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Chapter Two
Research Methods
Research Methods in PsychologyResearch Methods in Psychology
 Why do we need scientific methods?Why do we need scientific methods?
• Hindsight biasHindsight bias
• False consensus effectFalse consensus effect
 EmpiricismEmpiricism
• Empirical challenges of studying peopleEmpirical challenges of studying people
 People are complexPeople are complex
 People are differentPeople are different
 People react to situations differentlyPeople react to situations differently
Research Methods in PsychologyResearch Methods in Psychology
 The story of clever HansThe story of clever Hans
• Facts, theories and hypothesisFacts, theories and hypothesis
• What can we learn from Hans?What can we learn from Hans?
 Be skepticalBe skeptical
 Observe carefully in controlled conditionsObserve carefully in controlled conditions
 Be aware of observer-expectancy effectsBe aware of observer-expectancy effects
Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies
 Research design: The experimentResearch design: The experiment
• Independent variableIndependent variable
• Dependent variableDependent variable
• VariablesVariables
• ParticipantsParticipants
• ConfederatesConfederates
Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies
Activity
Testing Random Assignment
Central Tendency
Mean, Median & Mode
• Let’s look at the salaries of the employees
• at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton:
$25,000-Pam
$25,000- Kevin
$25,000- Angela
$100,000- Andy
$100,000- Dwight
$200,000- Jim
$300,000- Michael
The median salary looks good at
$100,000.
The mean salary also looks good
at about $110,000.
But the mode salary is only
$25,000.
Maybe not the best place to
work!!
Measures of Variability
• Range: distance from
highest to lowest
scores.
• Standard Deviation:
the variance of scores
around the mean.
• The higher the
variance or SD, the
more spread out the
distribution is.
• Do scientists
want a big or
small SD?
Shaq and Kobe
may both score 30
ppg (same mean).
But their SDs are
very different.
Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies
• Laboratory observationLaboratory observation
• Case studiesCase studies
• SurveySurvey
• Laboratory studyLaboratory study
• Field studyField study
Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods
• Self-reportSelf-report
methodmethod
• QuestionnairesQuestionnaires
• InterviewsInterviews
• ObservationalObservational
methodsmethods
• Data collectionData collection
pros and conspros and cons
Minimizing Bias in PsychologicalMinimizing Bias in Psychological
ResearchResearch
 Avoiding observer andAvoiding observer and
subject expectancy effectssubject expectancy effects
• Observer-expectancy effectObserver-expectancy effect
• Subject-expectancy effectSubject-expectancy effect
• Double-blind experimentDouble-blind experiment
• PlaceboPlacebo
• Placebo effectPlacebo effect
Activity
• “Softens hands while you do the dishes.”
Ethical Issues inPsychologicalResearchEthical Issues inPsychologicalResearch
 Research with humansResearch with humans
• The right to privacyThe right to privacy
• Possibility of discomfortPossibility of discomfort
or harmor harm
• The use of deceptionThe use of deception
 Research with animalsResearch with animals
 How can we ensureHow can we ensure
ethical research?ethical research?
• Institutional ReviewInstitutional Review
BoardsBoards
HomeworkHomework
• Read Chapter ThreeRead Chapter Three
• ReminderReminder: Unit One Exam (Chapters 1-3) is on: Unit One Exam (Chapters 1-3) is on
Tuesday, September 10Tuesday, September 10thth
(IN CLASS)(IN CLASS)

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Psyc 2301 chapter two powerpoint(2)

  • 2. Research Methods in PsychologyResearch Methods in Psychology  Why do we need scientific methods?Why do we need scientific methods? • Hindsight biasHindsight bias • False consensus effectFalse consensus effect  EmpiricismEmpiricism • Empirical challenges of studying peopleEmpirical challenges of studying people  People are complexPeople are complex  People are differentPeople are different  People react to situations differentlyPeople react to situations differently
  • 3. Research Methods in PsychologyResearch Methods in Psychology  The story of clever HansThe story of clever Hans • Facts, theories and hypothesisFacts, theories and hypothesis • What can we learn from Hans?What can we learn from Hans?  Be skepticalBe skeptical  Observe carefully in controlled conditionsObserve carefully in controlled conditions  Be aware of observer-expectancy effectsBe aware of observer-expectancy effects
  • 4. Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies  Research design: The experimentResearch design: The experiment • Independent variableIndependent variable • Dependent variableDependent variable • VariablesVariables • ParticipantsParticipants • ConfederatesConfederates
  • 5. Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies
  • 7. Central Tendency Mean, Median & Mode • Let’s look at the salaries of the employees • at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton: $25,000-Pam $25,000- Kevin $25,000- Angela $100,000- Andy $100,000- Dwight $200,000- Jim $300,000- Michael The median salary looks good at $100,000. The mean salary also looks good at about $110,000. But the mode salary is only $25,000. Maybe not the best place to work!!
  • 8. Measures of Variability • Range: distance from highest to lowest scores. • Standard Deviation: the variance of scores around the mean. • The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distribution is. • Do scientists want a big or small SD? Shaq and Kobe may both score 30 ppg (same mean). But their SDs are very different.
  • 9. Types of Research StrategiesTypes of Research Strategies • Laboratory observationLaboratory observation • Case studiesCase studies • SurveySurvey • Laboratory studyLaboratory study • Field studyField study
  • 10. Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods • Self-reportSelf-report methodmethod • QuestionnairesQuestionnaires • InterviewsInterviews • ObservationalObservational methodsmethods • Data collectionData collection pros and conspros and cons
  • 11. Minimizing Bias in PsychologicalMinimizing Bias in Psychological ResearchResearch  Avoiding observer andAvoiding observer and subject expectancy effectssubject expectancy effects • Observer-expectancy effectObserver-expectancy effect • Subject-expectancy effectSubject-expectancy effect • Double-blind experimentDouble-blind experiment • PlaceboPlacebo • Placebo effectPlacebo effect
  • 12. Activity • “Softens hands while you do the dishes.”
  • 13. Ethical Issues inPsychologicalResearchEthical Issues inPsychologicalResearch  Research with humansResearch with humans • The right to privacyThe right to privacy • Possibility of discomfortPossibility of discomfort or harmor harm • The use of deceptionThe use of deception  Research with animalsResearch with animals  How can we ensureHow can we ensure ethical research?ethical research? • Institutional ReviewInstitutional Review BoardsBoards
  • 14. HomeworkHomework • Read Chapter ThreeRead Chapter Three • ReminderReminder: Unit One Exam (Chapters 1-3) is on: Unit One Exam (Chapters 1-3) is on Tuesday, September 10Tuesday, September 10thth (IN CLASS)(IN CLASS)