large networks.
The best flexibility for networking.
Manageability.
Expandability.
Higher service quality and hence higher customer satisfaction
Super rate: Multiplexing of = > 64 K bits / Sec.
5.4.7 DXX Applications

39. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.5 ZNOC (Zonal Network Operation Center)
PTCL is a leading provider of telecom voice and data services within Pakistan. As part of its continuing
infrastructure developments, PTCL has embarked upon a major investment program in the Network
Operations Center (NOC). The purpose of NOC is to control, monitor and manage the entire PTCL
network; to enhance and optimize network management through a transparent and centralized
platform and to create a highly available, adaptable and fault resilient network that can meet market
demand and offer customer satisfaction. Through the NOC, PTCL has been able to address those issues
with a complete convergence of the entire network on a single platform.
There are three types of medias/carrier are used in Pakistan by PTCL.
Copper
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
Optical Fiber
Using Copper as media of transferring of data, there is a local exchange (LE), the setup of LE is installed
on ground floor and the data is transferred from MDF (Main Distribution Frame); from the front side we
access via cable while back side is switching box.
PRIMARY CABLE SECONDARY CABLE
MDF (Main
Distribution
Frame)
Connection
Cabnet
DP
(Distribution
Box)
User
DP
Pole Mounted
Wall Mounted

40. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.5.1 Benefits
 Proactive identification and resolution faults of through Real-time Network Monitoring
& status visibility.
 Increase network availability through Enhanced Quality of Service and centralized
performance statistics and reporting mechanism.
 Increased Accountability and Transparency through escalation policies, work orders and
maintenance of secure activity logs.
5.5.2 Limitations of Traditional Access Mode
5.5.53 Converting Traditional Access Network to Modern Network
MDF (Main Distribution Frame)
Copper Cable
Connection Cabinet
5.6 OFC-I (Optical Fiber)
An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of extruded glass (silica) or plastic,
slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light
LE (Local
Exchange)
•Feeder Layer
•3-5 Km
Connection
Cabnet
•500 m - 100 Km
Districution Box
•10 m - 300 m
User
DDF (Digital Distribution Frame)
Optical Fiber
ONU (Optical Network Unit)

41. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the
design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.
Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over
longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables. Fibers are used instead of metal
wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic
interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used
to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety
of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
5.6.1 Construction of Optical Fiber
Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material
with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes
the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes
are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those that only support a single mode are called
single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter, and are used
for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be

42. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,000 meters
(3,300 ft).
Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable. The ends of
the fibers must be carefully cleaved, and then carefully spliced together with the cores perfectly
aligned. A mechanical splice holds the ends of the fibers together mechanically, while fusion
splicing uses heat to fuse the ends of the fibers together. Special optical fiber connectors for
temporary or semi-permanent connections are also available.
5.6.2 Types of optical fiber cable
Optical fiber cable is available in three forms which are
1. Slotted core cable
2. Loose tube cable
3. Loose tube slotted core cable
5.6.3 Main Application of the optical fiber cables
 .Public and private telecommunication lines
 .Computer network (LAN, WAN )
 .Television distribution network (CATV)
 .Military network
 .Control, remote control & signalizing network
 .Video supervision lines

43. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.6.4 Advantages of the optical fiber cables
Optical fiber cables are not affected by any interference originated from energy transmission lines.
Radio waves and cross talk between the fibers does not exist. No special protection is necessary.
1. Non Conductivity
No grounding is necessary because of metal free cable.
2. Large Wide bandwidth
Suitable for high speed. Wide-band, telecommunication lines.
3. Low Loss:
Because of Low few or no amplifiers are necessary.
4. Very Light Weight
The smallest cables can be designed and manufactured therefore reduce pulling strength and reduce
laying cost.
5. Economic
The most economical solution for the simultaneous transmission of several multichannel users.
6. Low Attenuation
7. No Cross Talk
8. Many channel Capacity
9. Easy Installation
5.6.5 Optical fiber cable used in Pakistan
1. Olex cable (18 fiber slotted core number of slot 6)
2. Fujikura cable (18 fiber slotted core number slot 10)
3. Siemen cable (12 fiber loose tube)
4. LT Engineering cable (18, 12, 6 fiber loose tube with slotted core)

44. SECTION 02 Chapter 05
Transmission
5.6.6 Ring Topology
INTERFACE
A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a
single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring. Data travel from node to node, with
each node along the way handling every packet.
Because a ring topology provides only one pathway between any two nodes, ring networks may be
disrupted by the failure of a single link. A node failure or cable break might isolate every node attached
to the ring. In response, some ring networks add a "counter-rotating ring" (C-Ring) to form a redundant
topology: in the event of a break, data are wrapped back onto the complementary ring before reaching
the end of the cable, maintaining a path to every node along the resulting C-Ring. Such "dual ring"
networks include Spatial Reuse Protocol, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Resilient Packet
Ring.

ONU
ONU
ONUONU
OLTB USER
USER
LE

45. SECTION 02 Chapter 06
Switching
CHAPTER # 06
Switching
6.1 Technical & Operational Network
Pakistan telecommunication corporation under the act of 1996, Pakistan Telecommunication
Authority (PTA) issued a license to Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited for the
provision of telecom services within Pakistan to private sector and the general public as
the Federal Government may determine and during the exclusivity period of the Pakistan
Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) specified in above-mentioned Act. PTCL has
25 years license to provide telecom services in Pakistan with Stake in the Company with
about 62% equity. PTCL has largest network and huge infrastructure for it’s more than 4,405,161
users as on (Mar, 2008).
6.2 Switching Technology
There are 7 different kinds of switching technologies currently operational in PTCL network.
 Alcatel
 Siemens
 NEC
 Ericson
 Huawei
 J.S telecom
 ZTE
 With these different switching technologies PTCL is running its huge network and
providing different communication facilities to its customers.
6.2 Modes of Switching
There are two modes of switching.
 Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching
Circuit switching includes mobile services. It is not reliable as compared to packet switching. Packet
switching includes mail via internet, mobile messages etc. It is reliable mode of switching.

46. SECTION 02 Chapter 06
Switching
6.3 PTCL Corpret Services
 DXX
 Non DXX
 ISDN/PRI
 ISDN/BRI
 E1/E3 Connectivity
 MPLS
 EDSLBDSL
 PIE Connectivity
 Web Browser
 Tele presence
 DSR links
 EVO/CDMA & 3G EVO tabs
 VSAT
6.4 Launch Of IN Platform
 To augment the capacity and introduce additional value added services a new Intelligent
Network (IN) Platform was launched in October 2003.This platform has higher capacity
for prepaid calling cards and provision for introduction of new services.
 To further support the launch of new services the optical fiber junction access network
has been in implementation phase. This system further supports the upcoming project of
PTCL WLL (wireless local loop), Broad Band Services & IPTV. Network Operation
Center (NOC)
(Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, Oct-Dec 2008, pp. 21-22)
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) is a prime provider of telecom
voice and data services within Pakistan.
As Part of its ongoing infrastructure development, PTCL has embarked on a major
investment program in a Network Operations Center (NOC).

47. SECTION 02 Chapter 06
Switching
Fig. NOC application launched
The purpose of NOC is:
 To control, monitor and manage the entire PTCL Network
 To enhance and optimize Network Management through a transparent and
centralized platform
 To create a highly available, adaptable and fault resilient network that can meet
the market demand and provide customer satisfaction
Due to the absence of a NOC, PTCL currently faces serious operational challenges:
 Since there is no centralized network management, fault resolution is ad hoc and
inefficient, service restoration takes a long time
 There is no mechanism for root cause analysis
Through the NOC PTCL have been able to address these issues with:
 A complete convergence of entire Network on a single platform
 Proactive identification and resolution of faults through:
 Real-time Network Monitoring & status visibility.
 PTCL have been able to increase network availability through:
 Enhanced Quality of Service and centralized performance statistics and
reporting mechanism.

48. SECTION 02 Chapter 06
Switching
 Increased Accountability and Transparency
 Through escalation policies, work orders and maintenance of secure
activity logs
A Fault resilient and highly
available Network is a direct
result of NOC. However the
NOC platform has also been
used to diversify the services and
customer base to increase
revenues. NOC has been used
for:
 Modifications of SOPs for:
 DSL, IPTV, Triple Play provisioning and complaint handling.
 BNCC has been integrated for resolution of complaints reported by the
customers.
 NOC is used for provisioning of SLA support for all domains.
 Management of DXX corporate customers and outsourced Data Centers.
Further, Performance management statistics are being used to conduct a trend analysis
and reengineer the network.
Civil Works
6.5 NOC in PTCL
The main NOC is located in the CDDT Building, Islamabad. There are 3 regional NOCs
in Lahore, RWP and Karachi respectively. Disaster Recovery shall be done in Karachi.
Network Domains that have been integrated into NOC:
WLL, IN, Signaling, TDM/, Switching, OFAN, TXM, DXX, PIE, NGN and
Triple Play
Fig. Employees Monitoring the Network

49. SECTION 02 Chapter 06
Switching
Fiber Cut Scenario
On average PTCL experience hundreds of fiber-cuts in a month. As a result PTCL have
automated the root cause analysis process for this scenario:
When the system detects a fiber cut a siren goes off, cable cut blinks on the screen and
hundreds of critical alarms pop up on the screen, the correlation rule kicks in and the
alarms are associated and consolidated into a single root cause alarm.
A TT is automatically generated
identifying the affected cable
section between two NEs.
An automated notification is
dispatched to the responsible
coordinator via time stamped SMS
and EMAIL. The coordinator then
issues a work order for fault
resolution. IOf the fault is not
resolved, verified and closed
within a stipulated time frame, the
escalation process is triggered and
senior management is notified with an SMS and email for appropriate action.
Complete visibility of the network, intelligent root cause analysis and defined SOPs for
work order dispatching and escalation are the core tools that shall allow the NOC to
provide a robust network making PTCL a landmark of excellence in the world of telecom

Fig. Employees at work on NOC

50. Chapter 07
Findings & Recommendations
Chapter 08
Conclusion

51. Section 03 Chapter 07
Findings & Recommendations
CHAPTER # 07
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this chapter, I am going to discuss the findings and my view of recommendations which I
faced and thought during the internship. These findings and recommendations will help the
organization to serve the customers in a better way and will enhance their capabilities of
performing earning and they will get the high value than those upcoming competitors of it.
7.1 Findings
Below are some of the observations which I did during my internship duration. I mention it here
for the purpose to enhance the capabilities of the organization of my Area if these are considered
by the managers. They will also have an edge on the upcoming competitors of them and will not
let them loose their potential customers.
 No proper theory references on related topic for courses.
 The employees were not trained enough and were not having enough knowledge about
the work they were performing.
 Less educated staff reduces the performance growth of the department in general and of
the organization as a whole.
 Lack of time Punctuality of workers and employees.
 No full co-ordination with the other departments.
 No proper procedure of installing new connections due to which the complaints increase
and also some customers lose their confidence in the Broadband connections.
 Internees were performing all the travel.
 Lack of computer knowledge of well designated employees.

52. Section 03 Chapter 07
Findings & Recommendations
7.2 Recommendations
 No doubt P.T.C.L having the monopoly in providing the Land-Line Telephone
connection in Pakistan and its playing its role magnificently. In current scenario P.T.C.L
has increases its Revenue quite dramatically and probably that as soon as this
organization has become privatized it will flourish its revenue in better manner.
 PTCL should immediately change its Finance upper level of hierarchy and should stream
line in the good manner.
 PTCL should also encourage the Billing On line system that each and every customer
should have to pay his/her bill on line basis..
 The image of PTCL being leading Telecom providing is not good in the eyes of common
customer especially there are lot of complaints about the including the bogus local calls
in the monthly bills of various customers. PTCL should also provide the detail of local
calls made from any Land Line Number which would be provided in Micro level to the
customer.
 Should be decreased the over number of employees.
 Should be developing the training and development process of every employee.
 The punching system of Billing through automation attach with main branch he takes so
much time to adjust so it should be revived.
 PTCL is not utilizing its surplus profit in long-term investment projects which be done.
 PTCL management should give higher better gate keeper and keep close eye on
attendance and existing and leaving time of employees.
 The return on deposit should be checked accordingly.
 The cash generated from the operation must be utilized accordingly.
 Each Region should allocate the funds at its own level.
 PTCL should take the services of highly qualified engineers to use the resources and
material dumped and recycles it.

53. Section 03 Chapter 07
Findings & Recommendations
 In every organization; In PTCL this is not going well. So there is an immense need to
improve this department. Better working environment for all.
 The promotion system in the Finance & Revenue wing should be revived in true manner
 All promotion must be made strictly on merit, Promotion polices should be clear.
 Each Region should maintain Profit & Loss and Balance sheet and the statement of Cash
inflow and outflow.
 Hundred percent computerization in PTCL would be helpful to save the time and money
and provision of quick services to its valued customers.
 Human resource development is a key component


54. Section 03 Chapter 08
Conclusion
CHAPTER # 08
CONCLUSION
No doubt PTCL is enjoying monopoly but the time is came when competition will force
Company to change its policies to become favorite telecom service provider in the Market &
keep its current place & customer base.
The company maintains a leading position in Pakistan as an infrastructure provider toothier
telecom operators and corporate customers of the country. It has the potential to be an
instrumental agent in Pakistan’s economic growth. PTCL has laid an Optical Fiber Access
Network in the major metropolitan centers of Pakistan and local loop services have started to be
modernized and upgraded from copper to an optical network On the Long Distance and
International infrastructure side, the capacity of two SEA-MEWE
Submarine cable is being expanded to meet the increasing demand of International traffic. PTCL
should immediately change its Finance upper level of hierarchy and should stream line in the
good manner. PTCL encourage the Billing On line system that each and every customer has to
pay his/her bill on line basis.
The system of E-PAYMENT which although exist in PTCL finance system but there is need of
improvement this facility.
The image of PTCL being leading Telecom providing is not good in the eyes of common
Customer especially there are lot of complaints about the including the bogus local calls in the
monthly bills of various customers. PTCL also provide the detail of local calls made from any
Land Line Number which would be provided in Micro level to the customer. Faulty Telephone
connection Fault Free within 24 hours in order to maximize the Revenue, as Revenue of PTCL
should sacrifice at the cost of Faulty Telephone. PTCL should make Customer Care Centers in
remote areas.

55. Section 03 Chapter 08
Conclusion
I have to express my experience of internship in PTCL I would briefly say:
PTCL is a good Organization in the way that anybody can join it for his/ her long-term career.
Overall working environment is comfortable. Management of branch cares a lot of its employees
and considers them as the Asset of PTCL. Behavior of senior executive of bank is very polite and
they are caring about the individual’s career and their growth. PTCL needs innovative service
offerings — currently it doesn’t even offer bundles or a single bill.
It is said that the best assets of a company go home to their family in the evening. Can the culture
of PTCL be changed to a performance and service-based organization?
According to the latest director’s report from PTCL the “organization is being revamped”. Only
time can tell the impact. However management is very demanding about the targets but good
reward at the achievement of assigned targets is awarded.
Employees at PTCL are quite efficient. Its employees have to bring their org among the list of
good. It also shows their loyalty, commitment to organization.
Employees are given the benefits like bonus, gratuity funds, loans, increments, and medical. All
the customers are entertained individually. Same kind of behavior and attention is given to all the
customers. Getting ideas for improvement from customer side is a new idea and that is working
very well in PTCL. All the customers are asked to fill a suggestion form and the standards of the
org are improved through them. So far my learning is concerned; all the employees at branch
were quite cooperative. They helped me to understand the activities of a org to possible extent.
Their good attitude gave me more confidence to learn more and to ask if I have any query in my
mind. Besides there ever going activities they never get irritant by my questioning. I had made an
honest efferent to present the working & operation of PTCL in simplest way.
I feel pleasure that I have really gained a lot during 6 weeks & enjoyed working with
experienced cooperative & intelligent staff.
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56. Bibliography
Links
http://www.slideshare.net/
http://www.en.wikipedia.org
www.pta.gov.pk/
http://www.ptcl.com.pk/
http://www.webopedia.com/
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=522242
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/
Books
Fundamentals of Optical Fibers
By: John A. Buck
Wireless Loop
By: Peter Stavroulakis