In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment.
RINK Consulting is a full-service market research firm that improves its clients' competitive position by providing critical information for better decision-making. Capabilities include surveys, market assessments, competitive intelligence, interviews, and CustomTrend reports.
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment.
RINK Consulting is a full-service market research firm that improves its clients' competitive position by providing critical information for better decision-making. Capabilities include surveys, market assessments, competitive intelligence, interviews, and CustomTrend reports.
1. All of the following are common changes that occur in a.docxcorbing9ttj
1.
All of the following are common changes that occur in adulthood
except
midlife transitions.
divorce.
menopause.
D.
life reviews.
2.
Sabrina, Ali, and Jasmine are discussing the differences between central route processing and peripheral route processing. Jasmine believes that peripheral route processing is what results when a person thoughtfully considers the issues and arguments involved in a persuasive argument. Ali says central route processing is when a person is persuaded by factors irrelevant or extraneous to the issue. Sabrina insists they've both got the definitions mixed up. Who is correct?
Sabrina
Jasmine
Ali and Jasmine
Sabrina and Ali
3.
Prozac, Celexa, Zoloft, Paxil, and Lexapro are common drugs used to treat
depression.
psychosis.
obsessive compulsive disorder.
anxiety.
4.
Behavioral therapy would employ all of the following treatment techniques
except
aversive conditioning.
exposure treatment.
meditation.
systematic desensitization.
5.
What would be the best type of schedule to enforce a slow, steady response?
Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Variable-interval
6.
The startle reflex occurs when
a baby's cheek is rubbed and he/she seeks to nurse.
a baby's toes fan out when his/her foot is stroked.
a baby flings out his/her arms and legs at a sudden noise.
a baby cries when he/she hears a stranger's voice.
7.
Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment demonstrated
obedience.
social identity.
ethnocentricity.
observational learning.
8.
According to Maslow, we pass through a hierarchy, and the _______ stage is where people meet their highest potential.
safety
esteem
love and belonging
self-actualization
9.
All of the following are valid methods of coping with stress
except
for
changing your goals.
learned helplessness.
eustress.
blue lining.
10.
According to the textbook, the worst parents are those who are
authoritarian.
authoritative.
permissive.
uninvolved.
11.
How often is the following statement
true?
To successfully conduct experimental research, it's important to have signed informed consents from participants.
The statement is always true.
The statement is true occasionally.
The statement is true most of the time.
The statement is false.
12.
Insomnia affects approximately _______ percent of people and nearly _______ million people suffer from sleep apnea.
20; 30
30; 10
10; 20
30; 20
13.
What are the purposes of dreams, according to Freud?
Neither
Both
Dreams for survival
Unconscious wish fulfillment
14.
According to the
DSM-IV-TR
and your text, several different mental disorders are currently recognized. Which symptoms and subcategories are correctly aligned?
Dissociative disorders: multiple personality disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative fugue
Mood disorders: disorganized, paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated
Somatoform disorders: generalized anxiety, panic, obsessive compulsive disorder, and PTSD
Schizophrenia: hypochondriasis and conversion disorder
15.
.
Journal olPersonality and Social Psychology1995. Vol. 68. N.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal ol"Personality and Social Psychology
1995. Vol. 68. No. 3. 518-530
Copyright 1995 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.
0O22-3514/95/$3.0O
Self-Esteem as an Interpersonal Monitor: The Sociometer Hypothesis
Mark R. Leary
Wake Forest University
Ellen S. Tambor
Johns Hopkins University
Sonja K. Terdal
Northwestern Michigan College
Deborah L. Downs
Ohio State University
Five studies tested hypotheses derived from the sociometer model of self-esteem according to which
the self-esteem system monitors others' reactions and alerts the individual to the possibility of social
exclusion. Study 1 showed that the effects of events on participants' state self-esteem paralleled their
assumptions about whether such events would lead others to accept or reject them. In Study 2,
participants' ratings of how included they felt in a real social situation correlated highly with their
self-esteem feelings. In Studies 3 and 4, social exclusion caused decreases in self-esteem when re-
spondents were excluded from a group for personal reasons, but not when exclusion was random,
but this effect was not mediated by self-presentation. Study 5 showed that trait self-esteem correlated
highly with the degree to which respondents generally felt included versus excluded by other people.
Overall, results provided converging evidence for the sociometer model.
The proposition that people have a fundamental need to
maintain their self-esteem has provided the cornerstone for a
great deal of work in personality, social, developmental, clinical,
and counseling psychology. In the century since William James
(1890) first referred to self-esteem as an "elementary endow-
ment of human nature," many classic theories of personality
have addressed the importance of self-esteem needs, many
emotional and behavioral problems have been attributed to un-
fulfilled needs for self-esteem, and many psychotherapeutic ap-
proaches have focused in one way or another on the client's feel-
ings about himself or herself (Adler, 1930; Allport, 1937; Bed-
nar. Wells, & Peterson, 1989; Horney, 1937; Maslow, 1968;
Rogers, 1959). Among social psychologists, the self-esteem mo-
tive has been offered as an explanation of a wide array of phe-
nomena, including self-serving attributions (Blaine & Crocker,
1993), reactions to evaluation (S. C. Jones, 1973), self-handi-
capping (E. E. Jones & Berglas, 1978), downward social com-
parison (Wills, 1981), attitude change (Steele, 1988), and in-
group/but-group perceptions (Crocker, Thompson, McGraw,
&Ingerman, 1987).
Despite the fact that the self-esteem motive has been invoked
to explain so many phenomena, little attention has been paid to
the source or functions of the self-esteem motive itself. The field
has taken it for granted that people have a motive to protect
Mark R. Leary, Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University;
Ellen S. Tambor, Genetics and Public Policy Studies, Johns Hopkins
University; Sonja K. Terdal, Department of ...
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docxchristalgrieg
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is referred to as psychology. The chapter presented various theories which touch directly on the human living. These theories have then been explained, and good examples of the same have been given.
Having read some blog postings, my friend at home became very stressed, and deviated from the normal manner in which he carried out some various tasks. He became withdrawn and over time, stopped being talkative. Depression began to creep in, and I could tell that he was going through some issues. Upon inquiring what the issues were, he told me that in most of the blog postings that he read, the main topic addressed was on how the female population preferred the quiet kinds of people to the more talkative kind and therefore, this friend of mine decided to be quiet.
However, having read the chapter, I understand that human beings are social beings and that everyone has a different level of sociality, which is guided by our emotions (Fredrickson, 2001). For this reason, I would use this concept to motivate this friend of mine to continue socializing like he was previously, with more insistence on his friends who like him for his ability to speak openly. In addition, I would motivate him to understand the difference between his emotions, arousal, and personality, as understood from the theories by individuals such as James-Lange, Cannon-Brad, Schachter-Singer and others. Understanding himself along these lines would enable him to better understand his personality, and in a manner that would ensure he does not go through such an episode again. From what I have learned from the chapter, people are different and understanding everyone as a unique person is the first step towards enjoying the kind of life that a person leads (Carducci, 2009).
In conclusion, the above is an outline of how I would motivate the person.
References
Carducci, B. J. (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
· Instinct theory (now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
· Drive-reduction theory focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes.
· Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
· Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of some needs over others.
· How does social networking influence us?
1. As social creatures, we live for connection. Asked what he had learned from studying 238 Harvard University men from the 1930s to the end of their lives, researcher George Vaillant (2009) replied, "The only thing that really matters in life are your relationships to other people." A South African Zulu saying captures the idea: Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu—"a person is a person through other persons."
· The Social Effects of Social Networking
By connecting like-minded people, the Internet serves as a social amplifier. It also functions as an online dating matchmaker. As electronic comm ...
Imposter Syndrome
Finding the Predictors
Introduction
What is Imposter Syndrome?
Imposter Syndrome is a phenomenon originally termed by Clance and Imes in 1978. Those who have Imposter Syndrome are, in fact, not imposters at all. Imposter Syndrome (alternatively called Imposter Phenomenon) is a common psychological phenomenon in which individuals regularly believe that they are incompetent in their given field or at a type of task, regardless of their accomplishments and qualifications (Clance & Imes, 1978). These individuals deny their own skill and ability, chalking it up as “fooling others” or “luck” that has got them to where they are today.
2
3
“[I do not] carry such information in my mind since it is readily available in books. ”
“…The value of a college education is not the learning of many facts but the training of the mind to think.”
4
Hypothesis
The current study is going to investigate three variables that to be possible predictors of Imposter Syndrome.
Self Concept Clarity
Vulnerable Narcissism
Upward Social Comparison
5
Predictor #1: Self-Concept Clarity
Self-Concept is defined as what an individual considers to be the most emblematic of their true nature, regardless of if the cognitive schema aligns with “actual” self of the individual (Schlegel et al., 2009). Thus, a clarity of self-concept is the ability that one has on identifying the characteristics that define them.
Schlegel et al. (2009) suggests that finding one’s “true self” contributes significantly to the overall well-being of an individual. Should a conflict arise with this identification, so shall conflict arise in the well-being of an individual.
Many young adults today have identification issues due to not fully seeing themselves as an adult or an adolescent (Arnett, 2001). This identity tension that arises within emerging adults can then continue forward into their professional lives, especially as they continue to achieve higher education (Murphy, Blustein, Bohlig, & Platt, 2010). This lack of a clear identity is suggested by the current study to foster a state in which Imposter Syndrome can grow.
6
Predictor #2: Vulnerable Narcissism
When people think of Narcissism, they tend to think of those who are Grandiose Narcissists: self-important and with feelings of superiority, as well as interpersonal exploitativeness (Raskin and Hall, 1981). Vulnerable Narcissism, by contrast, is a more sensitive form of narcissism. Those who are vulnerable narcissists are hypersensitive, defensive, and withdrawal internally (Cain et al., 2008). The vulnerable narcissist will essentially seek out attention and approval from others to boost their weak esteem.
A study by Kaufman et al. (2020) found that vulnerable narcissism is associated with feelings of Imposter Syndrome, as well as a weak sense of self. This study collectively finds that both imposter syndrome and a weaker sense of self are related to vulnerable narcissism, ...
6 panic, anxiety, obsessions, and their disorderslearning ob.docxsleeperharwell
6 panic, anxiety, obsessions, and their disorders
learning objectives 6
· 6.1 What are the essential features of anxiety disorders?
· 6.2 Describe the clinical features of specific and social phobias.
· 6.3 Why do anxiety disorders develop?
· 6.4 What are the clinical features of panic disorder?
· 6.5 What factors are implicated in the development of panic disorder?
· 6.6 Describe the clinical aspects of generalized anxiety disorder.
· 6.7 How are anxiety disorders treated?
· 6.8 What are the clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder and how is this disorder treated?
· 6.9 Describe three obsessive-compulsive related disorders.
Leni: Worried About Worrying So Much Leni is a 24-year-old graduate student. Although she is doing exceptionally well in her program, for the past year she has worried constantly that she will fail and be thrown out. When her fellow students and professors try to reassure her, Leni worries that they are just pretending to be nice to her because she is such a weak student. Leni also worries about her mother becoming ill and about whether she is really liked by her friends. Although Leni is able to acknowledge that her fears are excessive (she has supportive friends, her mother is in good health, and, based on her grades, Leni is one of the top students in her program), she still struggles to control her worrying. Leni has difficulty sleeping, often feels nervous and on edge, and experiences a great deal of muscle tension. When her friends suggested she take a yoga class to try and relax, Leni even began to worry about that, fearing that she would be the worse student in the class. “I know it makes no sense,” she says, “But that’s how I am. I’ve always been a worrier. I even worry about worrying so much!”
Anxiety involves a general feeling of apprehension about possible future danger, and fear is an alarm reaction that occurs in response to immediate danger. Today the DSM has identified a group of disorders—known as the anxiety disorders—that share obvious symptoms of clinically significant fear or anxiety. Anxiety disorders affect approximately 25 to 29 percent of the U.S. population at some point in their lives and are the most common category of disorders for women and the second most common for men (Kessler et al., 1994; Kessler, Berglund, Delmar, et al., 2005). In any 12-month period, about 18 percent of the adult population suffers from at least one anxiety disorder (Kessler, Chiu, et al., 2005c). Anxiety disorders create enormous personal, economic, and health care problems for those affected. Some years ago several studies estimated that the anxiety disorders cost the United States somewhere between $42.3 billion and $47 billion in direct and indirect costs (about 30 percent of the nation’s total mental health bill of $148 billion in 1990; Greenberg et al., 1999; Kessler & Greenberg, 2002). The figure is no doubt even higher now. Anxiety disorders are also associated with an increased prevale.
What does confidence have to do with your heart?Lynette Crane
Confident people know when to be afraid; they then take action – to run away from the saber-toothed tiger, leave the burning building, or whatever. Unconfident, or socially anxious, people, on the other hand, are wracked by numerous anxieties over what are called “paper tigers”: fears about how they are perceived. If they speak or act, are others silently (or not so silently) going to criticize them? Do they appear foolish, awkward, unstylish…? The list goes on and on.
Running head INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY1INTEGRATIVE PERSON.docxcowinhelen
Running head: INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY 1
INTEGRATIVE PERSONALITY THEORY 2
Enter Title of paper
Enter Student’s name
PSY 330
Enter Instructor’s name
Enter Date submitted
Title of Paper
Replace the above with the title of your paper. Start the paper with a one-two paragraph introduction. Provide a general introduction to the topic of theories of personality. Explain what you plan to cover and describe the direction your paper will take.
Included Concepts
Psychodynamic Model
From the psychodynamic model, I have chosen to include XXX’s concept of XXX. (Examples: Freud’s concept of the structure of personality, Freud’s concept of defense mechanisms, Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious, Erikson’s concept of psychosocial development…) Explain the concept briefly. Explain why you have included it. There is a sample of this in the week three assignment tab in the left hand navigation bar.
Neurobiological Model
From the Neurobiological model, I have chosen to include XXX’s concept of XXX. (Examples: Thomas and Chess’ classification of temperament, Eysenck’s three factor model, Pert’s concept of neuropeptides and opiate receptors…) Explain the concept briefly. Explain why you have included it.
(Note: The above concepts are due in week three. The following concepts are to be competed for the final submission.)
Trait Model
Ditto
Cognitive Model
Ditto
Behavioral Model
Ditto
Interpersonal Model
Ditto
Self-Psychology Model
Ditto
Excluded Concepts
Concept One (replace this heading with the name of the concept you have chosen).
From the (choose one) model, I have chosen to exclude XXX’s concept of XXX. These can be any concept with which you disagree from any of the models.
(Note: One concept is due in week three. Two more need to be added for the final submission)
Concept Two
Ditto
Concept Three
Ditto
Healthy and Unhealthy Personalities
This is a brief discussion of your theory about what contributes to the development of healthy or unhealthy personalities.
Heredity, the Environment, and Epigenetics
This is your analysis of the roles these play in the development of personality.
Assessment and Measurement
What are the primary ways of assessing and measuring used in some of the concepts that you have chosen to include? This section is not due until the final submission.
Self-Reflection
How have your views changed (or not changed) since the beginning of the class? Do not copy and paste your week one paper here. Just provide a brief summary and analysis.
Provide a brief conclusion to your paper.
References
(List all your references in APA format in alphabetical order. Remember that each source on this list should be cited in the paper and each citation in the paper should be on this list. The following is a sample of how to format your references. Refer to the Ashford Writing Center for more details.)
Bach, S., Haynes, P., & Lewis Smith, J. (2006). Online learning ...
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
1. Last time we discussed the correlation between cognitionand depression. Please describe that correlation and how that possibly relates to the origins of depression. (Hint: Longitudinal study of “positive” thinking vs. “negative” thinking. Quick Write
2. Psychology 12 (2.8) Learned hopelessness/ Sociocultural factors in Depression
3. I wanted to finish that discussion today by highlighting the concept of learned hopelessness. This concept has a strong connection to our discussion of “positive” thinking (or lack thereof) and depression. Last time we met we focused on the possible cognitive etiology of depression
4. Based heavily on the ideas and research of Seligman (1967) This concept was originally demonstrated using animals. The results of Seligman’s study seemed to run counter to Skinner’s concepts of conditioning. Learned hopelessness
5. Three groups of dogs were placed in harnesses. One group was put in the harness for a particular time period and then later released. One group was shocked. However, they could stop the shock by pressing a lever. The last group was wired to a dog in the second group. They received the same shock, but did not have the ability to press a lever to stop it. Seligman and Maier (1967)
6. Later, the dogs (all three groups) were put in a box where they would receive a shock. In this case, the dogs could remove themselves from the shock. Interestingly, a number of the group three dogs did not try. They simply whined and stayed put. It is worth noting that not every dog in the third group reacted in this way. Although it was a significant amount (about 1/3). Seligman and Maier (1967) (cont.)
7. These concepts are translated to the behavior of humans. Seligman conceived that experiences with uncontrollable events can lead to learned helplessness (the expectation of non-contingency between one's response and desired outcomes). In other words, nothing you do matters. “This belief, in turn, results in motivational deficits (passivity and lowered persistence), cognitive deficits (inability to perceive existing opportunity to control outcomes), and emotional deficits (sadness and self-esteem).” Learned helplessness
8. Abramson et al. (1989) specified that learned helplessness involves a high expectancy of non-contingency between one's response and desired outcomes Likewise, learned hopelessness (a low expectancy of goal attainment) involves negative expectations about the occurrence of highly valued outcomes in addition to a helplessness expectancy. Thus, hopelessness is a subset of helplessness. What connection then would learned hopelessness have with depression?
9.
10. Most researchers agree that life “stressors” can lead to the onset of depression. Remember those groups that seem particularly vulnerable based on current research: Impoverished (Low-SES) Women Social and Cultural factors of Depression (Social Stress)
11. Loss of employment Abuse Caring for children (or several) No SOCIAL SUPPORT Loss of parents What are “stressors”?
12. Widely accepted model that can be used as an explanation of more than just depression. The Diathesis-Stress model claims that the onset of depression or depressive episodes is a result of genetic predisposition and “stressors”. Diathesis-Stress Model
13. Study completed in England that sought to link social factors and depression. The sample included females both that were patients being treated for depression and a general population between 18-65 years old. When interviewed, they found that about 82 percent who were depressed had at least one life “stressor” when compared to those who were not depressed. Brown and Harris (1978)Social Factors in Depression
14. About 23% of working class women studied had recently suffered from depression as opposed to 3% of the middle class women. Amongst the working-class, those with young children were more likely to become depressed than those with no children or older children. Women who were widowed or divorced seem susceptible to much higher rates of depression. Stressful life events did not guarantee the onset of depression. Data seems to show that “support” can significantly reduce the likelihood of depression. Brown and Harris (1978)Other results