The document discusses the history and types of neurosis. It notes that neurosis was coined by William Cullen to refer to nervous disorders without clear organic causes. Freud saw neurosis as involving conflicts within oneself. The document outlines the main types of neurosis as anxiety, somatoform, dissociation, and depression. It provides details on the symptoms and characteristics of anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms without physiological causes, like somatization disorder. Dissociative disorders involve disconnecting from one's environment or self, and dissociative identity disorder was previously called multiple personality disorder.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
somatoform disorders are characterized by persistent requests for medical attention because of physical complaints that cannot be sufficiently explained by medical causes.
Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
The term personality refers to enduring qualities of an individual that are shown in his ways of behaving in a wide variety of circumstances. It is the sum total of a person’s intellectual, emotional and volitional traits; and it is revealed by his appearance, behavior, habits and relationships with other people, which differentiate him as unique individual.
somatoform disorders are characterized by persistent requests for medical attention because of physical complaints that cannot be sufficiently explained by medical causes.
Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others.
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
The somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition. Medically unexplained physical symptoms account for as many as 50% of new medical outpatient visits. [1] Physical symptoms or painful complaints of unknown etiology are fairly common in pediatric populations. [2] Many healthy young children express emotional distress in terms of physical pain, such as stomachaches or headaches, but these complaints are usually transient and do not effect the child's overall functioning. The somatoform disorders represent the severe end of a continuum of somatic symptoms.
Somatization in children consists of the persistent experience and complaints of somatic distress that cannot be fully explained by a medical diagnosis. They can be represented by a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild self-limited symptoms, such as stomachache and headache, to chronic disabling symptoms, such as seizures and paralysis. These psychological disorders are often difficult to approach and complex to understand. It is important to note that these symptoms are not intentionally produced or under voluntary control.
In somatoform disorders, somatic symptoms become the focus of children and their families. They generally interfere with school, home life, and peer relationships. These youngsters are more likely to be considered sickly or health impaired by parents and caretakers, to be absent from school, and to perform poorly in academics. Somatization is often associated temporarily with psychosocial stress and can persist even after the acute stressor has resolved, resulting in the belief by the child and his or her family that the correct medical diagnosis has not yet been found. Thus, patients and families may continue to seek repeated medical treatment after being informed that no acute physical illness has been found and that the symptoms cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition. When somatization occurs in the context of a physical illness, it is identified by symptoms that go beyond the expected pathophysiology of the physical illness.
Recurrent complaints often present as diagnostic and treatment dilemmas to the primary care practitioner (PCP) who is trying to make sense of these symptoms. The PCP may feel poorly prepared and/or may have little time to assess or treat the somatic concerns. While the more disabling somatic complaints are more likely to be referred to a mental health professional, these youngsters presenting with these disabling physical symptoms bridge both medical and psychological domains and present a puzzling quandary for professionals from either field if working with them alone. [3] The nature of these symptoms requires an integrated medical and psychiatric treatment approach to successfully decrease the impairment caused by these disorders.
The term personality refers to enduring qualities of an individual that are shown in his ways of behaving in a wide variety of circumstances. It is the sum total of a person’s intellectual, emotional and volitional traits; and it is revealed by his appearance, behavior, habits and relationships with other people, which differentiate him as unique individual.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
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Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. NEUROSIS
Coined by William Cullen , Scottish doctor
neurosis means "nerve disorder,"
According to Cullen - those nervous disorders and symptoms that do
not have a clear organic cause
class of functional mental disorders.
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
3. Freud – anxiety neurosis- conflicts with inner self
Characteristic symptom is anxiety
In touch with reality
Not used in todays psychiatry
Only a part of his personality has disease.
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
5. 1. The Anxiety Disorders
Physical symptoms
Palpitation (Increased
heart +sweating)
nausea
Muscle tension
Chest discomfort
Breathing difficulty
Gastric issues
Emotional/behavior
symptoms
Restlessness and agitation
Inability to sit still and
remain calm
Social withdrawal and
isolation
Intense fear,tension
Inability to properly meet
responsibilities at home,
work, or school
Irritability
Congnititve symptoms
Decreased attention ,
concentration, memory ,
thoughts about suspected
dangers, such as fear of
dyin
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
6. I.Anxiety disorders
–Generalized Anxiety Disorder
•Anxiety is unfocused or free floating ie individual is fearful and apprehensive but
often does not know what he/she is afraid of.
Panic Disorder
recurrent attacks of severe anxiety (panic attacks) which are not restricted to any
particular situation or set of circumstances. Lasts for few minutes and subsides
Phobias
•The term "phobia" means "fear.“
•It is a strong, persistent and unwarranted fear of some specific object or
situation.
–Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
•It is characterized by obsession (intrusive, repetitive thoughts or images that produce anxiety)
or compulsions (the need to perform acts or dwell on thoughts to reduce anxiety)
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Develops in response to a traumatic event. Images/thoughts of the traumatic event
keeps coming to the mind causing extreme distress and anxiety symtpoms
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
7. II. The Somatoform Disorders
"Soma" means "body,"
Complains of physical symptoms that are similar authentic
medical conditions – but have no physiological basis.
–The symptoms are not voluntary or under conscious control.
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder
Hypochondriasis
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
8. Types of Somatoform Disorders
1.Somatization disorder
multiple somatic complaints in the absence of a
physical cause
that occurs over a period several years
Common complaints are
pain symptoms: back pain, pain in arms and legs
gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting,
Other symptoms: dizziness, breathing difficulties
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
9. 2. Conversion Disorder: an expression of psychological conflict or need that
involves an alteration or loss of physical functioning that suggests a bodily
cause in the absence of a medical reason
symptoms or deficits that affect voluntary motor or sensory functions, which
suggest another medical condition which is a pseudoneurological
symptom:
caused by psychological factors because the illness is preceded by conflicts
or other stressors.
Signs,symptoms )Paralysis, blindness, and mutism , Involuntary movements
,
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
10. 3.Hypochondriasis
Preoccupation with fears of having, a serious disease based on
the person's misinterpretation of bodily symptoms.
eg) normal head ache is interpreted as the person is having
brain tumor.
Doctor shopping
Even is spite of medical results patient wont get satisfied .
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
11. III. Dissociative disorder
A period when we feel disconnected from the environment
and/or from ourselves usually after a traumatic experience .
Dissociation or separation of a part of person’s
consciousness, memory or identity.
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
12. Types:-
Dissociative Amnesia -Loss of memory of particular time period
Dissociative Fugue
Inability to recall personal identity and past with for a given time
The person disappears, roams around
replacing them with an imaginary identity and past
begins a new life in some other place,
but is not conscious of having done these things.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (old name: "Multiple Personality)
the person develops several alternate personalities, each of which seems
like a normal person.
The currently "active" personality may or may not have any awareness of
what was happening when other personalities were active
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
13. Depression
Persistent feeling lo low mood, sadness for more then two
weeks.
Symptoms
Crying spells
Inability to experience happiness or joy
Lack of interest in previously enjoyed things
Sleep and appetite disturbance
Suicidal ideations, death wishes
Along with disturbance in attention concentration and memory.
Mild, moderate and severe
Anxiety can lead to depression and vice versa.
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
14. Etiology and treatment of neurotic
disorders –BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL
MODEL
ETIOLOGY
• Biological factors:--
Genetically predisposition
• Psychological
Personality
Attitude
Coping mechanisms,
• Social
Stressful life events
TREATMENT
• Pharmacotherapy
• Benzodiazepines
• Anti depressants
• SSRI
• Psychotherapy
• -CBT, Psychoanalysis,
relaxation techniques
Etc
• Other psychosocial
interventions
Family intervention, case
work group work etcAarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
15. PSYCHOSIS
Characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
Impairment in personality, functioning
Poor insight –awareness of having a disorder
Entire personality is affected
Has two types of symptoms –negative and positive
symptoms
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
16. POSITIVE SYMPTOMS NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Feelings or behaviors that are usually
not present in normal people.
Found in addition in psychotic
patients
Lack of A lack of feelings or behaviors
that are usually present in normal
people
Usual behaviours which are found
lacking in psychotic patients
Delusion
Hallucination
Lack of emotion
Lack of motivation
Catatonia
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
17. Delusion -False, irrational, unshakable belief
Despite contrary evidence, a person in a delusional state
can’t let go of their convictions.
Types –
Persecutory- “someone is trying to harm me” / follow, spied,/
some one is doing black magic against me
Grandiose - 0ver-inflated/over valued sense self worth, power,
knowledge, or identity eg) I am the God. I am a celebrity
Reference – belief that others are taking ill about me.
Infedility
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
18. Hallucination-
Disorder of perception
Perception in the absence of external stimulus
Types
Auditory- hear
Visual -see
Olfactory -smell
Tactile -touch
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
19. Catatonia
psycho-motor immobility or abnormality
Excitement-non-goal-directed hyperactivity and
impulsiveness
or
stupor -reduced responsiveness to the environment
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
20. Psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia –
Delusion and hallucination
Catatonic schizophrenia – catatonia
Bipolar Affective Disorder- depression + mania(excited
state with increased talk, over familiarity, over spending
)
may have psychotic symptoms
Schizoaffective – psychotic symptoms + mood disorder
Delusional disorder- only delusions of various kinds
Aarcha Gowri Varma , MPhil PSW, IMHANS
