This document discusses dermatological problems in older people, with a focus on pruritus (itching). It provides information on how aging affects the skin and increases vulnerability to conditions. It then presents a case study of an 85-year-old woman experiencing itching for 6 months. Through examination, the diagnosis of scabies is determined. Scabies is described, including transmission, symptoms, diagnosis via microscopy, and treatment guidelines. The patient is successfully treated with topical permethrin cream and antihistamines, resolving her itching and allowing her improved sleep and quality of life. The value of nurses properly diagnosing and treating such conditions is emphasized.
Erythroderma is defined as the scaling erythematous dermatitis involving 90% or more of the cutaneous surface.
Also known as exfoliative dermatitis
Idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis – also known as the “red man syndrome”, is characterized by marked palmoplantar keratoderma, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy,increased IgE.
Increased skin perfusion leads to
Temperature dysregulation >
Resulting in skin loss and hypothermia >
High output state >
Cardiac failure
BMR raises to compensate for heat loss
Increased dehydration due to transpiration (similar to burns)
All lead to negative nitrogen balance and characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, loss of muscle mass.
Erythroderma is defined as the scaling erythematous dermatitis involving 90% or more of the cutaneous surface.
Also known as exfoliative dermatitis
Idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis – also known as the “red man syndrome”, is characterized by marked palmoplantar keratoderma, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy,increased IgE.
Increased skin perfusion leads to
Temperature dysregulation >
Resulting in skin loss and hypothermia >
High output state >
Cardiac failure
BMR raises to compensate for heat loss
Increased dehydration due to transpiration (similar to burns)
All lead to negative nitrogen balance and characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, loss of muscle mass.
There are several dermatoses that occur during pregnancy or immediately postpartum, in particular polymorphic eruption of pregnancy, pemphigoid gestationis, and atopic eruption of pregnancy. Pruritus due to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy leads to nonspecific skin lesions, including excoriations due to scratching.
Impetigo herpetiformis simply represents pustular psoriasis occurring during pregnancy, and this may be related to the relative hypocalcemia of pregnancy. Lastly, there are physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy.
Acne is a very common skin disease that can occur on many areas of the body and can develop at any age. Face acne is very common, but chest acne and back acne, as well as acne on the scalp, neck, shoulders, and upper arms are also ordinary. Acne is a disease that affects the skin's oil glands (Pilosebaceous unit). The small holes in your skin (pores) connect to oil glands under the skin. These glands make an oily substance called sebum. The pores connect to the glands by a canal called a follicle. Inside the follicles, oil carries dead skin cells to the surface of the skin. A thin hair also grows through the follicle and out to the skin. When the follicle of a skin gland clogs up, a pimple grows. Most pimples are found on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders. Acne is not a serious health threat, but it can cause permanent pits and scars....
For more information regarding Acne and other skin diseases please visit www.pureayurvedictreatment.com
Many aspects of our daily life can have a huge impact on our skin health. What we eat and how stressful our life is affects how healthy our skin is, as does ultraviolet (UV) light exposure from the sun. Good daily habits that can benefit the skin include drinking lots of water; eating fruits, vegetables, healthy carbohydrates and proteins; and making sure that we control or reduce our stress. Staying hydrated gives the skin the moisture it needs so it doesn't become dry and flaky. A healthy diet provides the nutrients that skin needs to stay strong and stretchy, and to regenerate itself. Reducing stress, either through lifestyle changes or relaxation techniques, can reduce the sensitivity of your skin. It's also important to remember to wear sunscreen or protective clothing to protect your skin from harmful UV rays.
Mole and Warts Treatment
Moles: Moles, also known as nevi, are small, pigmented spots that appear on the skin. They are usually brown or black in color, although they can also be pink, red, or fleshcolored. Moles are typically round or oval and can vary in size. They can be flat or raised and may have a smooth or slightly rough texture.
Warts: Warts are non-cancerous skin growths caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They typically appear as small, rough, raised bumps on the skin. Warts can vary in size, shape, and color, depending on their location and the specific strain of HPV involved.
Case history of diagnosis and treatment of a patient with reactive arthritis. Presentation at London South Bank University Bi-annual Non Medical Prescribing Update 15th January 2017
Treating the patient not the labstick. A guide to diagnosis and treatment of ...
Pruritus
1. Dermatological problems in older people
Pruritus
Linda Nazarko Nurse consultant
https://uk.linkedin.com/in/linda-nazarko-1952a746
8th
March 2016
2. Aims and objectives
To be aware of:
Why ageing increases vulnerability to skin
conditions
The value of listening to the patient
The importance of history taking
The value of physical examination
How to nail the diagnosis
Determining treatment options
The value of nurses practicing at advanced
level
3. Structure & function of skin
1. Protection- barrier this deteriorates with age &
increases risk infection and problems
2. Sensation,
3. Heat regulation
4. Storage
5. Absorption.
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
1961
2012
2035
5. Skin problems & ageing
70% of older people have a skin problem
One of the most common reasons people
present in primary care
Ageing reduces cell replacement, skin
thins, melanocytes reduced
Loss of elastin, collagen, fat
Lifestyle factors, smoking, sun damage,
nutrition
General health
Skin barrier less effective and skin more
vulnerable
6. Skin changes in older people
Change Consequence
Skin thins More easily damaged, increase risk of bruising and
skin tears
Replacement rate slows Takes longer to heal
Reduced melanocytes Burns more easily
Loss of collagen Saggy wrinkly skin
Increased risk of skin tears, increased healing time,
wounds more prone to breaking down
Loss of fat Prominent veins, increased risk of bruising
Reduced protective layer, increased risk of skin
damage, increased risk of pressure sores.
Loss of lipids and water Dry skin, cracks easily
Increased risk of infection
7. Clinical presentation
Mrs Janina Krol, 85 year
old widow
Hypertension
Osteoarthritis both hips
Has declined left hip
replacement
Irritating itch last 6
months
GP suggests eczema
Cetirizine didn’t help
Please note this picture is of a model with thanks to our
model and David Miller Care and Dementia Adviser
Anchor Trust who took the photograph
9. Medical and social history
Widowed, living alone, caring family
Attends church, great grandson recently
Christened
Shops and goes to hair dressers
Declined hip replacement for OA left hip
uses wheelchair for distances
Hypertension
Itching and miserable
10. Presenting problems
Declining mobility due to hip
pain
Doesn’t want a hip replacement
Hypertension
Itch affecting sleep and making
her miserable
11. Mrs Krol’s perspective
“ I’d like some therapy as I’m
struggling to get out of the chair. I
want to be able to get in & out of the
car, shop and meet friends at church.
This itching is driving me mad and
affecting my sleep. If only I could
sleep”
12. Mrs Newton’s hopes and
aspirations
“ A good night’s sleep. I’m exhausted,
haven’t slept in months. Its getting me
down.
To be able to walk a bit better, I’m
struggling to get out of my chair and I’m
getting stiffer and stiffer”
13. Pruritus
Pruritus is derived from the Latin verb
prurire which means to itch.
Pruritus is the most common skin
problem in older people.
Itching may be caused by dry skin but
in 50% of cases itching has an
underlying systemic cause
17. The importance of history
Onset, provocation, palliation and
comorbidities
Onset – fast likely infestation, medication,
allergy. Slow – systemic
Provocation- dry skin bathing, scabies worse
evening and night
Is anyone else itching?
New medication? Herbal, OTC, Chinese
18. Physical examination
Widespread or localised itch?
Local consider contact dermatitis,
rubber, nickel, fragrance, preservatives
Widespread consider systemic causes
Check for rash
Check for scratch marks
19. Clinical findings
Intense itch
Worse when she’s hot and in the evening
Generalised rash, hands, webs of fingers,
wrists, elbows, front of chest, between
shoulder blades and around waist
Dry crusted scabs& areas fresh bleeding
Small black dots visible with magnifying glass
22. Mode transmission
Prolonged skin contact- 5-10 minutes- crawls
one to another
Burrows into skin within 30 minutes
Lays eggs, two a day
Around 4-6 weeks after contact symptoms
appear- itch then rash
Mite tunnels show fine dark or silvery lines
Itch caused by reaction to faeces of mite
23. Diagnosis
Can be difficult
Skin scraping with blunt scalpel and
checked under microscope
For non experts press selotape over
lesion and peel off – send to lab
24. Treatment considerations
Type of scabies
Is the person at home, in a care home
or a hospital
Is this a single case or an outbreak
Do contacts need to be treated
26. Classical scabies
Usual treatment – permethrin 5% cream or
malathion 0.5% lotion
Use gloves
Apply to all parts of body
Adult at least 30g tube larger adults 60g
Lotion at least 100ml
Leave 24 hours and wash off
Repeat in one week – treatment doesn’t kill
eggs.
27. Norwegian scabies
Treated by specialists
May be treated with a combination
of an oral product Ivermectin and 2-
3 applications of topical treatment
on consecutive days
29. Aims of treatment
Treat infestation
Treat itch
Treat sore skin
Provide information,
advice and assurance
Improve quality of life
30. Mrs Krol’s medication
Non sedating anti-histamines ineffective
Chlorphenamine (Piriton) sedative anti-
histamine can cause drowsiness, increase
risk of falls and the risk of urinary retention
Chlorphenamine 4mg at night if required
helped
Hydrocortisone 1% topically BD x 7 days
31. Patient progress
Treated with permethrin 5% cream twice
once and then 7 days later itching resolved
after 3-4 weeks
Provided with leaflet – to explain condition
Upset at thought she could have infected
family especially great grandson
No family members had symptoms
Able to sleep through the night
Physiotherapy to improve mobility
OT provided chair raisers
32. Making a difference: The value of
nurses practicing at advanced level
“I thought I was just going to get
worse and worse but now once
more I have hope and can have a
good life”
33. Take home messages
We use evidence based practice because it
works
All patients regardless of age, cognitive
status or discharge destination deserve the
dignity of a diagnosis
Working with the patient can enable us to
help the person to have the best possible
quality of life
And that’s why we do what we do and why we
make a difference