Evolutionary psychology
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Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain human behavior through evolutionary adaptations. It links behaviors to biological functions and genetics. Key ideas include natural selection favoring traits suited to the environment and adaptations developing over generations. An example is how early humans' stress response helped survive encounters with predators by focusing on survival. The pair-bonding hypothesis proposes that humans formed long-term romantic bonds to rear young together successfully, promoting behaviors like attachment that increased reproductive success. However, critiques note evolutionary theories may underestimate culture's influence and rely on hypothetical assumptions about ancient humans' behaviors.
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Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain human behavior through evolutionary adaptations that developed over generations. Key ideas include natural selection, where traits suited to the environment are passed on, and adaptations, where organisms develop traits suited to their specific environment. One example is how early humans developed stress responses that helped them survive threats. The pair bonding hypothesis suggests humans formed long-term romantic bonds to rear young together successfully and pass on their genes more effectively. However, critiques note that evolutionary theories may underestimate culture's role in behavior and rely on hypothetical assumptions about early humans that cannot be fully tested.
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology combines evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology to study the evolution of human psychology and behavior. The core tenets of evolutionary psychology are that 1) behavior is influenced by psychological mechanisms and their inputs, 2) these mechanisms evolved through natural and sexual selection, and 3) they function to solve adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. While genes influence traits, epigenetics shows that environmental factors can influence which genes are expressed.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
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Classical and operant conditioning are two theories of learning explained in the document. Classical conditioning deals with involuntary responses and pairing stimuli to elicit responses. Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors and how reinforcement and punishment modify the likelihood of behaviors. Key figures who developed these theories include Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Their work showed how environmental stimuli and consequences shape observable behaviors.
Classical conditioning & Operant conditioning
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B.f.skinner
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist born in 1904 who developed the theory of operant conditioning. He believed that behavior is shaped by its consequences through reinforcement or punishment. Skinner conducted experiments using Skinner boxes to demonstrate how schedules of reinforcement can modify behavior. His work showed how intermittent reinforcement can encourage persistent behaviors like gambling. Skinner also developed the technique of shaping to gradually modify behaviors through reinforcement. His research influenced education and how behaviors are learned through reinforcement and punishment.
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Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology attempts to explain human behavior through evolutionary adaptations that developed over generations. Key ideas include natural selection, where traits suited to the environment are passed on, and adaptations, where organisms develop traits suited to their specific environment. One example is how early humans developed stress responses that helped them survive threats. The pair bonding hypothesis suggests humans formed long-term romantic bonds to rear young together successfully and pass on their genes more effectively. However, critiques note that evolutionary theories may underestimate culture's role in behavior and rely on hypothetical assumptions about early humans that cannot be fully tested.
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This document discusses classical and operant conditioning and their implications for marketing. Classical conditioning links a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response through repeated pairing, like Pavlov's dogs learning to salivate to a bell. Operant conditioning proposes that behaviors are shaped by their consequences, with reinforcers increasing a behavior and punishments decreasing it. Marketers aim to associate products with positive emotions through classical conditioning and influence purchasing behaviors as operant conditioning by providing incentives and rewards to customers.
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Chapter 6 Psych 1 Online Stud
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This document discusses guidelines for creating secure usernames and passwords. It recommends usernames that do not attract negative attention, reveal personal information, or use real names, ages or genders. The document notes the most commonly used passwords can be easily guessed. It provides tips for strong passwords, such as mixing uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols; being at least 8 characters; and not including personal information. Users are encouraged to create acronyms from phrases and substitute characters for letters to generate secure passwords.
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The document provides an overview of the history and key concepts in psychology. It discusses early pioneers like Wundt who established the first psychology lab, and Freud who developed psychoanalysis. Major theories are covered such as behaviorism, humanism, and sociocultural psychology. Key aspects of the mind and behavior like consciousness, learning, development, and culture are examined from different psychological perspectives.
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Attachment theory proposes that early relationships with caregivers shape expectations in future romantic relationships. This theory is relevant to the debate around the nature versus nurture influences on relationships. Attachment theory suggests that relationship behaviors are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors (nature and nurture).
Early experiences with caregivers lead to the development of internal working models which influence how people behave in close relationships. Secure attachment stemming from warm, responsive caregiving is linked to healthy relationships whereas insecure attachments are linked to relationship difficulties. However, the theory has been criticized for being culturally insensitive as the concepts of secure base and attachment were developed based on Western ideas of independence. Research also finds cultural differences
A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docx
This document discusses the genetic determinants of personality from multiple perspectives. It begins by explaining that both nature and nurture influence personality, as humans have innate predispositions due to evolution but are also shaped by their environments. The document then explores several topics related to the genetic influences on personality, including the possibility of instincts, universal facial expressions and behaviors across cultures, and evidence that personality traits have genetic components. It also discusses evolutionary psychology perspectives on behaviors having biological bases aimed at maximizing survival and reproduction.
Nature nurture powerpoint
This document discusses the nature vs nurture debate regarding the origins of human behavior. It aims to understand the debate, describe studies supporting each side, identify relevant approaches, and evaluate the debate. The key points covered include: behavior being determined by genetics (nature) or environment (nurture); studies supporting nature like twin and adoption studies; studies supporting nurture like Little Albert and the Stanford Prison Experiment; and that behavior is often best explained by an interaction between the two.
Evolutionary Psychology
The document discusses the ecology of the human mind and compares the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) to Evolutionary Psychology (EP). The SSSM views humans as "blank slates" shaped entirely by culture and experience, while EP views the human mind as consisting of evolved, specialized modules adapted for problems faced in our ancestral environment. EP argues that many behaviors are unconsciously driven by these modules rather than conscious decision-making.
Nature VS NurtureResearch writing 310Joi Tucker.docx
Nature VS Nurture
Research writing 310
Joi Tucker
Wilmington University
Nature VS Nurture
Abstract
Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest arguments known to the Psychology genre. For those who do not know; simply put, the underlying question is, can behaviors be inherited? Initially, upon answering the question without any regard to the actual research and experiments done in this field a conclusion was drawn that Nature outweighs Nurture and that the behaviors of men are innate in that they are inherited genes that have influence over our behaviors. Upon further investigation and deeper insight, it is of my belief that the behaviors of men are based not solely on the behavior of their parents and their genetic makeup but also, by socioeconomic, traditional, educational, religious, and many other external factors. This paper will demonstrate the multiple schools of thought and their perspective on behaviorism, specifically when it comes to the argument of Nature vs Nurture. These perspectives will be used in order to justify the position that was previously stated, that the behaviors of men are influenced not only by their biology but also by their upbringing and multiple external factors.
Nature versus Nurture is one of the oldest debates within Psychology. It is concerned with the extent to which aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (i.e., genetic) or acquired (i.e., learned) characteristics. Previous to delving into this topic I took the stance that Nature outweighed Nurture and that human behaviors were innate in that they were solely influenced by one’s genetic makeup. After vigorous research on the topic an attempt to take the stance that aspects of behavior are a product of inherited characteristics. Most people no matter what their upbringing and socioeconomical positions are prone to specific types of behaviors due to their genetic makeup. Within this argumentative essay, the attempt to write about Nature vs Nurture taking the perspective that human behaviors are derived from a combination of the two. The plan is to investigate multiple schools of thought in regards to the topic in order to prove the theory which was previously stated; human behaviors are a product of both genetic and environmental influences.
Within the world of biology, it is widely known that physical characteristics as well as one’s vulnerability to certain illnesses are because of one’s genetic makeup. It is of no surprise that one may share the color their mother’s eyes while inheriting their father’s diabetes. If you are a male, you may be prone to balding in your early 30’s just as your father did and women whose mother suffered from Breast Cancer have a higher likelihood of acquiring the same illness. Understanding how genetics works and now knowing how its functioning contributes to physical attributes as well as biological ailments, the question of whethe.
Instinct
Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience. For example,
In humans
The rooting reflex as is the suckling reflex (a reflex in which babies begin sucking when a finger or nipple places pressure on the roof of their mouth,)
The Moro reflex (a startle reaction seen in babies less than 6 months of age) and
The Babkin reflex (a reflex in which babies open their mouths and flex their arms in response to rubbing the palms of their hands.)
Birds have an innate need to build a nest or migrate during the winter.
In animals example may be
A dog shaking after it gets wet,
A sea turtle seeking out the ocean after hatching
All of these behaviors occur naturally and automatically. They do not need to be learned in order to be displayed.
Developmental Psychology
The document provides an overview of developmental psychology, including:
1. It discusses several philosophical roots of explanations for human development such as original sin, innate goodness, and the blank slate theory.
2. Early scientific theories focused on documenting physical changes and establishing norms, while maturation theories emphasized genetically programmed development.
3. Modern perspectives consider development across the lifespan rather than only in childhood, and examine factors like nature vs nurture, ecology, and historical/cultural context.
4. Research methods discussed include basic and applied research using experimental, longitudinal, and observational designs while addressing ethical issues.
Psychology as the behaviorist views it
This document summarizes John B. Watson's 1913 paper arguing that psychology should be a purely objective experimental science focused on predicting and controlling observable behavior, without reference to introspection or consciousness. Watson asserts that introspection is an unreliable method and that psychology has failed to establish itself as an undisputed natural science due to its focus on consciousness. He advocates adopting the methods of experimental biology to study behavior objectively across species, without needing to interpret results in terms of human consciousness.
Universal vs conntext.specific develpment
The document discusses three key issues in developmental psychology: nature vs nurture, continuity vs discontinuity, and universal vs context-specific development. It then summarizes three major theories: Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory which emphasizes innate stages of cognitive development influenced little by environment; Erikson's psychosocial theory which views development as proceeding through innate psychosocial stages with strong environmental influences; and social cognitive learning theory which sees development as the gradual accumulation of learned behaviors through modeling and reinforcement from the environment.
14888200.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in introductory psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It discusses physiological and psychological needs, and how stores like Walmart strategically place candy at checkouts to influence customer purchases. The scientific method is introduced as a way to reduce biases. Theories and hypotheses are distinguished. Early contributors to psychology are outlined, including Aristotle, Plato, Darwin, Wundt, James, and Freud. Major perspectives in psychology - such as psychoanalysis, cognitive, behavioral, biological, and humanistic approaches - are introduced. Common career paths and settings for psychologists are listed. Key issues and debates in the field like nature vs nurture are also noted.
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This document provides an introduction to a thesis submitted for a Master's degree in Metaphysical Science. It discusses resilience from both traditional psychology and metaphysical perspectives. Traditional psychology views resilience as a learned skill developed through life experiences and external supports. Metaphysics sees resilience as an innate capacity connected to the Pure Mind that can be strengthened through mystical meditation and living according to metaphysical principles. The document provides an overview of key concepts that will be explored further in the following chapters.
Theories Personality
The document summarizes several theories of personality including Freud's psychodynamic theory, trait theories, and neo-Freudian perspectives. Freud believed the mind is divided into the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He proposed psychosexual stages of development and the id, ego, and superego structures. Jung emphasized the collective unconscious and archetypes. Adler focused on inferiority complexes and birth order effects. Trait theories described types and traits as dimensions of personality.
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A key question for personality psychologists is Are we what .docx
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Memory pp
Schemas influence memory formation and retrieval in several ways. Bartlett (1932) found that British participants assimilated and distorted a story to fit their cultural schemas over repeated retellings. Johnson and Bayford (1972) showed that providing a laundry schema before a paragraph improved recall versus no schema. Brewer and Treyens (1981) found schemas aided recall of typical office items but atypical items like a skull were also recalled. Allport and Postman (1947) showed racial schemas distorted a story's retelling between white and black participants. Overall, schemas act as filters that organize new information and reconstruct memories to fit existing knowledge structures.
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Stereotypes 2018
This document discusses stereotypes from several perspectives:
1. It defines stereotypes as generalizations made about groups that get applied to individuals. Several theories on the origins of stereotypes are presented, including social categorization and the "grain of truth" hypothesis.
2. Research is summarized that shows how holding stereotypes can impact perceptions and expectations of others. Studies demonstrate stereotypes influence judgments of intelligence and ability.
3. Additional research shows how knowing stereotypes exist about one's own group can negatively impact performance through "stereotype threat."
4. The document ends by reviewing studies on ways stereotypes may be overcome, such as exposing children to counter-stereotypical media portrayals and increasing awareness of implicit biases
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Social cognitive theory power point
Social Cognitive Theory explains how humans learn behavior through observational learning. This learning is shaped by cognition, environment, and reinforcement. Key aspects of SCT include modeling behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies. Studies show children learn aggression from observing adult models, and children's aggression can be predicted by their self-efficacy and expectations of rewards for aggression. Monkey studies also show animals learn behaviors from their mothers.
Genetics & Antisocial Behavior
Genes contribute to about half of individual variations in antisocial behavior, according to twin studies. While genes may increase predisposition, they do not determine behavior alone. Studies found genetics account for 50% of antisocial behavior, but less impact for separated twins, showing environment also influences behavior. Research links low-activity MAOA genes interacting with childhood trauma to increased violence, suggesting genetics and environment combine to impact antisocial behavior.
Ethics 2018
This document discusses the ethical standards psychologists must follow when conducting research. It outlines the six main standards: informed consent, avoiding deception, protecting participants from harm, right to withdraw, debriefing, and confidentiality. The standards aim to protect human and animal participants. Researchers are required to receive informed consent, avoid or minimize deception, prevent physical and psychological harm, allow participants to withdraw at any time, debrief participants on the true purpose and any deception after the study, and keep participants' identities confidential.
Psychology Methodology
The document outlines the key steps and components of designing a research study in psychology, including developing an aim, methodology, and analyzing findings and conclusions. It discusses developing an aim that identifies the independent and dependent variables and target population. For methodology, it describes important considerations like participants/sampling, control conditions, design, validity, and reliability. It then covers specific methodology elements like treatment and control groups, repeated measures vs independent sample designs, reliability, and threats to internal and external validity.
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This document discusses several strategies for reducing violence and their relative effectiveness:
1) Self-control exercises, such as using only one hand for tasks, were found to decrease aggressive behavior for those who practiced them compared to a control group.
2) A yoga program in prisons resulted in increased self-control and less reported aggressiveness among inmates compared to a control group.
3) Teaching children empathy and perspective-taking skills led to less aggressive playground behavior than a control group.
4) However, anti-bullying programs in schools were found to be ineffective and possibly increased peer victimization.
5) A
Intro to psychological research cell phones
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Sports psychology strategies
This document discusses several mental strategies that can help improve performance for competitions and life challenges. These include mental imagery, where top competitors visualize scenarios and outcomes to prepare; self-talk, using positive self-statements; personal mantras, short phrases that promote positive thinking; and controlling body language. The document encourages reflecting on weaknesses and overcoming barriers, then applying these mental techniques with specifics relevant to the individual's topic.
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This document discusses the history and impacts of racism in Portland, Oregon and South Africa. It begins by defining race and racism, then outlines the origins and progression of racist ideologies and systems from the 14th century through today. Key periods discussed include the rise of slavery and colonialism between 1300-1600, the emergence of biological racism in the 19th century, and the Holocaust and civil rights movement in the 20th century. The document then examines examples of individual/interpersonal and systemic/institutional racism, and considers whether Portland exhibits racist traits through various examples and analyses. It concludes by reviewing apartheid in South Africa, the legacy of racism there today according to Trevor Noah's accounts, and ongoing issues discussed in recent news reports.
Mental illness and homelessness
This document provides an overview of learning about the connection between mental illness, homelessness, and being an ally. It includes the following key objectives: understanding how mental illness impacts homelessness issues; learning how this affects real world problems; and being able to use this information to analyze the film "The Soloist." Students are asked to record important words on these topics and create a word cloud summarizing the lesson. They are also directed to a website on keeping Oregon residents mentally well.
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Genes contribute to behaviors but do not determine them. Studies of twins and genes like 5-HTT and COMT show that:
- Genetics influence traits like intelligence (70%) and likelihood of depression, but environment also matters
- The 5-HTT gene predicts if one will become depressed after stressful life events
- COMT impacts stress response and test/task performance depending on allele (fast or slow acting enzyme)
However, one gene does not cause a behavior and ethics around genetic testing and research are important issues.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Evolutionary psychology
- 2. Learning Outcome B12- Examine one evolutionary explanation of behavior. Explain whether one evolutionary behavior is valid. Use research studies to defend this.
- 3. Evolutionary Psychology A subfield of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by explaining how behaviors can be explained through adaptations throughout human evolution. Linked to biological functions and genetics.
- 4. Key Ideas of Evolution Natural Selection: Those individuals who have characteristics which are better suited to the environment will be more likely to breed, and thus pass on their genes and traits. Genes help predict behavior. Adaptations: the process where organisms develop traits that make them suitable to their environment over generations.
- 5. Example #1: Stress When faced with a tiger in the woods, a caveman becomes stressed. This response tells his body to shut down all other brain and biological functions and focus all attention on surviving. Those that were able to display stress were more likely to pass on their genes and thus passing stress onto us all. We react negatively to chronic stress because it is our body telling us to be in survival mode all the time.
- 6. The Pair Bonding Hypothesis Helen Fisher: Explaining the Pair-Bonding Hypothesis Humans who formed romantic bonds and reared their young together were more likely to survive, protect their babies/genes, and thus pass their genes along. Humans developed biological functions that told them to focus their attention, feel attached, and to feel rewarded by their one mate. Essential for females, suitable for males.
- 7. Critiques of Evolutionary Theory
- 8. Critiques of Evolutionary Theory Evolutionary theories often underestimate the role of culture in shaping behavior. Little is known about the behavior of early Homo sapiens, so theories are largely hypothetical. Not all theories can be empirically tested and thus face confirmation bias – seeing what you want to see and avoiding what you don’t.
- 9. Applying our Knowledge 1. Explain how studies that we have learned about either defend of oppose the Pair-Bonding Hypothesis. 2. Describe problems/critiques of the P-B Hypothesis? 3. As a group, decide if we have enough evidence to accept the P-B Hypothesis. Explain your thinking.