Penaeus monodon, commonly known as the giant tiger prawn or Asian tiger shrimp, is a marine crustacean that is widely reared for food.

1. Pacific tiger shrimp
Peneaus monodon
BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF
Penaeus monodon
Ashish sahu

2. Penaeus monodon
Black Tiger Prawn

3. INDEX
• INTRODUCTION
• REPRODUCTION
• WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT
• HATCHERY MANAGEMENT
• MODERN SHRIMP HATCHERY
• Brood stock management
a) Spawning unit
b)Hatching unit

4. c) Hatching unit
d) Larval rearing unit
e) Artemia cyst hatching unit
f) Algal culture unit
• LIFE CYCLE AND LARVAL STAGE
• PROPHYLECTIC AND THEROPEUTIC
TREATMENT

5. Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon)
Named for its huge size and banded tail.
 P. monodon still accounts for most of the farmed
shrimp.
Native to the Indian Ocean and the southwestern Pacific
Ocean from Japan to Australia, "tigers" are the largest
(maximum length 363 mm) and fastest growing of the
farmed shrimp.
They tolerate a wide range of salinities.
Captive breeding is difficult and hatchery survivals are
low (20 to 30%).
Tigers are very susceptible to two of the most lethal
shrimp viruses: yellow head and white spot.
Reddish-orange on the sides and pearly-white on the top
and bottom

6. Classification
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Subphylum Crustacea
• Class Malacostraca
• Order Decapoda
• Suborder Dendrobranchiata
• Family Penaeidae
• Genus Penaeus
• Species monodon

7. Penaeus monodon

8. INTRODUCTION
• In shrimp farming was an age old practice.
• India, in brackish water impoundment in West
Bengal and Kerala.
• At present about 150,000ha of brackish water area
under shrimp farming with an annual
• production of 100,000 million tons.
• Two major inputs for success full shrimp farming are
seed and feed.
• The production of PL is 14 billion/year with the help
of 351 shrimp hatchery

9. DISTRIBUTION
• Giant tiger (penaeus monodon, is also known as
“Black tiger shrimp”) in the wild in the Indian Ocean
and in the Pacific Ocean from Japan to Australia.
• Largest of all the cultivate shrimp.

10. Native Range
P. vannamei P. monodon

11. REPRODUCTION
Age and sex at first sexual maturity
• The males of 37mm carapace length and 35g body
weight.
• Female of 47mm carapace length and 68g body
weight.
• Are found sexually mature among wild stock
• Farm reared shrimps male weighing 20g with
carapace length of 31mm and female weighing
41.3g and carapace length 39mm were found
sexually mature.

12. There is a
pair of testes location in the cephalothorax its, its
translucent, composed base of the coxa of 5th
periopod
WILD
STOCK
MALE
FEMALE
FARM
REARED
MALE
FEMALE
SIZE OF
CARAPACE
37MM
47MM
31MM
39MM
BODY
WEIGHT
35G
68G
20G
41.3

13. MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
 There is a pair of testes location in the
cephalothorax.
 Its translucent, composed base of the coxa of 5th
periopod
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
 There are pair of ovaries which are partly fused.
 The oviduct originates from the sixth lateral lobe,
leading to the external genital aperture located at
the base of the coxa of 3rd periopod.

14. SEXUAL DIAMORPHISM
• MALE
• Presence of petasma in the 1st pleopod.
• Petasma is formed by the fusion of endopodites of
1st pleopod alone their inner margin.
• Presence of appendix masculine in the second
pleopod.
• Thelycum is absent.
• Gonophore is located at the base of fifth walking
leg.
• Smaller in size

15. Female
• Petasma is absent in the first
pleopod in female.
• Appendix masculina is absent.
• Thelycum is present in the
thoracic sterna between 4th
and 5th.
• Gonopore is located at the
base of 3rd walking leg.
• Larger than male of the same
age of group.

16. Berried Female

17. MATING
• The hard shelled male mater with freshly moulted
female.
• Generally mating takes place at night immediately
is released from the terminal ampulla of male and
inserted through the female thelycum courtship
and mating may continue from 1/2hr to 3hr and
requires parallel swimming

18. SPAWNING
• A Female with fully develop ovaries spawns during
night between 10pm and 2am
• During spawning prawn bends its body posterior to 4th
abdominal muscles as the eggs are extruded through
the female gonophore located at the base of 3rd
periopod. Side by side stored sperm are also released
from thylecum.
• As the sperms are non-flagellated and immotile,
• Its comes in contact with the ovum by passive collision
with the surface of the egg at the time of ejection.
• The entire process may take about 2-4 minutes at
times.
• Fecundity range from 2 to 10 lakhs/female with an
average of 5 lakhs.

19. EGG
• Newly laid egg is 250-300µm in diameter and of
irregular shape.
• 1st meiotic division takes place after 2-5 min and
• 2nd meiotic division after 8-14 minutes after
spawning.
• After it comes in to contact with water, it extruded
jelly like substance hardens into a tough transparent
shell the hatching envelope by 12-15 minutes post
spawning.
• The male nucleus unites female nucleus and the
zygote nucleus is formed.

20. FERTILIZATION RATE
• Rate of fertilization can be determined by
microscopic observation. Fertilized egg exhibit
symmetrical pattern of cleavage whereas
unfertilized eggs exhibit asymmetrical cleavage.
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
• The fertilized eggs will have 4-8 cells whereas
unfertilized ones will ones will have only two cells.

21. Embryonic Development
Around 12 to 13 hr. after spawning hatching takes
place.
EGG ZYGOTE
MITOTIC
DIVISION
64 CELL STAGE
128 CELLS
STAGE
COMPLETE
CLEAVAGE
BLASTODERM GASTRULATION
NAUPLIAR
STAGE

22. NAUPLIUS LARVA
• Size 0.34mm in size and dark yellow in color.
• They are attracted to light
• Non feeding stage
• Its moults once in 4-6 hrs.
• There are six nauplii stage
• The duration of the nauplii stage is 36- 48 hr.

23. Nauplii stage
• Six sub-stages
– May lose 25%
– Nauplii sub-stages take
approximately 48 hours
• 36-51 hour range
depending on temperature
– Begin feeding at N6

24. PROTOZOEA
• As the nauplii grows to protozoea.
• Its start feeding.
• It moults three times.
• There by distinguishing three stages such as
protozoa 1st protozoa 2nd and protozoa 3rd

25. Protozoeal Stage
• Zoea feed on
phytoplankton
• Three zoeal sub stages
– 120 hrs
– 36-48 hrs per stage

26. Sr. PROTOZOEA 1 PROTOZOEA 2 PROTOZOEA 3
1. SIZE(mean total
length and mean
carapace)
1.06,047 1.06,0.72 2.28,0.79
2. EYE Sessile becomes stalked Stalked
3. ROSTRUM AND
SUBTROPICAL
SPINES
Absent Rostrum and bifid
supraorbital spines
appear
Rostrum is long
supraoital spine i
simple not bifid
4. ABDOMEN Abdomen is un
segmented
First five abdominal
segments are
demarcated
Six abdominal segmen
first five segments wit
dorsomedian spine, 5t
and 6th has a
additional ventro latera
spine
5. APPENDAGE a-first
antenna b-
second antenna
c-Mandible
Three segmented,
proximal segment
further subdivided
into5segments
Almost same as in
stage 1
Five basal segment
fused into one
Almost same as i
previous stages

27. MYSIS
• Mysis have also three stages
• Presence of a well develop carapace covering the
thorax also
• Function 3rd maxilliped and 5 pereiopods each
having exopodites
• 1st three pereiopods have rudimentary chela
• Presence of rudimentary having no setae
• Telson is well develop and notched medially

28. Mysis Stage
• Look like adult
shrimp
• Begin to swim
backwards
• Three sub-stages
– Each last 24 hrs

29. HATCHERY TECHNOLOGY
• In 1935, 1942, Hunding a Japanese Scientist was the
first to successfully breeding and rear the larvae
subsequently under control condition in the
laboratory.
• The hatchery system for prawn culture is primarily
of two types.
A. Japanese system
B. Galveston system

30. A Japanese system
 In this system, spawning hatching and larval rearing are done in
the same container.
 This is based on the initial attempt to produce the seed of penaeid
prawn and hence is not in vogue at present.
 In this system large cement concrete tank of 60 to 200 ton capacity
provide with aeration and rotating agitator were used.
 Spawner is introduced 1spawner/m3 of tank capacity in cage nets.
Disadvantage
 There in uncertainty due to lack of control ones the production of
desired species of phytoplankton at the appropriate time.
 There are frequent developed of bloom of underfed species of
planktonic organism such as dinoflagelates leading to mass
mortality of larvae.
 Food waste problem.

31. GALVESTON SYSTEM
• This system was develop in the Galveston laboratory, USA. In
this system, rearing of brood stock, spawning hatching, larval
rearing and live feed culture are done separately in separate
container and live feed culture are done separately in indoor
plastic pools.
• Nauplii in 2000 lit tank @50 nauplii/lit of water
• Sea water of 32-+ 2ppt were pumped into large containars
• From second day after spawning that is last nauplii stage
onwards.
• Protozoea feed on phytoplankton. From Mysis feed frozen
Brachionus @100rotifer/larva/day is given
• Post larva feeding on diatom is discontinues and
Moina@20/larva/day is given. Check and control water
quality and exchange of 15-25% of water are made after the
larvae reaches Mysis stage.

32. Temp 24-320c
Salinity 27 34ppt is suitable
Light 1000 lux
pH Optimum 8.2-8.5
Ammonia 0.1mg/lit
Nitrate 6.5mg/lit
Do2 Above 5ppm
Water Parameters

33. MODERN SHRIMP HATCHERY
• A model shrimp hatchery should have the following
essential unit.
• Brood rearing unit
• Spawning unit
• Hatching unit
• Larval rearing unit
• Artemia cyst hatching unit
• Algal culture unit.

34. Shrimp post larvae can be produced in
hatcheries Nauplii stage
Zoea stage
Mysis
stage

35. Brood stock maturation
• For shrimp hatchery brood stock is obtain from
wild habitat that is sea as the rearing of brood stock
in formed condition is not formed good result.
Maturation stage are already given
• From the collection site to the hatchery site,
breeders are transported in bag containing 40-50lit
water@ 4-6 numb of brooder.
• After acclimation in hatchery water treated with
100ppm formalin for ½ hrs

36. Mature adults for spawning
in hatcheries are captured
from the ocean or raised in
captivity.
Ocean
captivity broodstock

37. Maturation tank
• Maturation tank are usually circular 4meter in
diameter and 1.25 meter in height made of black
fiber glass sheet.
• At the bottom of the tank, a layer of gravel of 10cm
thick is given our which a synthetic permeable cloth
is placed.
• Above the synthetic cloth sheet a 5 to 10 cm thick
layer of sand is provided to 90mm thick are conectly
arranged.
• Factor affecting maturation
• Water quality – Use should be clean filtered
seawater.
• Method of eye stalk ablation.

38. Food and feeding
 Meat and squied/clam.
 50% protein and 10% PUFA.
 Feeding @2% of body wt.
 Feeding can be done 4 times a day.
Stress
 Overcrowding, handling or poor water quality retards
gonadal maturation and even causes regression of developed
ovary.
Stocking density
@4 shrimp/MT with male to female ratio 1:1 or 1:2
Sanitation
 use bleaching powder.
 All PVC equipment underwater torch etc.
 should be disinfected using 100ppm chlorine water

39. Larval Feeding
Zoea
• Isochrysis
– Brown algae
– (3-5 mm)
• Chaetoceros
– Diatom
– (4-6 mm)
• Tetraselmis
• Green algae
• (10-15 mm)
Isochrysis
Chaetoceros
Tetraselmis

40. Larval Feeding
Mysis
• Feed large algae cells
early on
• Switch to Artemia
(brine shrimp) for
later stages
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Artemia/ml
Late Z3-MI M I- M II
MII-MIII MIII-PL

41. Larval Feeding
Post larvae
• Artemia
– 6/ml at PL4 decreasing
to 0 by PL11
• Formulated diet
– 35% protein
– 3% fat
• Feeding rate
– 200% bwt/day
– 50% X 4 times per day

42. Shrimp are fed sinking
pellets which are
distributed over the
pond surface. Feeding
trays are sometimes
used to help determine
shrimp appetite.

43. Health of brood stock Injured or diseased brooder
does not yield viable eggs of desired quality.
Prophylactic Treatment
A Application of antibiotics
chleramphenicon/oxytetracycline/erythromycin is
applied at a dose of 4ppm after stopping the water
exchange for 2-3hr treatment done for three days
B To prevent the appearance protozoan &
funguses 50ppm formalin is added to static water
for two hr.

44. • Induction of maturation through Eyestalk ablation
• Usually unilateral eyestalk ablation maturation gives
better response.
• An important neuroscretory system located in the
eyestalk. Viz X organ sinus gland complex produces
neurohormones
• A) ovary inhibiting hormone
• b) Moult in hibiting hormone.

45. • Procedure of Eye stalk ablation
• It may vary as indicated below
• a) Eye stalk using scissors (cutting)
• b) Electro cauterization
• c) Incision – pinching
• Some may take longer green, granular ovary having
a diamond shaped swelling on the 1st segment of
abdomen
• Latency period the time between eyestalk
ablation and spawning is referred to as latency
period.
• Stage of moult cycle It is advisable to do the
ablation during inter moult stage.

46. Spawning unit
It is made black fiber sheet and fabricated into cylindro-
conical shape.
The outlet pipe is fitted to the center of the cyclindro-
conical tank and the water inlet can be form the top of
the tank above the mouth.
Through the perforation, the eggs released by the
female can shrink to the conical part eggs.
Usually one spawner is kept in one tank but the numb
can be increased if the size of the prawn is less.
Spawning occurs usually in the night and the egg
concentrator which is also fabricated from 200mm PVC
pipe and water outlet pipe is guarded by 100 µm mesh
net cloth which will remain will the egg.

47. Spawning unit

48. Hatching Unit
• Eggs collected from the spawning tank are
transferred to the hatching box.
• This is made up of 315mm dia PVC pipes closed at
the bottom by a PVC disc.
• At the middle of PVC pipe one 100 micron mesh
screen is fixed.
• The eggs are placed on the 100µ mesh screen when
the nauplii out, they swim to the surface.
• The incubation period is 8-10 hrs depending on
temperature.

49. Harvesting of Nauplii
Before harvesting stop the aeration in the hatching
tank.
Remove the cover of the hatching tank and keep
the light on for a few minutes.
The nauplii swim up to the lighted area of the tank
and same is siphond off immediately to the
harvesting bucket taking care to avoid siphoning of
egg shells and un hatched eggs in to the harvesting
bucket.

50. Larval rearing
Tanks of different shapes (cylindro-conical to
parabolic) and size are used for rearing larvae in
different hatcheries.
These tanks are placed in room located away from
other section to avoid cross contamination.
The tank should have facilities for aeration and
water exchange.
The shape of the tank should be such that it should
facilitate uniform aeration uniform distribution of
food materials.

51. Rearing of Protozoea
Feeding prefer of stage 1st of protozoea with isochrysis
@80000 to 100000cells/ml of rearing media.
Chaetoceros can be fed from stage 1st to stage 3rd; stage
3rd can be feed on platymonas. During this stage, 2ppm
treflan @10ml/m3 as antifungal treatment is given.
Rearing of Mysis
Rearing media level may be 10 tones and 70% of water is
exchanged every day using 350µ filter.
From stage 1st Mysis that is 6th day of stocking, freshly
hatched Artemia nauplii @ 1 nauplii/$ml is given as feed.

52. Life Cycle
Adults spawn at
sea, the eggs and
larvae drift to
inshore estuaries
where the
juveniles grow.
Adults move back
to sea to spawn.

53. Specific pathogen
• White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)
• Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)
• Yellow Head Virus (YHV)
• IHHN Virus (IHHNV)
• MBV
• BP/MBV
• HPV
• Gregarines
• Microsporidians
• Haplosporidians

54. Diseases have reduced the shrimp
harvest in many countries.
Black-spot disease
Taura virus

55. • REFERENCE;
• Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture
Dr.S.Aryappan
• Breeding of fin fish and shell fish
P.C.Thomas
• Applied fish genetics
B.K.Padhi
R.K.Mandal
• Google.nbfgr(encyclopedia)
• Google. Wikipedia
• www.fao.org.in
• Lecture notes crustacean shrimp and prawn
compatibility