Protozoan diseases in shellfishes.
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The document discusses various protozoan parasites that can infect shellfish, including Vorticella, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, Acineta, and Ephelota. It describes the appearance and effects of each protozoan, as well as symptoms they can cause like fuzzy growths on shells and gills. Maintaining good water quality and avoiding stressors can help prevent protozoan infections in shellfish farms.
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• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
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Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
laboratorio botanica.pdf
La botánica (del griego βοτάνη, 'hierba') o fitología (del griego φυτόν, 'planta' y λόγος, 'tratado') es la rama de la biología que estudia las plantas bajo todos sus aspectos, incluyendo la descripción, clasificación, distribución, identificación, estudio de la reproducción, fisiología, morfología, relaciones recíprocas, relaciones con los otros seres vivos y efectos provocados sobre el medio en el que se encuentran.
animal like protist the protozoa from animal form and fuction
presentation on the topic of the animal like protist the protozoa
Full chapter 8 miller and harley, bsc
The document discusses several key points about protozoa:
1. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They display a wide diversity of shapes and methods of nutrition, locomotion, and reproduction.
2. The earliest protozoa evolved over 1.5 billion years ago from ancient archaea. They are divided into multiple phyla based on features like nucleus type and locomotion.
3. Important protozoan groups include the SAR supergroup, apicomplexans, ciliates, and dinoflagellates. Many protozoa are free-living but some are parasitic and can cause serious diseases in humans and other
Planktons, diatoms and forensics
This document discusses different types of plankton. It describes phytoplankton such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophores and cyanobacteria. Diatoms are enclosed in silica cases and come in many shapes and sizes. Dinoflagellates can cause harmful algal blooms. Coccolithophores have scales and two flagella. Zooplankton include holoplankton which spend their whole lives as plankton, and meroplankton which are plankton temporarily. Examples given are copepods, ostracods and rotifers. The document also discusses using diatoms to help determine causes of death in forensic investigations.
Algae.pdf
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red colo The name "alga" refers to a huge and extraordinarily diversified class of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms. These species are not linked to one another (polyphyletic) since they do not have a common ancestor.
Giant kelp and brown algae are two examples of multicellular algae. Examples of unicellular organisms include dinoflagellates, euglenophytes, and diatoms.
Since most algae need a moist or wet environment to thrive, they can be found everywhere near or inside water bodies. They have anatomical similarities with the land plants, a significant group of photosynthetic creatures. The distinctions stop there since seaweed lack many of the structural elements that are generally seen in plants, such as real stems, shoots, and leaves. Additionally, they lack the vascular tissues needed to transport vital nutrients and water throughout their bodies.
Characteristics of Seaweed
Plants and animals share specific general properties of seaweed.
Eukaryotic cells make up seaweed. Algae, for example, may photosynthesize like plants and have specialized cell organelles like centrioles and flagella that are exclusively found in animals. Manna's, cellulose, and Galatians make up the algal cell walls. Some of the general characteristics of algae are listed below.
Seaweed are photosynthetic organisms
Seaweed can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms
Seaweed lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or leaves are absent
seaweed are found where there is adequate moisture.
Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs by spore formation.
Seaweed are free-living, although some can form a symbiotic relationship with other organisms.
Types of Saweed
Algae come in a variety of varieties. But these are a few of the more well-known kinds:
Red Scum
It is a peculiar species that is also known as Rhodophyta, and it may be found in both freshwater and marine settings. The distinctive red hue of the algae is caused by the pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. There are other pigments that give things their green hue, such chlorophyll a. But neither beta-carotene nor chlorophyll B are present.
Green Algae
It is a large, loosely organized collection of scum that include the essential pigments for photosynthetic activity, chlorophylls A and B, as well as auxiliary pigments like xanthophyll's and beta carotene.
Green scum car
Algae.pdf
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
Algae.pdf
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
Algae.pdf
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
Phylum Porifera: The Pore Bearing Animals
This document provides information about the phylum Porifera (sponges). It describes the general characteristics and body structure of sponges, including their three canal systems, types of spicules, and three classes of classification. The document discusses the life processes of sponges, including their filter feeding, excretion, sexual and asexual reproduction, and ecology. It analyzes a zoological investigation about collagen isolation from marine sponges and its effects on skin parameters.
Final ppt. in biodiversity
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of different algal groups, including:
- Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes including Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Cyanophyceae.
- Algae exhibit diverse morphologies and habitats, from single-celled to complex thalli. They are found in various aquatic and terrestrial environments.
- Algae reproduce both sexually, through processes like isogamy and oogamy, and asexually, through fragmentation, spores, and cell division. Different algal groups display diverse reproductive strategies.
Protozoa ii
Sarcodinids are amoeboid protozoa that were formerly grouped with flagellates. They contain a single nucleus and contractile vacuoles. Their shapes range from amorphous to highly structured. Most feed on particulate material but some house photosynthetic algae. They reproduce asexually by binary or multiple fission. Some produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Encystment provides protection in unfavorable conditions.
Phylum Porifera.pptx
In this Presentation, Phylum Porifera, Sponge is described. After watching this you will learn the characteristics, Cell Types, Body Wall, Skeletons, Water Currents, Body Forms, Maintenance of Functions, Reproduction, example and taxonomy of Phylum Porifera. It is part of BS Zoology Course Animal diversity
Protists
This document provides information about protists, including their general characteristics and classification. It discusses how protists are eukaryotic organisms that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi. It describes the four main types of locomotory organelles in protists - pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, and myonemes. Pseudopodia aid amoeboid movement, while flagella and cilia help with movement through the beating of these hair-like structures. The document also discusses the different theories around how these organelles enable locomotion in protists.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Golda) -Shellfish Biology
Macrobrachium rosenbergii , also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region.
Cyanobacteria 1 (1)
This document provides an introduction to cyanobacteria, including:
1) Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that were originally misclassified as algae. They were the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis.
2) Cyanobacteria are found in diverse aquatic and terrestrial habitats worldwide. They can form thick mats and blooms under suitable conditions.
3) Cyanobacteria have a variety of morphologies and play important ecological roles while also having applications in industry, agriculture and biotechnology. However, some species can produce toxins harmful to animals and humans.
Cynobacteria (Nostoc and spirulina)
This document presents information about Nostoc and Spirulina. Nostoc is a filamentous cyanobacteria that can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming colonies. It is capable of fixing nitrogen. Spirulina is also a filamentous micro-cyanobacteria composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched trichomes. Both reproduce asexually, with Nostoc reproducing through fragmentation or akinetes, and Spirulina reproducing through binary fission. They have nutritional and commercial significance, with Nostoc being used as fertilizer and Spirulina being produced as a health food and dietary supplement due to its high protein content.
Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Similar to Protozoan diseases in shellfishes. (20)
animal like protist the protozoa from animal form and fuction
animal like protist the protozoa from animal form and fuction
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Golda) -Shellfish Biology
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Golda) -Shellfish Biology
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Economics of GIFT Tilapia Farming
This document summarizes the economics of gift tilapia farming on 1 acre of land over 8 months. It details the stocking rate, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, and average harvest weight. Total capital costs are Rs. 2,10,000 and total variable costs are Rs. 5,76,000. Revenue from selling the 9,000 kg harvest at Rs. 120/kg is Rs. 10,80,000. The net profit for the first crop is Rs. 2,15,400 after accounting for costs and interest. Subsequent crops would generate higher net profits since there is no capital cost. A cash flow analysis shows net profits increasing over 10 years as multiple crops can be harvested each year.
Successful Entrepreneur Dr. Manoj Sharma
Dr. Manoj Sharma is a successful entrepreneur in the shrimp farming industry in Gujarat, India. Over the past 20 years, he has played a key role in developing sustainable shrimp farming practices that have benefited thousands of farmers. Through his companies and leadership positions, he has helped transform wasted coastal lands into productive shrimp farms and provided livelihoods for many rural communities. His dedication and hard work have made the Surat district one of the most successful shrimp producing regions in India.
Cage Economics
The document discusses the economics of cage culture for farming cobia fish. It provides details on the capital costs, operational costs, production estimates, and profit analysis for a single 6m diameter cage over 3 years. The analysis estimates a net profit of Rs. 1,48,280 after repaying capital costs and interest over the 3 year period.
NBFGR
The National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR) was established in 1983 under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to conserve fish genetic resources in India. NBFGR operates divisions focused on molecular biology, fish conservation, and fish health, and maintains facilities including an aquarium, research centers, and a library. Key activities of NBFGR include collection and preservation of fish species, research on fish genetics and health, and developing techniques such as DNA barcoding of Indian fish species.
Terrorism
This document discusses man-made disasters and terrorism. It defines a man-made disaster as an event caused directly by identifiable human actions. It then discusses different types of terrorism including religious, state, bio, and cyber terrorism. It lists some common causes of terrorism like religion, security, unemployment, disunity, and politics. Finally, it outlines some impacts of terrorism such as physical destruction, economic uncertainty, effects on insurance and tourism industries, increased government control, and increased political risks.
Breeding of Magur
This document discusses seed production of the Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus). It describes the catfish's importance as a food fish and its distribution in India, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The document outlines the process for broodstock development, including tank setup, feeding, and selection of brood fish based on size and secondary sexual characteristics. It provides details on the hormone injection process for induced spawning and the subsequent stripping of eggs and fertilization. Larval rearing is also summarized, from initial feeding of hatchlings to growing fingerlings in outdoor tanks.
Refrigerarion and equipment engineering
This document discusses various deck machinery and equipment used on fishing vessels, including winches, net haulers, and other small deck machinery. It describes the purpose and function of different types of winches, including trawl winches, and how they can be powered. It also explains net haulers, net drums, power blocks, and other equipment used to haul nets and lines, such as triplex winches, transport rollers, line haulers, and fishing reels. The document provides details on how this deck machinery assists with fishing operations and is chosen based on the vessel and fishing methods used.
Ship Engineering
This document discusses the operation and maintenance of mechanical and hydraulic deck equipment used on fishing vessels. It describes various types of deck machinery including winches, windlasses, net haulers, power blocks, transport rollers, line haulers, fishing reels, and jigging machines. The document explains how these pieces of equipment are used to assist with different fishing methods and operations like trawling, purse seining, gillnetting, and longlining. It also provides details on how the deck machinery is powered and operated.
Ornamental Fish Species List
This document contains a list of 36 fish species with their scientific names, common names, and locations. The fish are from various parts of the world including South America, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the United States. The list includes popular aquarium fish such as neon tetras, guppies, platies, angelfish, gouramis and cichlids as well as some river fish found in India, Indonesia and other Asian countries.
Ornamental Fish Species Presentation
A student named Saiprasad Bhusare is in the third year of a Bachelor of Fishery Science program at the College of Fishery Science located in Udgir, Latur district, Maharashtra state in India with the postal code of 413517.
2. Non Penaed Shrimp Fishery of India
This document discusses the non-penaeid prawn fishery of India. Some key points:
- The fishery is mainly supported by species like Acetes indicus, A. johni, Nematopalaemon tenuipes, and Exhipolysmata ensirostris.
- Major landing sites are along the coasts of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
- Species like A. indicus have an annual production cycle, breeding throughout the year with a peak in January. Their lifespan is typically 3-6 months.
- The prawns are caught mainly as bycatch using nets like bag nets and dol nets. While a low value
1. Penaed Shrimp Fishery of India
Penaeid shrimp are an important fishery for India, providing livelihoods and being a major seafood export. They belong to the class Crustacea and order Decapoda. The most important species caught off India include Fenneropenaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, P. semisulcatus, and Solenocera spp. Penaeid shrimp are found along India's east and west coasts and are caught using trawls, nets, and other fishing gear. Their management is important as some populations have declined due to overfishing. The fishery has increased production over time through intensified fishing efforts but also faces sustainability challenges.
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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Protozoan diseases in shellfishes.
- 1. Presented By :- Saiprasad Bhusare III Year, B.F.Sc. College of Fishery Science, Udgir, Dist : Latur, Maharashtra, 413 517. Protozoa Disease in Shellfishes
- 2. Protozoan Fouling 1)Votricella 2)Epistylis 3)Zoothamnium Spp 4)Acineta 5)Ephelota 1)Fuzzy matt on shell and gill 2)Reddish to brownish gill. Causative Agent : Symptoms :
- 3. Protozoan Fouling 1)Microscopically protozoan are observed attached to any external part of shrimp. 2)Protozoan cause respiratory and locomotory difficulties when present in large number of the gills and appendages. 3)Particularly at low dissolved oxygen levels loss of appetite. 1)Maintain good water quality. 2)Avoid high organic load and low oxygen levels. Effect on Host : Preventive Measures : Treatment : Improve pond environment and induce moulting.
- 4. Vorticella is found in freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers and streams with aquatic vegetation. It is worldwide in distribution. Vorticella is solitary and not colonial but usually social, several of them being found together. It is commonly attached by a long highly contractile stalk to some submerged objects like weeds, animals and stones, etc. Vorticella microstoma. Vorticella
- 5. Vorticella is often found in large groups. All the individuals in the group, however, remain free and independent of each other. They are found in abundance in stagnant water rich in decaying organic matter and feeds largely on bacteria. But V. campanula and V. nebulifera live only in uncontaminated water where bacterial growth is not good. Vorticella
- 6. Epistylis The first observation of E. niagarae infests on freshwater Cyclops vicinus living in Hazar Lake was reported by in 2008. In natural environments ciliate epibionts rarely produce mortality in their crustacean basibionts. These can cause gill and surface fouling disease in shrimps at high densities, typically under stress conditions. In some cases, they become opportunistic pathogens in culture ponds during periods of low oxygen concentration. Present findings could represent that the ciliate protozoans act as epibionts without causing any harmful effect on the host by giving contradictory views of the above. The epibionts may leave the basibiont due to moulting. For this reason, the protozoan epibionts like suctorian and peritrich ciliates may adapt their life- cycles in such ways as moulting-induced reproduction and formation of mobile stages which are able to reinfest the basibionts.
- 7. Epistylis The same genera of protozoans are located on different anatomical units of different genera of crustaceans. Location of the protozoan on the host is specific and not random. Water currents formed by the hosts that carry food particles are exploited by their epibionts . The larger colonies will occupy a larger surface area, thus preventing the attachment of other colonies. Epistylis niagarae
- 8. Zoothamnium It was studied in dominant mangrove crustacean species in several areas in Malaysia. The observed basibionts were the crustaceans Acetes japonicus, Acetes sibogae, Acetes indicus. Basibionts from the open sea area (Acetes japonicas) and from a sandy beach of Penang (Mesopodopsis orientalis) showed the lowest epibiont densities. Considering all the colonized anatomical units each basibiont species had a distinct epibiotic distribution and the epibiont species presented a significantly different distribution over each of the basibiont species. Species sampled on mangrove and offshore areas also differed in this respect The different epibiont species varied among locations according to the structure of the community.
- 9. Acineta When another protozoan touches one of the sticky disks it remains glued and immediately other tentacles are brought into play to immobilize it. A strange ballet begins if you observe carefully first, disks seem to dissolve the protozoan cell membrane, then a sort of granulated flow is seen along each tentacle from protozoan toward the suctoria, as if the protozoan cytoplasm was transferred little drops by little drops. In a few minutes, the entire cytoplasm of the prey is phagocytized through the suctorian tentacles. At the same time, cilia of the protozoan stop moving, and some minutes later, an empty and retracted membrane of the protozoan is rejected. All the specimens shown here are marine organisms.
- 10. Ephelota Ephelota is a marine form, found in the sea water. The body is spherical and bearing a stalk. There are two types of tentacles on the body, viz., long pointed tentacles used for piercing and short cylindrical for sucking. Protoplasm contains an oval nucleus and few contractile vacuoles. Reproduction by budding. The distal half of the animal may sprout a number of small elevations or buds. In budding process the nuclei behave as in the ordinary, binary fission. The macronucleus extends into each bud and divides directly.
- 11. Bibliography Manual of Avanti Feeds Aquaculture - BlogSpot www.Biologyduscussion.com www.Zoology-quest.net www.Google.com