1. Lesson 7 Intermediate Mario Santiago Business English IV Modal verbs of obligation and past modals

2. Contents Objectives Modal verbs of obligation Modal verbs in the past Vocabulary related to social causes and fair trade. By the end of this lesson you: Will be able to distinguish the modal verbs of obligation. Will use the modal verbs of obligation to talk about social issues. Will be able to compare the use of the modal verbs of obligation between the modal verbs in past tense. Will give a proper use to the modal verbs either in present or past according to the context.

3. Lobbies How often do you watch the news? If you do so, maybe you have heard the term “emerging economies.” According to the Investopedia website, an emerging economy is the one that is moving from a closed market to an open one, nevertheless, and even more important, is the fact that this economy usually has a low income per capita. Moreover, both foreign investment and foreign currency are signs that the economy is getting into a more dynamic situation. Around 80 per cent of the countries of the world are, in one way or another, categorized as an merging country. The question is: How do they do that? How is it possible for countries to move from a stagnant situation into a stage of continuous growth? For some people the answer is by getting into endless debts with major economies. What is the downside behind the idea of “economic growth”? Before we continue with the lesson we are going to get familiarized with the vocabulary. Lesson 7

4. Lobbies Sell up Sell out Lobby Fair trade Quotas Aid Tariff barriers Toxic debt Demonstration Litigation Boycott NGO Assets Debt Subsidies Coercion Regulation Demand People and organizations Actions Economic and social issues Lobby Sell up Quotas Demonstration Sell out Subsidies Litigation Boycott Assets NGO Demand Debt Coercion Aid Toxic debt Fair trade Tariff barriers Regulation Lesson 7

5. Lobbies We are going to watch a video related to an increasing idea in some rich nations: the cancellation of Third World toxic debts. Before you watch, create a hypothesis about the topic of the video with the help of the following questions : I.- What do you think is a toxic debt? II.- Is it a fair for the emerging country to pay off the entire debt or should it be cancelled? While you watch: I.- Take notes and modify your hypothesis. That information will help you to answer the final exercise. Lesson 7