The document provides an overview of the field of psychology. It discusses: - Early definitions that viewed psychology as the study of the soul or mind. Modern definitions see it as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. - Key figures and approaches in the history of psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. - Main research methods like introspection, observation, experimentation, surveys and case studies. - Applications of psychology in various fields like education, clinical, industrial, and health settings. - Ways psychology can help understand oneself and others to enhance communication, career prospects, and overall well-being.

1. PSYCHOLOGY
Kavyashree N
Msc in pediatric
Lecture

2. The personality and behavior of self and others
People want to know about feelings, memory, reactions,
dreams, abilities, perception, interests
And attitudes and traits.
the study of psychology helps to get the answer of
these questions in scientific and systematic manner.

3. Early philosophers including Aristotle and Hippocrates
made huge contributions in development of
psychology.
The world psychology is obtained from two Greek words
“psyche and logos.
psyche-soul logos- study of
Psychology stands for study of soul

4. The study of such questions was the main concern
during vedic and upanishadic period.
Problems was with this definition like what soul is or
how to study a soul.
Later on soul is replaced by mind. It means that
psychology is the study of mind. Now the mind is
replaced with behavior.

5. Behavior can be measured and studies in objective way.
The modern and widely used definition of psychology
is the science of behavior including human and
animals.

6. Definitions
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior
and mental processes.
Feldman
Psychology is a science of description and application
used for the interpretation, prediction, development and
improvement of human behavior
Tom bolling

7.  Philosophy and Physiology
during the 17th century the french philosopher Rene
Descartes introduced the idea of dualism which
asserted that the mind and body were two entities that
interact to form the human experience.

8.  Psychology emerges as a separates discipline
Principles of physiology psychology published in
1873 described many of the main linkages between
physiology and the study of human mind and behavior
In 1879, Wilhelm woundt founded the worlds first
psychology lab at Leipzig university. This is often
regarded as the official beginning of psychology as a
distinct scientific science

9.  Structuralism: Psychology's first school of thought
Wundt’s most notable pupils, Edward B
Titchener, would go on to form psychology’s first
significant school of thought. The structuralists believe
that human consciousness may be broken down into
smaller components using a process known as
introspection.

10.  The functionalism of William James
William James emerged as one of the major
American psychologists during this periods. He focus
of functionalism was on how peoples conduct really
functions to help them exist in their surroundings. To
examine the human mind and behavior, functionalists
used methods such as direct observation.

11.  The Emergence of psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud as Austrian physician,
revolutionized psychology by presenting a theory of
personality that highlighted the role of the unconscious
mind.

12.  The rise of Behaviorism
Both the conscious and unconscious mind was
rejected b behaviorism which marked a significant
departure.
Behaviorism holds that the subject matter of human
psychology is the behavior of the human being

13.  The third force in psychology
Abraham Maslow has contributed to humanistic
psychology. People were motivated by more
complicated desires, according to this view. People get
motivated to pursue higher level demands if their basic
requirements are met

14.  Cognitive psychology
psychology is known as cognitive revolution began
to take root in the 1950s and 1960s. Researchers have
continued to explore subjects like perception, memory,
decision-making, problem-solving, intellect, and
language and cognitive psychology has remained a
dominating. Researchers capacity
to examine the inner workings of the human brain has
improved because to the emergence of brain imaging
methods such as MRI and PET scans

15.  Pure Psychology
This deals with formulation of principles, theories and
suggest different methods for the assessment of
behavior.
• General psychology: fundamental rules, principles
and theories of psychology in relation to the study of
behavior of a normal adult.
• Abnormal psychology: This studies mental
disorders, their causes and treatment

16. • Social Psychology: This deals with group behavior and
relationship of individuals with each other.
• Physiological Psychology: This deals with biological
and physiological basis of behavior
• Para Psychology: This deals with extrasensory
perceptions, causes of rebirth, telepathy and allied
problems

17. • Geo-Psychology: It explain the relation of physical
environment specially weather, climate and soil with
behavior
• Development Psychology: It deals with factors and
processes that influence the development of an
individual from birth to death
• Experimental psychology: This branch of psychology
explains fundamental and general causes of behavior
by scientific method.

18. It deals with psychological principles and techniques for
approaching the problems in different fields
• Educational Psychology: This psychological principles,
theories and techniques to human behavior in
educational situations.
• Clinical psychology: This branch of applied
psychology deals with causes of mental illness,
abnormal behavior of a patient and suggests treatment.

19. • Industrial Psychology: This psychology applies in
theories and principal in organization during
recruitment, training, transfer and promotion.
• Legal Psychology: This branch deals with behavior of
persons like clients, criminals and witness by the
application of psychological principles
• Military Psychology: This is concerned with use of
psychological principles, theories and techniques in
military sciences.

20. • Political Psychology: This branch deals with studying
politics and deriving political gains.

21. Theses scientific method include standardized way of
making observations, gathering data, forming theories,
testing predictions and interpreting results,

22. Methods of
psychology
Introspection
or self
observation
Development
al psychology
Descriptive
research
methods
Experimental
psychology

23. It is a process that involves looking
inwards to examine to examine one’s own
thoughts and emotions in a more structured
and rigorous way.
Merits:
o Helps in understanding the self.
o It don’t require any device.
o It give in depth understanding of behavior.
o Introspection is inexpensive and easy method
of psychology
o Great source of personal knowledge

24. Demerits
o This method cannot be verified objectively
o Findings cannot be confirmed by others
o Repeatability is not confirmed
o This method cannot be applicable for mental
retardation and children,

25. Descriptive research methods yield descriptions of
behavior and include observation method, the case
study, and survey.
 Observation method:
It’s a systematic and carefully recording of
information related to an observation. The goal of
observational research is to identify and describe
variable or even set of variables.

26. Merits:
 Economical, natural and flexible method
 Results can be verified and interpreted.
 Effective method in developmental study
Demerits
 Could be chances of subjective biasness.
 Its lacks repeatability

27.  Naturalistic observation:
It’s using naturalistic observation, researchers
collect information about subjects by observing them
unobtrusively, without interfering with them in any
way.
 Laboratory observation:
Researchers perform laboratory observation in a lab
rather than in a natural setting. Sophisticated equipment
is used to measure and record subject, behavior

28.  Case studies:
The researcher collects data about the subject through
interviews, direct observation, psychological testing or
examination of documents and records about the subject.
Merits:
 Provides rice qualitative data and have high levels of ecological
validity.
 Provides insight into causes and suggest possible solutions
 Data can be further used for another method as well.
Demerits:
 Overgeneralization and no objectivity

29. Survey method:
The researcher collect information about specific type of
behavior, opinion, attitude, experience or event. This method
involves the collection of information from a large number of
people by using questionnaires, inventories, checklists, rating
scales and interviews.
Merits:
A large amount of data can be collected in a short period of
time.
Demerits:
The behavior cannot be observed directly by this method

30. Experimental method
Its design is a powerful design for testing hypotheses
of cause and effect relationships between variables. In a
experiment, a researcher manipulates a particular
independent variable under controlled conditions and
Observes resulting changes on dependent variable or
variables

31. Characteristics of experimental method
1. Manipulation:
Experimenter does something to at least some
subject
2. Control:
The experimenter introduces controls over the
experimental situation, including the use of a
control group.
3. Randomization:
The experimenter assigns subjects to a control
or experimental group on a random basis

32. Find a research problem or question
Define study variable
Formulation of the hypothesis
Review current knowledge on the subject
Select an experimental design
Perform the experiment and collect data
Analyze results using statistical method
Draw conclusion and share the results with the scientific community

33.  Merits
 Its powerful design to establish the casual relationship
between independent and dependent variables
 Controlled environment in which the study is conducted
can yield a greater degree of purity in observation
Demerits
 Danger to physical and psychological health of the
human subjects.
 Many of the human variables do not have valid criterion to
measure them like level of wellness

34.  Developmental method is a scientific approach
which aims to explain growth, change and consistency
though the lifespan.
Methods can used in two approaches
1. cross-sectional: People of different age groups will be
studies simultaneously.
2. Longitudinal: The same person or group are studies
over a long period of time

35. Psychology is contributing to solve various day to day
problems of living beings and is making significant
contribution in the fields of health, education, sports
and so on.
Psychology and biology
psychology focus on the behavior of an organism
whereas biology deals with growth and development
physically, inheritance as well.

36. Psychology with logic mathematical discipline
Psychologist must be logical as possible as in his reasoning. psychology
borrows some formulas from the theory of probability to perform
statistics.
Linguistics
Philosophers think that language is a social institution.
Psychology with sociology
Psychology perception, attitudes, individual differences, learning and
personality development are focus of interest.

37. Psychology with philosophy
Psychology was a part of philosophy later on it emerged as a separate
discipline.
Psychology with psychiatry
Psychiatry is a medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study
and treatment of mental disorder. Psychology provides knowledge regarding
factors which leads to development of mental disordes

38. Psychology is a science which provides in depth knowledge about behavior ,
attitude, personality development, memory and others phenomena.
Psychology acts as a tool to deal with patient by understanding their
individual difference to provide comprehensive quality care

39.  Understand own behavior
The knowledge of the principles of psychology will
allow them to assess, evaluate and provide solutions to all
unwanted emotional situations.
Understand the behavior of other people
Psychology enables students to understand the
Behavior of other people. Psychology can develop the
ability to read peoples minds and emotions.

40.  Understand patients for comprehensive care
The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to understand
the problems and needs of patients. She can understand the
motives, attitudes, perceptions and personality characteristics of
patients in a better way.
Create an efficient care plan
The knowledge of psychology provides a base for creating or
developing better nursing care plan for planning comprehensive care to
patients.

41.  Understand abnormal behavior
The knowledge of psychology will help nurses to understand abnormal
behaviors and help the patients in the management and cure.
Recognize mental illness
The nurses who are working in various setting may help people by
recognizing the mental illness in the early stages and convince them to take
appropriate treatment.

42.  Enhance communication skills
Students are involved in all kinds of communication. Studying
psychology will allow the students to understand that communication
skills, can improve the effectiveness of human interaction.
Deal with challenges of life
Psychology will assist patients to cope with changes, believe and
maintain control of life. Aspect of loss is a critical issue and nurses should
help the patients adapt to it.

43.  For better career ahead
Students who are so devoted in studying psychology have one things in
common. They want to become the best and effective psychologists.

44. Psychology is very useful subject that can be applied to solve every day life’s
problems and issues. Psychology is not only just for students, academics
and therapists but it is beneficial for common man as well. It has both an
applied and a theoretical aspect and can be used in a number of ways in
daily life.
Enhance motivation
Everyone experience problems in their daily life because of stubborn
habits and want to get rid of them.

45. Ability to understand emotions of oneself and plays an
important role in relationships and professional life.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand both
ones own emotions and those of other people
Strategies
• Carefully assess own emotional reactions.
• Maintain a journal to record experiences
• Develop empathetic understanding to a situation

46.  Decision making minimize daily fire fighting
Fire fighting is situation where one fail to deal with the situation of day to
day life and make reactive decisions that can be harmful and not
effective.
Minimize forgetting and enhance memory
Psychology concepts of memory and forgetting are very important in present
time as most of us indulge in multitasking.
Money management
Help one to manage not only money but also relationships with others ,
stress , depression , jealousy , unhealthy competition,crime etc .

47.  Dealing with academic
A study found that repeated test taking may be a better memory aid than
studying. Study were tested repeatedly were able to recall 61% of the
material, while those in the study were recalled 1ly 40%.
Enhance productivity
psychology suggests that trying to perform more than one task at a
time seriously impairs speed, accuracy, and productivity.
Optimize health
Psychology can also be a useful tool for improving ones overall
health. Psychology provides methods and techniques to enhance
motivation and enthusiasm for positive lifestyle changes

48. Thank you