Pseudonymous Writing

Pseudonymous Writing
Introduction: Pseudonymous Writing in the Ancient and Present Times Pseudopigrapha is a type of
writing where the author uses a different name for several purposes. It has been practiced in
numerous educational disciplines. In the earlier part of history, there are two types of pseudonymous
writing that was employed. The first type is when the author uses an assumed name to remain
anonymous and the second type is when an author uses the name of another author. The
pseudonymous writing is widely used for varied reasons, mostly with honest intentions. The second
type of pseudopigrapha is known as forgery, and through the course of history, its definition and
function has evolved. In ancient times, forgery is an honorable practice of writing, ... Show more
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However, several factors have to be considered. The considerations are needed to be put in place is
to put forgery in the accurate context. In the ancient times when copyright laws are not yet enforced,
forgery is an acceptable practice. Taussig argued that committing forgery is not rooted in
fraudulence but inferred as an honorable convention. Further, Ehrman synthesized the use of forgery
to empower the teachings of an influential individual, synonymous to Paul's clout in the early
Christianity. Having these occurrences in mind, we can then maintain the trustworthiness of the
Deutero–Pauline Epistles in the same value as we put on the epistles that were penned by Paul
himself. Learning these cogitations, it is important that we look at the message of the epistles and its
significance in the formation of the faith tradition. Although the abovementioned epistles are written
by different individuals (other than Paul), they have augmented the theology that was taught by
Paul. The epistles were written in the context of the audiences that they were intended, because of
this, forgery did not connote any negative feedback on its teachings. In this light then, it more
important to focus on the message that Deutero–Pauline Epistles convey than to look at
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Comcast Packet Forgery
Comcast Packet Forgery case in 2007 explains how network neutrality received public visibility. In
May 2007, Comcast installed a new software/tool on its networks which conveniently and
selectively interfered with some of Comcast customers TCP/IP connections. A Comcast subscriber –
Robb Topolski ran a tool called a packet sniffer which was used to "seed" files on BitTorrent and
discovered that unexpected TCP RST packets were causing inbound connections to his computer to
die. Based on his observations, he speculated that Comcast may have been responsible for this
interference. Computers use TCP as a standard protocol to exchange information on the Internet.
When a computer receives TCP packets which it believes it should not have received or when it
thinks it has closed a connection but keeps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In many cases, the surge of forged RST packets will cause software to fail in its attempts to do
something a user asks of it. For instance, a BitTorrent client elsewhere on the Internet may fail in
downloading a rare document that is available as a BitTorrent seed from a Comcast user. In the case
of a typical Gnutella node, RST forgery will destroy the node's ability to discover and establish
proper communications with other parts of the Gnutella network. Gnutella connections are generally
started in either direction: Comcast user connects outwards, or other Gnutella nodes connect
inwards. In both of these examples, Comcast's packet forgery prevents the transfer of data rather
than delaying it. Hence, the characterization of Comcast's packet forgery as "delaying" certain traffic
is only true under special conditions, and is definitely not true in general. According to the white
paper two conditions that maybe considered

Art Fakes and Forgeries Essay
Chris Wiley English 1000 13 September 2010 Fakes and Forgeries Lessing v. Dutton The two
essays, "What is Wrong with a Forgery," by Alfred Lessing and "Artistic Crimes," by Denis Dutton,
explore the different reasons that they give negative connotation to the concept of an artistic forgery.
Each author concludes that a forgery is indeed wrongful, however their reasons for this conclusion
differ in several distinct ways. This essay will summarize both authors' main points and compare
and contrast the fundamental differences of their arguments. Lessing begins "What is Wrong with a
Forgery" by establishing that forgeries are not void of aesthetic value. In fact, he states that a clear
distinction must be made between the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lessing uses this concept to draw a distinction between creativity or originality and reproduction or
technique. Technique, he says is public, it is something anyone can possess or learn, while
originality or creativity is a deeper concept to explore. Both qualities in perfect balance, he asserts,
are necessary to create a great work of art. Lessing says forgery is in the concept of originality and
not technique stating, "forgery is a concept that can be made meaningful only by reference to the
concept of originality, and hence only to art viewed as a creative, not as a reproductive or technical,
activity. The element of performance or technique in art cannot be an object for forgery because
technique is not the kind of thing that can be forged. Technique is, as it were, public." In the
Vermeer case, it is not the technique that was forged but his discovery of it; his originality in its use.
Lessing further defines his view of artistic originality and its importance. He contends that true
artistic originality comes from the impact on the history and progression of art. Vermeer, he says
was a great artist because he brought new and original technique and style to the artistic community
and profoundly impacted art history. The ability to produce aesthetically beautiful pieces of art is not
all that makes a great artist, but it is this originality or "the fact that [Vermeer] painted certain

What Is Wrong With Forgery
The inclusion and value of 'external evidence', information concerning the artist and his
interpretation and reasoning of his piece, has frequently been debated by philosophers. Many argue
that external evidence should not be considered in the interpretation of a piece of art; better yet, the
audience would seemingly benefit from not having any prior knowledge of the artist or his
implications. Other theorists counter that while we should not judge a piece with the artist in mind,
having some general knowledge does give important insight into the culture that is expressed
through the piece.
William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley notoriously tackle the issue of external evidence in
Intentional Fallacy. In the piece they make two distinct claims; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, my ideology is most in sync with Lessing's. Partially because I also agree with
Wimsatt and Beardsley's argument that external evidence should not be a determinant of the
aesthetics of art. Referencing his example of the machine or the pudding, no one is concerned with
the intentions of the creator. Concisely, results are what matter. If the poem or other work of art is
not justified without background knowledge of the artist than it does not have significant form, and
thus has no little aesthetic value. If a piece is purely liked for aesthetic value, then it should not
matter if it is a counterfeit. I do understand however the significance of historical context. The
magnificence of a piece of art is amplified when the audience can consider the technology and
society that was available to the artist, and that in and of itself is a great achievement. While this
does change the perception of the piece of art, it should not change the perception of the aesthetic
value. Originality does not make a piece look any different from a counterfeit, as van Meegeren

Fraud In Forgery
This essay will investigate the serious problem of forgery and a way of how this problem can be
controlled.
Counterfeit or forged money is an imitation of real money, which is produced without the legal
permission of the government or state. To use or produce counterfeit money is a form of fraud and
therefore highly punished. Forgery has been an issue for a very long time, as it is a problem, which
is nearly as old as money itself. Counterfeiting has a large impact on the economy and society, as it
is reducing the value of "real" money, increasing the prices due to the fact that more money is
circulating in the economy, and there's also a decrease in the acceptability of paper money. (3)
Forgery is a serious and widely spread problem, as alone in the UK (2009) there were 566,000
counterfeit notes revealed. 95% of these were 20–pound notes. The most common fraud is of one–
pound coins, which there were in 2009 30–40 million in circulation of. That would be approximately
2.8% of the total one–pound coins. (6) Some fraudsters, like for example McAnea, had or still have
the possibility to churn up to 2 million of forged banknotes a day. ... Show more content on
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So the ethics of the fraudsters may not have changed, as those people continue to counterfeit
banknotes, however the ethics and morals of the society have changed. People have become more
aware due to UV detectors. For example "Bank of Canada" states that people should not be offended
or surprised if a cashier carefully examines their bills, as checking the if the notes – large and small
– are real, allows the cashiers to intercept counterfeits and keep them out of the till and out of the
their change. (16) This shows that people have not only become aware of this serious problem, but
also started to take responsibility and

The Importance Of Copy-Move Forgery Image
from another part of the same image or creates additional copy of an object already existing in the
image by copying it to the desired location. Since the copied segments are part of the same picture,
the color palette, noise components, dynamic variety and the alternative homes might be steady with
the relaxation of the picture, and hence making it's far very hard for a naked human eye to discover
the forgery. CMF detection may be either block–based or key–factor based totally strategies. In
block–based totally methods [58], the photograph are split into overlapping/non–overlapping blocks
and feature vector is computed for every blocks. Similar characteristic vectors are identified and
paired to locate solid areas. In key–factor based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The complicated forgery may include some post–processing like blurring, JPEG compression, etc.
that execute the forgery detection extremely hard. Fig.1.11 Image Splicing In Fig.1.11, the left
image is the base picture and the right one is the spliced picture as if so some cropped picture is
pasted over the base picture and a new picture is produced. Image splicing is a not unusual form of
IF. Such changes may leave no visual clues of tampering. Image splicing is to create a brand new
image from two or more pictures, and it is a long way 16 and huge used for IF. Image splicing
detection is the principle difficulty in IF.[59]. Fig.1.12 shows the basic pattern of Image Splicing.
Two pictures are blended and a brand new picture is generated out of that. In IS, pictures are
combined to create one tampered picture or it's far a way that entails a composite of two or exra
pictures, that are blended to create a fake picture. Below suggests an example of picture splicing IF.
Fig. 1.13 Spliced Images In Fig.1.13, we can see that two images are combined and a new image is
generated. One image is taken as the base image and out of the second image; some part is cropped
and pasted over the base image.

Art Forgey Research Paper
The Art of Forgery
What is art forgery? Art Forgery is the act of creating and selling works of art that are falsely
credited to another, usually more famous artists. A perpetrator of such a crime replicates an existing,
more famous work of art, with the intent to make a profit, by either selling it under the name of the
artist who had originally created the work, claiming that it is an original, or by saying that they are
the original artist of the work. According to the Crime Museum, art forgery can be dated back
thousands of years. In fact, the Romans were known to copy Greek sculptures and sell them as
authentic Greek artwork over 2,000 years ago, (Crime Museum, 2009).
Throughout history, art forgery has become a more prominent crime.Violators ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It can also help date paintings by a particular artist. "We're trying to have a replica of an art expert
that helps them to do the dirty work and supplements what they are doing," says Igor Berezhnoy at
Maastricht University in the Netherlands, who developed the system with colleagues a few others,
(New Scientist, 2006). A software like this would make life a whole lot easier for buyers because
they typically do not buy art without first getting it examined by an expert. It would take a lot longer
for an expert to decode a fake piece of art because these experts have to examine ownership and
sales records to discover whether or not the provenance has been falsified. The experts also use
computers to analyze the density and the frequency of the strokes a brush makes on a painting.
Because of this technology, the actual piece does not need to be in your hand to determine if the
work was falsified. (Martha Sherwood, 2015). However,with the Authentic program, it would be
much faster to discover the authenticity of the work. When discovering an art forgery, experts also
rely on the determination of the age of the artwork, the chemical makeup, and a probable source of
materials used to create it. With this information, investigators to decide whether

Deputy's Assignment: Forgery
CREEK COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE Forgery Deputy's Assignment: On Tuesday, March 6th,
2018 I, Deputy Daniel Pruitt was dispatched to the Creek County Sheriff's Office for a fraud
complaint. I arrived and spoke to the victim Casi Martin. Victim/Reporting Person Summary: Casi
said she works for WorkForce at 1700 South Main Street in Sapulpa. Casi said she had a debit card
through the company and was a non–profit bank account. Casi said she was doing the end of the
year report for the account and noticed someone had used the debit card. Casi said she had lost the
debit card. Casi said she last seen the card on Friday, December 8th, 2017 and saw the debit card
while she was at What–a–burger in Sapulpa. Casi said she did not use the debit card

Physical Evidence Analysis
Evidence can take the form of several types: Testimonial, Digital, Physical and Miscellaneous for
the ones that do not fit into the other three categories. Physical evidence are the specific items and
objects found at a crime scene that links the perpetrator to the area or overall location (Gardner,
2012). These can be in the form of an object that is over turned and documented with photographs or
something tangible like trace evidence, fibers and hair that are transferred between a person and
another or the environment (Grenier, 2013). It is nationally agreed upon that physical evidence
never lies, it establishes a series of facts that are unquestionable (Gardner, 2012). It's existence.
however, can be misinterpreted and location altered but the evidence itself is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Fingerprints are the chance impressions created when areas of the friction ridge skin of the finger
comes in contact with a suitable substrate, the surface upon which a friction ridge impression is
deposited (Tate, Latent Prints: Analysis and Comparison, 2014) , under the right condition (Tate,
Latent Print Introduction, 2014). Fabrication, by definition, means the manufacturing or assembly of
something (Yourdictionary.com, n.d.) as time progressed and languages changed, it became widely
used as a synonym for something false or made up (Vocabulary.com, n.d.). While the words forged
and fabricated are used in the English language interchangeably, Pat Wertheim defines a forged
latent print in his scientific report as "the planting of a fingerprint on a surface, so that the
fingerprint appears to have been left by the finger or fingers of the person to whom it can be
identified (Wertheim, Fingerprint Forgery Case, p. 4). In so the owner of the friction ridge skin who
is represented by the fingerprint has not touched the surface where their fingerprint has been forged
(Wertheim, Fingerprint Forgery Case, p.

Customer Service And Social Media
4.1.5. Customer Service
Another significant benefit social media networks provide to companies is the opportunity to
interact with current and prospects customers. Through pages and profiles on social media,
consumers can leave their feedback quickly and directly to the organisation. Customers can also
request information and reach out to organisation for help and support. The interactive
communication fosters a trustworthy relationship between organisation and its customers.
Companies can have one–on–one conversation with customers to understand their need and to
gather their feedback.
The presence on social media in the form of blog, pages, and profiles allow the customer to have
interactive communication with the representative of organisation. Organisations also get a chance
to listen to their customers and not only solve their issues but to educate them about organisation
and its products or services. Feedback can be of anything such as the experience of using new or
existing product, general feedback regarding brand, complaint and suggestions regarding products
or even company website and advertising. And this in turn allows the companies to evaluate whether
they are meeting the expectation of their customers or not.
In addition to positive suggestion and feedback, companies sometime have to deal with negative
comments. Infect, negative feedback can spread more quickly on social media. Thus, while
developing a social media strategy, company should consider such

Counterfeiter Of Grace Analysis
Two minute presentation/ Understanding of "Counterfeiter of Grace"
Vermeer did not start his career off in an apprenticeship, learning the ways of one particular artist
and slowly being influenced and inspired over time. He was inspired by multiple different artists,
observing their work and creating his own personal spin on their pieces in a more realistic tone.
Some of the most influential women in Vermeer's life were his older sister, and his mother in law.
These women were viewed as ambitious and brave, which is theorized to be Vermeer's initial
inspiration to accurately paint women in their natural state. But he did not start painting women in
this light in the beginning of his career due to the pink and orange hues that he used, the ... Show
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The first stylistic choice that Gowing discusses is within the Elements of his appeal. He states that
Vermeer's work seems to almost stick out like a sore thumb amongst other 17th century artistic
pieces, almost as if his pieces were ahead of their time and dramatically different from the styles
appearing throughout the century. To Gowing this reason is self evident and doesn't need explaining
as to why Vermeer's work is so phenomenal, but for us we need a little more explanation. There is a
continuous theme present throughout all of his pieces, involving an unchanging room and an almost
unmoving feeling. As if the paintings were frozen in time. They give a feeling of consistency and
perfection almost, Vermeer has managed to make it feel as if nothing else outside of that image
matters. He draws in the attention of his viewers and then continues to suck them in even more with
the immense amount of details within the pieces. Each object and element in his pieces are placed
intentionally and systematically to tell as story or convey a purpose. A book is much more than
something to pass the time and provide entertainment, it is an emblem that represents something
personal and important to either the model within the image or something even deeper. Vermeer
does this in all of his work. His continuous inclusion

Catch Me Essay
The movie 'Catch Me If You Can' is based on the true–life story of Frank Abagnale. He was the
youngest person to ever be put onto the FBI's most wanted list. The movie tells his story. Frank
Abagnale impersonated many people and forged many documents (many to include paychecks) over
the period of 5 years. He was said to be the world's greatest liar. Some of the documents that he
forged included, but were not limited to, false identification cards, birth certificates, and of course
paychecks. He got into the forgery business by learning from his 'conman' father. Frank traveled
around the world impersonating doctors, airline pilots, and even the assistant attorney general. The
FBI was always on his trail, but seemed to be one step behind ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another example would be the ID cards. Once the design template was made and the picture
scanned in, the ID could then be printed, using a sublimation printer, onto PVC cards thus making
them appear and feel real. As for the holograms, a vinyl cutter could be used to cut out a design, the
design applied to the ID card, and a topical reflective agent adhered on top. If necessary, a
lamination machine could be utilized to protect the newly formed hologram and card itself. With a
little practice and work, anyone could produce a perfect fake ID, just as Frank Abagnale figured out.
I would not recommend showing this movie to a class learning about graphics, or the graphics
process. It comes off in a way that says "if you know how...go for it." For example: a high school
student sees this movie in class and then a week later is taught how to use Photoshop and the vinyl
cutter. What's to stop that student from taking the newly acquired knowledge and applying it, just as
he/she saw in the movie. I'm not saying that every student would, but there are a select few who
would, and in my opinion showing this movie and giving the know–how is almost like condoning
the act. I would rather show the students the movie "The Paper" staring Michael Keaton. This movie
shows the process needed to run a paper and some steps

Indian Arts And Crafts Act Violations
Indian Arts and Crafts Acts Violations
Indian Art and Crafts produces roughly one billion United States dollars annually and is rife with
counterfeiters and forgers that use the cyber world to facilitate a multi–million dollar fraud scheme
of an international character.
Indian Arts and Crafts Acts has the potential to violate several cyber, federal jurisdiction and
mission; including but not limited too:
18 U.S.C. § 371 (conspiracy),
18 U.S.C. § 542 (importation by false or fraudulent practice ),
19 U.S.C. §1304 (failure to mark goods with country of origin),
26 U.S.C. §7201 (tax evasion),
18 U.S.C. § 1956 (laundering of monetary instruments), and
many other potential violations.
Relation to Cybercrimes
Large scale art forgery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(They can be easily mapped out in a program like RFFlow, Visio, OpenOffice.org Draw, or other
visual diagramming software.)
Agents will need to work to discover electronic sources of evidence, exploit those sources, and use
them to find imported jewelry that appears to be destined for the counterfeit Indian art market...
...utilizing cyber technology, as well as old–fashioned police work (surveillance, marking pieces
with an ultraviolet dye at ports of entry, and making controlled buys) to build a case. References
Congress, 1. (2019, July 29). Congress*GOV. Retrieved 27 November, 2016, from H.R.725 – Indian
Arts and Crafts Amendments Act of 2010: https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th–congress/house–
bill/725
DOI. (n.d.). Indian Arts and Crafts Board . Retrieved November 27, 2016, from U.S. Department of
the Interior: https://www.doi.gov/iacb/act/
Duncan, R. (2016). Indian Law Handbook.
Lockhart, K. (2016, November 25). The UK's online counterfeit economy – by numbers. Retrieved
27 November, 2016, from The Telegraph:

Related Literature On Counterfeiting
Chapter 2–Literature Review
2.1 Literature Review
Counterfeiting refers to illegally production of substandard or fake products using the trade mark of
brands without their permission. Counterfeiting is criminal offence and according to business law
counterfeiters can be keep under prison at least on decade and additional fines can be charge.
Counterfeiting is increasing rapidly due many reasons and some of them are lack of law
enforcement economy conditions etc and counterfeiting is prevailing in developing countries and
under developing countries as well. In under developing countries counterfeiting is high due to low
per capita income and unavailability of branded products and the other solid reason is their
knowledge and perception about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Study proposes that materialism is sensitive to the social acceptability. Recent literature shows that
there is a relationship between interpersonal influence and consumer buying, consumer often buy
products that they not so much like but they tend to buy that products due to interpersonal influence
and interpersonal influence includes parent's influence, peer influence or even class influence. Due
to these influences consumer buy the

The Threats of Cross-Site Request Forgery and Cross-Site...
One click; that is all it takes for hackers to steal the information they desire. As the Internet
continues to grow with new web applications, associated security threats also grow. Two of the most
common, and dangerous, threats to web applications are Cross–Site Request Forgery (CSRF) and
Cross–Site Scripting (CSS); in fact, both threats appear in the 2013 OWASP Top 10 list of critical
security risks. Understanding the threat of CSRF and CSS is essential to reducing the risk faced by
users and developers of web applications.
CSRF
Cross–Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack technique that exploits browser and HTTP
weaknesses to send unauthorized requests to a web server using end–user credentials (Maes,
Heyman, Desmet, & Joosen, 2009). Often, as a convenience, web applications will store end–user
information in cookies managed by a browser; when a web application finds this data in the
browser, it is assumed to be coming from a trusted source (Maes, et al., 2009). This trust, however,
is the main exploit of a CSRF attack. Once a hacker gets access to an end–user browser, any web
application storing credentials in the browser becomes vulnerable to attack (Maes, et al., 2009). This
access is typically gained through URL manipulation or injecting hidden form fields into a web page
using Cross–Site Scripting.
CSS
Another attack exploiting trust is Cross–Site Scripting (CSS). CSS works by adding malicious
HTML, JavaScript, or other client–side scripts to a web application

PC 476-Forgery
INTRODUCTION: This case involves the unknown suspect using counterfeit US currency to
purchase items, in violation of PC 476–Forgery. The suspect grabbed the clothing and ran out of the
store without paying in violation of PC 484(a)–Petty Theft. LOCATION DESCRIPTION: This
incident occurred at the White House Black Market located at 300 E. Colorado Boulevard #140.
LOSS: CLOTHING FP Shorts BOGO, worth $51.75 Olive Twill Lace Up Short, worth $51.75
White St. Lace Shift, worth $180.00 Gold BR Hem Fili Large Strch, $50.00 Total loss plus tax:
$362.69 EVIDENCE: Four counterfeit $100.00 bills INVESTIGATION: On 06–05–17 at
approximately 1947 hours, Officer Austin #0551 and I were dispatched to 300 E. Colorado
Boulevard #140 regarding counterfeit bills being used at the location. Upon our arrival, I met with
Witness Kimberly Annette Lucas, who told me the following information in summary: ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lucas saw a male Hispanic enter the front door of the business at approximately 1850 hours. The
suspect walked throughout the store and selected the above clothing. The suspect brought the
clothing to the front register, where Lucas was working. The suspect placed the items onto the cash
register table and retrieved, what was believed to be US currency from his pants pocket. The suspect
reportedly gave Lucas four one hundred dollar bills to purchase the clothing, which totaled $362.69.
The suspect then grabbed the above clothing and ran out of the store's front door, prior to Lucas
giving him change. The suspect left the business in an unknown

Pc 476-Forgery Case
INTRODUCTION: This case involves an unknown suspect cashing a stolen check in violation of
PC 476–Forgery. LOSS: $3011.60 in US Currency. EVIDENCE: Copy of the cashed check.
INVESTIGATION: On 05–13–16 at approximately 1041 hours, I was dispatched to 285 E.
Colorado Boulevard regarding a stolen check that was cashed by an unknown suspect. Upon my
arrival, I contacted the Office Manager, Witness Toni Rager, who told me the following information
in summary: On 01–22–16, the Rusnak Pasadena finance office mailed a check to Aspen Marketing
Services, LLC in the amount of $3,011.60. Rusnak Pasadena hired the above company to oversee
the auto dealers advertisement. On 05–12–16 at approximately 0900 hours, Rager was advised by an

The Globalization of White Collar Crimes: An Inside Look...
The Globalization of White Collar Crimes: An Inside Look of How Fraud, Embezzlement,
Cybercrime, Identity Theft and Forgery Are Increasing World–Wide In this paper I will examine
some of the aspects of white collar crimes such as: fraud, embezzlement, cybercrimes, identity theft
and forgery. I will explain what each of these are pertaining to criminal justice and how they relate
to one another. And I will conclude by how each of these topics are growing into global problems.
According to Criminal–Law–Lawyer–Source.com "Fraud is the act of deliberately deceiving
another individual or group in order to secure an unfair or unlawful personal gain at the expense of
that party." Fraud may be either civil or criminal offenses and many times ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In conclusion white collar crimes has many components to it. All of which has to do with either
falsifying something or having money and/or your identity stolen. As long as the technology keeps
on advancing it just makes it that much easier for criminals to get their hands on more and more of
innocent people's belongings. So when you think that you wont be a victim of a white collar crime
just remember to think again.
Florida IC3 2010 Internet Crime Report
Complaint Characteristics
In 2010 IC3 received a total of 19878 complaints from the state of Florida.
Top Referred Complaint Categories from Florida
Identity Theft 20.9%
Non Delivery of Merchandise /Payment 18.0%
Credit Card Fraud 12.9%
Auction Fraud 8.8%
Miscellaneous Consumer Fraud 7.4%
Computer Fraud 6.9%
SPAM 3.5%
Advanced Fee Fraud 3.4%
Overpayment Fraud 3.2%
Relationship Fraud 2.3%
Amount Lost by Fraud Type for Individuals Reporting Monetary Loss
Complaint Type Median loss per complaint
Identity Theft $1000.00
Non Delivery of Merchandise /Payment $950.00
Credit Card Fraud $214.97

Auction Fraud $450.00
Miscellaneous Consumer Fraud $512.00
Computer Fraud $1000.00
SPAM $1507.00
Advanced Fee Fraud $1316.24
Overpayment Fraud $2526.00
Relationship Fraud

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1
tags and replays the same search query to the group at a later time. The search query, being a
legitimate one, causes the matching tag to reply to the query. This discloses the location of the tag to
the adversary even if the tag uses a new random number each time to generate a different response.
Since there can only be one response to a search query as each tag has its own unique ID, even if the
attacker is not able to decipher the contents of the reply, he will know that the tag responded and
hence be able to track the tag. Hence, secure search protocols require additional design techniques to
prevent this attack.
1.1 Motivation
Many of the approaches to secure search in RFID systems do not comply with the EPC standard for
passive RFID tags because they use hash functions that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This defeats the purpose of hiding the random number in flow 1 and enables the attacker to track the
previous communication of the tag in conjunction with a physical tampering of the tag. Once the tag
is tampered, the adversary gets rts, rts−1. Using y and rr captured in the previous round and rts−1
from the tampered tag, he can compute y rr rts−1 which is rr rtsj idj rr rts−1. Since y
is from the previous round, rts would be equal to rts−1 and hence reveals id. Hence, the protocol is
not forward secure. Further, the equality check used by the tag to verify if x = z can result in
incorrect tag authentication. As an example, x = id PRNG(rtsj rr) and x = PRNG(rtsj rr) id
will result in the same value but the operands are not the same in the operation. An attacker could
exploit the weakness of this construction and could potentially substitute one or both the operands
with an arbitrary value but still resulting in a valid x. The x = z verification in the tag would be
successful even though the values in the operands are not correct. Our proposed protocol addresses
both the forward security issue and the equality check weakness in [42].
3 The PROPOSED

Speech About Counterfeiting
Good evening everyone, my name is Mark Turnage and I'm the author of the book about
counterfeiting. I am here to speak to you about the problems that counterfeiting has on our business
community.
Counterfeiting is, as you all know, something that is forged, copied or imitated without the
perpetrator having the right to do it, and with the purpose of deceiving or defrauding.
Counterfeiting is a huge problem in today's world and it is a threat to companies who produces and
designs products.
The counterfeiting capital is most certainly China where at least 16 billion dollars of goods are sold
as a counterfeit. Every year companies who operate in China lose a lot of revenue do to
counterfeiting. For example, The International Property Alliance claimed that 90% of musical
records being sold in China are pirated. This means that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you have been or are experiencing counterfeiting, there is a number of different things that you
can do in order to stop it. You would have to watch the market, collect as many samples as you can
and contact the local police or even the government to make them aware that counterfeiting is
happening at that particular factory. The local police wouldn't actually care that much because they
wouldn't dare to make their relatives or friends unemployed, therefore the best way is to contact the
government and the embassy. You could also fight it by making your consumer's aware of the
problems and by making your products unique, so there in the end will be a difference from the real
product to the counterfeited product. For example, many exclusive handbags from Chanel, Prada
etc. has marked their products with numbers of the date that they have been produced and what
series the product has. This is printed into the bag so the consumer will know that this is the real
thing. Therefore make sure to make unique details that are impossible to

Essay on Counterfeit Items Cause Economic Damage
Everyone has seen the sidewalk vendor hawking a too good to be true designer handbag. The clues
to counterfeit luxury items used to be so obvious that most people knew exactly what they were
buying. This sadly is no longer the case. The production of counterfeit items causes American
manufactures to suffer about $200 billion in losses each year according to the International
AntiCounterfeiting Coalition (Freedman, 1999). A large part of counterfeited items are fashion
goods. They are usually easily recognizable, especially at the designer or luxury end of the market.
The more exclusive a brand is, the more likely it is to be counterfeited (Lai Zaichkowsky, 1999).
As these goods are also high value, there is considerable profit to be made ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Now that almost anything can be faked, counterfeiting is becoming a huge economic issue. Many
businesses are losing customers because they are not able to spot counterfeit items. Customers are
doing more and more shopping on the Internet for convenience and lower prices rather than
shopping at their local trusted retailer.
Customers are buying merchandise without knowing the seller or their reputation (McCausland,
2010). The shopper who would never have considered buying from the guy on the corner
whispering, 'Pssst! Want to buy a watch?' can easily be fooled by a website that looks genuine but
isn't, says Susan Scafidi, a law professor at Fordham Univeristy (McCausland, 2010). Some
websites are even very open about the fact that they sell counterfeit merchandise. They label their
designer knockoffs as replicas or inspired by the original designer (Freedman, 1999). The
shoppers who do not realize that they are buying counterfeit goods or who are knowingly buying
counterfeit goods will continue to purchase these items from counterfeiters because they are cheaper
than buying the real thing.
The customers who are knowingly purchasing fakes are contributing to the reduced profitability of
legitimate businesses. These sales have driven companies out of business completely or they have
been forced to significantly scale back their operations.
Globalized production is another factor that

The Themes Of Desire And Identity In 'The Talented Mr Ripley'
The themes of desire and identity are commonly seen throughout films and novels through different
storylines. However in some stories these themes have a particular significance in the texts
influencing the way the story is portrayed, and the way the audience understands the messages
trying to come across. Some of the films that hold these themes of desire and identity are The
Talented Mr Ripley, Mean Girls, Wolf of Wall Street, and Catch me if you can. The Talented Mr
Ripley, a film directed by Anthony Minghella, based off a book by Patricia Highsmith, delves into
the world of a psychotic young man named Thomas Ripley. Through the film Tom murders three
people and usurps the identity of Dickie Greenleaf, a wealthy socialite. Desire is a core theme in this
film, causing this character to act irrationally and impulsively, obviously shown in this film through
when Tom steals Dickie's identity after murdering him and mooches off Dickie's allowance his
father pays out. This was caused by Tom's huge desire to live in a social class way above his own,
surrounded by wealth and popularity. This theft of identity caused by the character's un–satisfaction
with his own/real life, directly relates to another film 'Catch me if you Can', where the main
protagonist Frank Abagnale poses as multiple identities such as a Pan Am Pilot, a paediatrician, and
an attorney. We can see similarities with Tom and Frank's decisions caused by their strong desire for
a higher status and a wealthy

The Wacker Case
Art Fakes and Forgeries In art history, Wacker Case was the most famous fraud case, which took
place in 1932. Thirty–three paintings, which were claimed to be the works of famous Dutch painter,
Vincent van Gogh, were exhibited and sold in an art exhibit. A few days before the exhibition, the
curators and organizers noticed that there was something wrong with the paintings. It took five years
of careful studying and art analysis before finally, the paintings was confirmed to be fakes and work
of forgeries. Otto Wacker was found guilty and was sentenced to 19 months of imprisonment
because of fraud. This case suggests the amazing capability of some people regarding forgery and
deception. This is an amazing skill which even art experts can be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These techniques involve both Chemistry and Physics to help identity the originality and
authenticity of art works. Common applications are Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry which
utilizes plasma mass spectrometry process to determine suspicious elements; Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry which uses metal and non–metal ions to detect anomalies in art works;
and Wavelet Decomposition which is performed in order to determine the authenticity of art work
through its brush stroke size (McHugh et al. 24). All of these techniques are employed in closely
scrutiny in order to determine if an artwork is authentic or forged. These various techniques are
invested with lots of time, finances, and effort because the stakes are high. Sometimes, it even costs
millions of dollars just to ensure that art works are not fakes and forged. High levels of detection
methods are required because of the value of these

Theme Of Deception In The Maltese Falcon
Deception is defined as a scheme to get what one needs in a dishonest way. The act of deception is
one of the theme of the novel, The Maltese Falcon. It starts from Miss Brigid telling Mr. Spade that
her sister had run off with a man called Thursby to San Francisco. That act is seen as a deception
because she was not telling the truth. Miss Brigid was being deceptive because she wanted Spade
and Miles to think that Thursby is a dangerous man and in the process when she kills when one of
the deceptive, she will be able to pin it on Thursby easily.
Miss Brigid is so deceptive, that even her, knows that she is being deceptive. According to a quote,
she says Oh, I'm so tired, so tired of it all, of myself, of lying and thinking up lies, and of not
knowing what is a lie and what is the truth (Hammett 89). Her deceptiveness makes Mr. Spade not
to trust her, even though he wants to help her. He ends up turning her to the police.
There are also other characters that were also being deceptive in The Maltese Falcon. According to
Miss Brigid, it was Mr. Cairo's deceptive plan that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forgery can be seen as an act of deception in the art world. In The Maltese Falcon, the Knowledge
that a deceptive imitation of the statuette of the Maltese Falcon might exist or that the bird is made
to look like a devalued piece of art was made known by Mr. Gutman to Spade. In the novel it says
the football–sized sculpted bird, encrusted with rare gems, was stolen and repossessed many times
during the four centuries of its existence, all the more so when the coveted object is unwrapped to
reveal a worthless fake(Hammett 126). That alteration of the bird is seen as deception in art
because it reduces the value, by hiding the true value of the statue of which it should be valued. The
alteration of the image of the bird is done to make it look worthless. There are different forms of
forgery in

Stolen and Forged Artwork Essay
Stolen and Forged Artwork Since the beginning of its existence, art collecting has been a rather
dangerous endeavor. Artwork fakes and even stolen art have been documented since the days of
ancient Rome. Even then, the Romans often sought classical Greek artwork and sculptures, and
more often than not, works purchased were by Roman artists trying to imitate classic Greek works
(Kaufman 36). Today, modern day forgers are still trying to fool art enthusiasts and are becoming
increasingly sophisticated in their methods.
Acting as a double edged sword, advances in science allow for easier detection of a forged work;
however, the same techniques are used by the forgers to make their works more authentic looking.
Recently, art ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fakes are works of art made to resemble existing ones; Forgeries are pieces that are passed off as
original works by known artists (Conklin 48).
People who purchase art expect that their acquisitions are worth what they pay. Discovering the
work to be a worthless fake will cause them to lose confidence in the art market and make them
wary of buying art in the future. Forgery is also costly because it has a tendency to provide false
information about an artist's body of work, sometimes temporarily altering our perception of art
history. Fakers and forgers go to great lengths to fool the art industry. They may alter or add a
signature, complete an unfinished work, misinterpret the work of a pupil as the work of a master,
create an original composition similar in color and style to the work of a known artist, or duplicate
an existing work. They mix paints from the same ingredients used by the original artist, use old
canvas to paint on, and artificially age the work by cracking the surface varnish of oil paintings
through chemical treatment, or by simply applying pressure with one's hands over the edge of a
table.
Sculptures and pottery are literally buried and dirtied to achieve the desired aged look (Conklin 69).
When it comes to detecting fakes and forgeries,

Counterfeiting And Piracy Of Fashion Design
Counterfeiting and piracy of fashion design are illegal, unethical, takes legitimate profits away from
the company, and is not safe. Counterfeiting and Piracy are nearly considered a $450 billion dollar
industry (do the right thing, n.d.). It includes selling, producing, and using fake or knockoff
fashion designs and passing them as authentic without rightful permission. When buyers knowingly
buy counterfeited goods. They only consider the cheaper price and luxurious look of the mocked
product.
Being a Fashionista or feeling like a part of a social status defined by these well–known fashion
designers. Buyers do not recognizing the hidden cost. No disclosures or warranties to guarantee the
safety of the product. Buyers do not consider ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This protects fashion designer's patterns and/or designs they originally create. In 2012 the senate
passed a Fashion bill that extends protection for fashion designers, and their copyrighted designs for
up to three years.(Hertzfeld, 2013). Infringement occurs when counterfeiters sell and produce
fashion designs they do not have the copyrights to.
Designers invest creatively and intellectually to develop their product. This is known as Intellectual
property. Intellectual property also includes innovative ideas and thought processes invested by the
designer. This includes, but not limited to developing the product, creating the logo, thinking of a
name for the product, making sure the quality exceeds expectations, etc. Is not being considered
when a buyer pays for knockoff goods and the seller gets the profits. However, a fashion designer's
investment does not stop there.
Trademarking is another way fashion designers invest to protect their designs. Trademarking
includes the protection of the packaging, color scheme, and labeling just to name a few, of the
designers product. Sellers don't see the harm in making a little extra money, the companies make
millions. Buyers don't see the harm, because it looks good. However, per CNBC counterfeit goods
may have a reputation for poor design, unsafe parts and toxic elements, but consumers don't seem to
mind. No country has been associated with dangerous knock offs more often than

Image Tampering Essay
embedded in previous frames should propagate into the modern frame and create visible distortion.
The drift compensation signal accounts for these previously embedded watermarks and remove
them from the current frame. Finally, if a bit–rate constraint is desired, an additional step is required.
Let n0 denote the number of bits for the compressed, unmarked DCT coefficient and n1 denote the
number of bits for the compressed, watermarked DCT coefficient. If n1 ≤ n0, the watermarked
coefficient replaces the unmarked coefficient in the bit stream. If n1 n0, however, the unmarked
coefficient is left unchanged. Thus, best non–zero DCT coefficients are altered, and some of those
adjustments may be negated because of the bit–price constraint. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, by way of sticking together photographic pix a spliced photograph is being received. And the
1/3 category of IT method is called Image Retouching (IR) wherein positive capabilities of the
photograph are being enhanced or reduced in an effort to make the image greater attractive. Thus,
this kind forgery is considered much less harmful and is used frequently by means of the magazine
ed 11 Fig.1.6 Deletion Attack (a) Tampered Image (b) Tampered area detected and localization The
driving force behind the DI forensics is image forgery (IF). It may be traced yet again to as early as
1840s whilst Hippolyte Bayrad created the first actual fake picture (Fig.), wherein he end up tested
committing a suicide. In 1860s some other fake picture regarded wherein the pinnacle of Abraham
Lincoln (the then US President) become fixed over the body of an adversary baby–kisser, John
Calhoun. Many different times may be found inside the history of the length spanning over the
overdue nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Various tampered war photographs then
appeared and the use of such photographs was considered part and parcel of successful war
propaganda. Computers revolutionized the art with early 'great examples' of

The Film Catch Me If You Can Accurately Show Frank...
Does the film Catch Me If You Can accurately show Frank Abagnale Jr's crimes? I believe the
movie glamorized Frank's crimes and made them a little bit better than they actually were, of course
you can expect this from Hollywood. Frank Abagnale Jr. made a lot of mistakes as a teenager. He
was trying to make a life for himself out in the real world and be able to make money. Frank was
determined too, he could think of amazing ways to make a buck. Which eventually led him to
posing as a teacher, doctor, pilot on a commercial airline, CIA agent, and a lawyer. He also
committed many different kinds of crimes including cashing fake checks at hundreds of different
banks all across the world, printing fake checks, unlawfully obtaining private information and a
plethora of other felonies. The list goes on and on, but comparing the events that took place in Catch
Me If You Can to what actually happened in real life, the film made a numerous amount of mistakes
in that aspect. They shot scenes that didn't accurately show the details of his crimes but got the main
idea. They do this to make the movie a lot more appealing to the viewers. Which isn't a surprise, but
knowing the true facts about this con man's story is appealing enough. It is believed that Catch Me If
You Can, as a whole, changed Frank's story and the details about his crimes. There was a lot of
uninformative and inaccurate information that was displayed as Frank Abagnale's true story in the
movie, the film makers

Henrik Isben's A Doll's House Essay
A Doll's House
In past history, society has been both very prejudiced and traditional with its view of gender roles.
Often times a woman would not have had the same right to something as a man did. Many women
however went against the law and tradition to do what they thought was right. In Henrik Ibsen's
play, A Doll's House, Nora does something that is unimaginable during the time period. Nora's
husband Torvald believes he is the man of the house and that his wife should be grateful and
entertaining for him. Nora however signs her father's name to a document in an attempt to do
something she feels is right. What she doesn't realize though is that by doing so she has committed
forgery. Nora's act of forgery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As sick as he was Nora did not want to disturb or hassle her father for his signature so she signed
the document herself (984). Before this incident, Nora felt insignificant and thought she'd done
nothing in her life to feel good about. All she ever did was please Torvald and obey his directions.
When Nora learned of this opportunity she wanted to do something that would cause her to be
proud and happy for herself (975). This greatly motivated Nora into forging the signature.
After Nora finally obtained the money she needed there were many expected outcomes as a result.
Nora finally had something to be proud and happy for (975). She was tired of having no
significance and doing nothing important. She now felt like she had something to show for her life
since she was the one who saved Torvald's life (975). Without Nora's actions Torvald never
would have lived (975). Nora was the one who raised the money and got the loan that allowed
them to travel south (976). She realized though the biggest drawback to getting the money was that
she would have to lie to Torvald. Nora was well aware that [Torvald] mustn't [know], for anything
in the world or else he would lose his honor, and their home would never be the same again (975).
Nora also had another reason for not telling Torvald about the forgery and loan. Nora made Torvald
happy and pleased him by dancing and dressing up and reciting for him (977). She believed

Electronic Identification Based On The Identity Of Human...
Signatures continue to be an important biometric for authenticating the identity of human beings and
reducing forgeries. The major challenging aspect of automated signature identification and
verification has been, for a long time, a true motivation for researchers. Research into signature
verification has been vigorously pursued for a number of years and is still being explored, especially
in the offline mode. In this paper, we have discussed a brief overview of offline signature
verification techniques for reducing forgeries and some of the most relevant perspectives are
highlighted.
Identity verification based on the dynamic signatures is commonly known issue of biometrics. This
process is usually done using methods belonging to one of three approaches: global approach, local
function based approach and regional function based approach. In this paper we focus on global
features based approach which uses the so called global features extracted from the signatures. We
present a new method of global features selection, which are used in the training and classification
phase in a context of an individual. Proposed method bases on the evolutionary algorithm.
Moreover, in the classification phase we propose a flexible neuro–fuzzy classifier of the Mamdani
type.
Fig1:– Offline Signature verification system
Old framework for offline signature verification. Different from previous methods, our approach
makes use of online handwriting other than 2D signature images for

Beltracchi As A Victimless Crime
The world of art is plagued by forgeries. In the case of some artists, such as Vermeer, there are often
nearly as many fakes out there as there are genuine pieces. The infamous forger Han van Meegeren
was known to have made at least 11 forged Vermeer's that were accepted as genuine until his arrest
in the 1940's (Wynne, 257). Wolfgang Beltracchi made millions selling pieces that his wife claimed
to have inherited from an uncle, telling brokers, art historians, and museums that the pieces were
rare works, previously unseen. In actuality, Beltracchi was using modern techniques to make
paintings in the style of 20th century masters (Birkenstock, Beltracchi). These are genuine criminals,
no different than people who scam the elderly via email or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They hate to discuss the possibility of forgery, let alone admit that they may have purchased or
displayed a fake. They don't want to discredit themselves and they don't want to be seen as less–
than–intelligent if they've been fooled. This attitude absolutely has to change if forgery is to slow
down and hopefully cease. The current market nearly encourages forgery because collectors are so
willing to spend outrageous sums on previously unknown pieces and they are not doing enough
research before handing over their money. Collectors do not want to acknowledge forgeries and risk
losing money they've invested and who could blame them? However, is a forger is caught they can
be held responsible and forced to pay restitution to those who purchased their forged pieces.
Additionally, there has in recent years been a development of a market for forgeries by well known
forgers. Wolfgang Beltracchi put on an art show after he was released from prison (McCamley) and
Elmyr de Hory's fakes have sold for up to $20,000 and there are even people making forgeries of his
forgeries (Jackman,

Louis Vuitton Case Study
Louis Vuitton is able to sell more while remaining fresh and retaining its cachet in sever unique
ways. The company first accomplished this back in 1987 when they created a category membership
by comparing the brand to exemplars. That is, Louis Vuitton formed a conglomerate with the
manufactures of champagne and cognac (Kotler, Keller 289). This merge placed Louis Vuitton in the
prestigious and elite brand category, which helped the company to create a membership in this
category. This conglomerate could also be seen as a point of difference (POD) because they are
creating an association with luxury goods. Moreover, the increasing pricing strategy boosts Louis
Vuitton's image and makes the products more of a novelty because only the most elite consumers
can afford to purchase the brand. The 60 plus hours spent on producing these items further its
differentiation in the luxury handbag market. This adds quality to the product, which no other
company provides. These strategies increase the company's position in the market. Recently, the
company has created POD's by partnering with famous sports stars. In doing so, Louis Vuitton is
expanding their brand image, which in turn creates a new customer segment. Now, the brand will be
associated as sporty, whereas before, they were only known for as fashionable, and only had high–
fashion celebrities endorsing the brand (Kotler Keller). Another way the company has expanded
their image and customer segments in by focusing on travel.

Authentication System for Identifying Internet Users
OpenID is a decentralized, single sign–on authentication system for internet sites that require
authentication for use. It was developed out of the need to create a different, easier and more secure,
type of authentication system than using a password. OpenID was developed using the open source
software model to be an interoperable protocol independent from any single organization OpenID
allows users to log into websites with one single ID, instead of the user having to create and manage
multiple accounts. To use OpenID, a user must first register with a website that supports OpenID.
When viewing other sites that use OpenID, the user logs in with a redirect to a secure URL. With
OpenID, the user's email address will be available to websites requesting authentication, however
it's not the identifier. OpenID uses URLs as an identity; users will leave a site and return after
authenticating with a third–party website. The user would connect to an OpenID enabled website,
enter credential information, and then a POST is made with a BASE64 which is a website to
provider request. The website would then redirect the user to the providers for login. The user's
password would be entered in automatically by OpenID and submitted; once verification is done the
user is logged in to the site. Currently there are over one billion OpenID user accounts and over
50,000 websites that use OpenID.
As illustrated below, OpenID has three basic features: a user with a Web browser, a Relying Party or

The Characteristics Of The Piltdown Man
A century ago, the Piltdown man was presented to the world as one of the most phenomenal and
astonishing discoveries of time – only to be revealed as the boldest and most ingenious hoax in the
history of science.
In 1912, Charles Dawson, a scientist and an amateur archaeologist, had exhumed two skull bones
and a jawbone with two teeth after a three year excavation of the Piltdown gravel in Sussex,
England. Dawson along with Arthur Smith Woodward, imminent geologist and a caretaker of the
geological department in the British Museum claimed that the jawbone and skull fragment must
have come from the same skull as they were a seemingly good fit. The skull had characteristics of
both ape and human. Woodward named the skull Piltdown man. On 18 December 1912, they
presented 'Piltdown man' to the world at a conference of the Geological Society of London where
they exhibited a reconstructed skull. They enthusiastically announced that the jawbone and one of
skull fragments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The jawbone, for one, looked fare more ape–like than anyone would imagine finding attached to the
high vaulted skull of a human. Furthermore a crucial piece of the skull was missing – the canine.
Dawson employed the help of an amateur archaeologist, Teilhard de Chardin. A single canine tooth,
which matched Dawson and Woodward's prediction about its size, was excavated a year later. In
addition to there, they also discovered another Piltdown Man. This put a stop to the doubts and
suspicions. With support from family members and the Natural History Museum, Piltdown man was
established as the earliest ancestor of humans.
For 40 years, the Piltdown man was accepted by the scientific community as a genuine artifact.
Decades passed and new evidence was brought to light – The skull was found to be a

Cultural Appropriation Of The Renaissance: How Culture...
Art does not exist in a vacuum; an artists' work is influenced by the culture they were brought up in;
this is true of the artists of the Renaissance who painted their Christian icons, and it is still true for
the artists of today. We are inspired by the customs and traditions that surround us, and the society
that has helped build the foundations of our character. Culture influences art, and art can be found in
most aspects of a culture; from their paintings and writings; to their music and clothing. It is
important to recognize this influence, and to give proper credit to the members of a culture that
pioneer a form of art, but often times these people never get the recognition they deserve. Imitators
come along and present their art, their culture, as their own. Most would agree that it is only right
and fair for an artist to receive credit for their work, but in spite of this, this issue, known as cultural
appropriation, continues to plague society. Cultural appropriation, on the surface, is when one takes
and uses elements from a culture that they do not belong to. But when we go deeper a more
insidious problem is revealed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the earliest examples is in the rock and roll scene of the 1950's, where African Americans
were heavily discriminated against. Music executives didn't want to hire black performers, but they
wanted to profit off of their music achievements, so instead they hired white musicians that would
imitate their style. This lead to musicians, like Elvis, receiving fame and recognition for
popularizing a music genre with white audiences; a genre that he stole from the African American
artists that founded it and never received the credit or the payment they were owed (Nittle, 2015).
The man who discovered Elvis, Sam Phillips, is credited with saying, If I could find a white man
who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars. (Garelick,

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century...
The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery?
Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement.
The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along
with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the
Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957.
The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered
in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960's the map was bought and donated to Yale University where
it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of
medieval Africa, Asia, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As
defined by McCrone, microscopy is the use of any tool or technique that allows us to identify
microscopic objects. This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types
of microscopes such as the electron microscope and x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A).
McCrone's methods using microscopy were desirable because they allow observations to be made
on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the
Vinland Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on the tip to pick up ink particles.
Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo microscope, and then observed more
closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and
x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976).
The second method, used by Donahue, Olin, and Harbottle in their testing of the Vinland Map is
radiocarbon dating (Donahue, Olin, Harbottle, 2000). Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay of a
specific carbon isotope known as 14C. All organisms contain 14C and once an organism dies,
scientists are able to measure how much 14C has decayed in an organism. By measuring this rate of
decay, scientists are able to date the age of an organism (Higham). Since the Vinland Map is drawn
on

PC 476: Forgery Case
INTRODUCTION: This case involves unknown suspects using counterfeit US currency to purchase
items, in violation of PC 476–Forgery. LOCATION DESCRIPTION: This incident occurred at the
Yummy Cupcakes located at 247 E. Colorado Boulevard. LOSS: $34.57 in US Currency
EVIDENCE: Two counterfeit $20.00 bills INVESTIGATION: On 03–29–16 at approximately 1608
hours, I was dispatched to 247 E. Colorado Boulevard regarding counterfeit bills being used at the
location. Upon our arrival, I met with Witness Harlyn Stephanie Munoz, who told me the following
information in summary: Munoz is currently an employee at the Yummy Cupcakes. Munoz saw a
male Black (suspect #1) enter the front door of the business at approximately 1539 hours. The
suspect asked to purchase a Coke soda worth $2.18. The suspect reportedly gave Munoz a twenty
dollar bill to purchase the soda. Munoz then gave the suspect his change. The suspect then left the
business. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The suspect asked to purchase a cupcake worth $3.25. The suspect reportedly gave Munoz a twenty
dollar bill to purchase the cupcake. Munoz then gave the suspect his change. The suspect then left
the business. After suspect #2 left the business, Munoz used a marker to check the twenty dollar bill
for authenticity. Munoz saw the marker left a dark brown mark instead of a light brown mark.
Munoz also checked the $20.00 bill that suspect #1 gave her, which had the same results. Munoz
contacted the police department to report the

Case Study : Shoplifting And Forgery
Case Study, Tanja: Shoplifting and Forgery
It can be a slippery slope when handling juvenile offenders for victim's rights must be respected;
ergo, although confinement is alleged to contribute to high recidivism rates, often justice must take
precedence regardless of fiscal expense. Confinement is necessary to incapacitate violent offenders;
however, there are better alternatives for non–violent offenders who are not career criminals. The
impact of juvenile detainment creates tremendous hardships on the youths' immediate family,
presents higher recidivism rates which further endangers the community at large, and obstructs the
youths' transition into adulthood. Alternatives which can plausibly maintain youth in their family
residence where they continue engaged in school receiving support from family members and
mentors is the preferred option. The purpose of the juvenile courts is to provide treatment to youth
offenders as opposed to punitive discipline, the goal being de–carceration. This dissertation will
provide this student/advocates determination of sanctions that I would impose if I were a judge
presiding over Tanja's case.
Tanja's Upbringing
Tanja is an only child in a one parent household. Her parent's separated when she was 14 years old.
She resides with her mother and her father resides in another state. Tanja does communicate with her
father through telephone and letters. Daddy–less girls generally struggle with feelings of self–
esteem and unworthiness;

Is Forgery Wrong
The ethics of forgery go no way but that it is wrong. From an aesthetic point of view forgery is
wrong because the forgery is lying to the viewer. When the viewer looks at a painting, they don't just
see a painting. The viewer sees the painting as something. If the painting is a Van gogh painting of a
tree that is how they will preserve it. The forger is purposely deceiving the viewer to think that the
painting is something it is not. A crux here is that an artistic performance can be perfectly original
and yet at the same time share with forgery the essential element of being misrepresented in terms of
actual achievement (Dutton 110). When they see a forgery they are misinterpreting the painting
causing them to be lied to right from

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