cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
the presentation provides the various fungal pathogens of fish and shell fish along with their lifecycles, the pathology, histology, epizootiology, prevention and treatment measures
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
the presentation provides the various fungal pathogens of fish and shell fish along with their lifecycles, the pathology, histology, epizootiology, prevention and treatment measures
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
The measures and methods adopted to secure a disease free environment in all phases of aquaculture practices (i.e. hatcheries, nurseries, grow-out farms) for improved profitability.
.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY:
“Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.”
“Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.”
“Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics.
“Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”.
“Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process.
Fig. 1
3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY:
Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma.
In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus.
Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
The measures and methods adopted to secure a disease free environment in all phases of aquaculture practices (i.e. hatcheries, nurseries, grow-out farms) for improved profitability.
.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY:
“Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.”
“Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.”
“Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics.
“Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”.
“Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process.
Fig. 1
3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY:
Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma.
In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus.
Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.
Fusarium infects dead or damaged tissue caused by wounds or other infections resulting in locomotory difficulties due to mycelial growth. High mortality in susceptible populations. Fouling of the gills by these organisms probably results from poor husbandry.
Saprolegniasis, also known as winter fungus, is a disease caused by fungi usually in the genus Saprolegnia. Found in freshwater fish and fish eggs, saprolegniasis is a secondary infection typically seen when water temperatures dip below 59°F and then begin to increase in the early spring. A fish suffering from saprolegniasis will exhibit cotton-like growths on the skin and gills, depigmented skin, and sunken eyes. In more severe cases, the cotton-like growths can extend into the muscle tissue. Infected fish will begin to die slowly over time.
During months where rapid change in water temperature is common, extra measures should be taken to prevent or detect saprolegniasis, so now would be the time to take precautions! Saprolegniasis can be prevented by avoiding rough handling, crowded stocking conditions, and poor water quality. To prevent further spread and reduce overall mortality, fish should be harvested as soon as saprolegniasis is observed.
I. Causative Agent and Disease
The disease saprolegniasis is caused
by water molds (oomycetes) mostly in
the genus Saprolegnia. Genetic sequencing places oomycetes in the class Oomycota, phylum Heterokontophyta, related
to photosynthetic brown algae, diatoms
and api complexan protozoa. They are
filamentous protists based on production
of oospores, diploid chromosomes, cell
walls of beta glucans and cellulose, two
types of zoospore flagella and tubular
cristae in the mitochondria. Saprolegniasis describes any cotton-like growth
adherent to skin or gills that include several genera of molds. Water molds occur
in fresh and brackish water less than
2.8 ppt salinity. Most are saprophytes
occurring naturally in the environment
and are opportunistic pathogens, usually requiring prior injury of external
tissues from mechanical abrasion or
other primary pathogens. Some species
of Saprolegnia (parasitica) are primary
pathogens producing a systemic disease.
II. Host Species
All freshwater fish species, incubating eggs and other lower aquatic
vertebrates/invertebrates worldwide are
susceptible to saprolegniasis.
III. Clinical Signs
The mold produces white/brown
cotton-like foci on the surface of the
skin and/or gills. Early foci are pale with
peripheral areas of erythema and central
zones of lifted scales that frequently
ulcerate, exposing underlying musculature. Systemic infections produce
mycelial masses in the gut and viscera
causing peritonitis, extensive hemorrhage, necrosis and adhesions. In smaller
juvenile fish, external signs of bloating
caused by gut obstruction may progress
to perforation of the abdominal wall.
IV. Transmission
External mold infections are
transmitted through ambient water by
infectious biflagellated zoospores released from hyphal sporangia. Systemic
infections in cultured fish occur by
ingestion of uneaten food that has been
colonized by mold hyphae.
Presentation 5: Review of vibriosis in shrimp farming prior to EMS and risk m...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
International Technical Seminar/Workshops on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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1. “Important Shrimp Diseases in India”
West Bengal university of animal and fishery sciences
A Seminar on
Submitted to:
Dr. G. Dash
Dept. of AAH
Submitted by:
Shiva Rajak
Roll No.- FS-27/14
AAH- 312
4. Introduction
Cultured shrimps suffer from various diseases due to infectious and non-infectious
causes.
Infectious diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and certain parasites.
Non Infectious diseases are mainly are caused by adverse environmental
conditions, nutritional disorders, or genetic defects.
Treatment cannot be carried out effectively when shrimp diseases occur in a
pond.
The best way to get rid of diseases is by practicing good farm management or
prevention.
In this regard, information on various kinds of diseases and their prevention
procedures are useful.
5. Infectious disease
Infectious disease are due to hostility of bacteria, fungi, virus,
protozoa and Protista. These pathogen cause severe effects
in the health and appearance of the shrimp hence,
deteriorating their quality.
7. MONODON BACULOVIRUS DISEASE
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
MBV-type or PmSNPV is a type A occluded monodon baculovirus
CLINICAL SIGNS
Lethargy, anorexia, poor feeding, dark colouration and reduced growth rate. Infected shrimps
are often associated with fouling of gills and appendages by ciliates such as Zoothamnium spp.
and Vorticella spp. Acute infection leads to loss of epithelial cells of hepatopancreas.
TREATMENT OR PREVENTION
No treatment yet but there is little information on prevention and control of the MBV infection in
shrimp pond culture. The prevention method for the mbv infection is possibly through avoidance
by screening the pl's before stocking shrimp in the pond
8. HEPATOPANCREATIC PARVO-LIKE VIRUS (HPV)
DISEASE
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
CLINICAL SIGNS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
HPV is caused by a small parvo-like virus, 22-24 nm in diameter
No information is available on the prevention and control procedures for HPV infection. However, screening the
PLs before stocking shrimp by routine histology or the Giemsa-impression smear method is recommended.
Reduced feeding, poor growth rate, body surface and gill fouling
with ciliates and occassional opacity of abdominal muscles.
Severe infections may include a whitish and atrophied
hepatopancrease, anorexia and reduced preening activity. Losses
may be occur due to the increased occurance of surface and gill
fouling organisms and secondary infections by the
opportunistic Vibrio spp.
No treatment available for HPV
infection
9. YELLOW HEAD DISEASE
ETIOLOGIC
AL AGENT
TREATMEN
T
CLINICAL
SIGNS
PREVENTI
ON &
CONTROL
YELLOW HEAD VIRUS is a ssrRNA , rod
shaped, enveloped virus with two
rounded ends.
The affected shrimp shows a marked reduction
in food consumption.
Following this, a few moribund shrimp will
appear swimming slowly near the surface of the
pond dike and remain motionless.
The animals have pale bodies, a swollen
cephalothorax with a light yellow to yellowish
hepatopancreas and gills. A high mortality rate
may reach 100% of affected populations within
3-5 days from the onset of disease
No treatment is available for YHV
infection.
The reliable method to prevent the occurrence of
YHD is possibly through avoidance, such as careful
selection of post larvae, reduction or elimination of
horizontal transmission including carriers,
disinfection of contaminated ponds or equipment
with 30 ppm; and chlorine, providing shrimp with
good waterquality and proper nutrition
10. INFECTIOUS HEPATOPANCREAS AND LYMPHOID
ORGAN NECROSIS (IHLN)
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
The primary cause of the disease is
attributed to viral etiology.
CLINICAL SIGNS
• Light pinkish to yellowish discolouration of the cephalothorax region.
• Often fouling by ciliate protozoan Zoothamnium seen.
• Blackened and necrotic hepatopancreas.
• Secondary bacterial infection from bacteria such as Vibrio
alginolyticus seen.
TREATMENT
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
No treatment is available for IHLN
infection.
• Keep the physico-chemical condition of
pond environment within acceptable
levels.
• To avoid bacterial and viral pathogen
entering from outside, closed culture could
be useful in prevention of IHLN disease.
11. WHITE SPOT
DISEASE
Etiological Agent
The disease is caused by the dsDNA virus, Systemic
Ectodermal and Mesodernal Baculovirus (SEMBV).
Clinical Signs: Clinically affected shrimp were first seen
to swim to the water surface and congregate at the pond
dikes. Typical clinical signs include white spots or
patches, 1-2 mm in diameter, on the inside of the shell
and carapace, accompanied by reddish discoloration of
the body. SEMBV is able to cause acute epizootics of 5-
10 days duration with mortality rate from 40% to 100%.
Treatment
No treatment is available for SEMBV infection.
Diagnosis Procedure The diagnosis procedure of SEMBV
infection is based on the appearance of the intranuclear
hypertrophy in stained histological sections and the presence of
virus particles in the nucleus of the infected cells observed under
the electron microscope. PCR technique is recently used to
detect SEMBV in shrimp larval and other stages, including
broodstock and subclinical virus carriers.
Prevention and Control Prevention practices through
avoidance are strongly recommended for the farmers, involving
the combinations of efficient pond management, use of proper
feed, selection of good quality of PL, reduction of possible
carriers, avoidance of introduction of contaminated water into the
13. LUMINOUS
VIBRIOSIS
ETIOLOGIC
AL AGENT
TREATMEN
T
CLINICAL
SIGNS
PREVENTI
ON &
CONTROL
Vibrio harveyi,
Vibrio vulnificus
High mortality rate in young juvenile
shrimp (one month syndrome).
Moribund shrimp hypoxic often come
to the pond surface and edges of
pond.
Vertical swimming behavior
immediately before onset of acute
mortality. Presence of luminescent
shrimp in ponds.
Disinfection of intake water with
Formalin (100-200 ppm).
Administration of Oxolinic acid (0.6
ppm) and Sarafloxacin (5mg/kg)
through feed for 5 days.
Proper pond and water
management. Utilization of
reservoir for intake water.
14. VIBRIOSIS
Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V.
anguillarum, V. damsella, V. fluvialis and V. mimicus.
High mortality rates, particularly in young juvenile shrimp.
Moribund shrimp with corkscrew swimming behavior appear at
edge of pond. Reddish discoloration of juvenile shrimp.
Black spots, chronic soft shelling.
Disinfection of intake water i.e. formalin 100-200 ppm. Anti-
microbial preparation application through feeds (Oxolinic acid
0.6 ppm and Sarafloxacin 5 mg/kg).
Proper pond and water management and utilization of reservoir
for intake wate
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
PREVENTION &
CONTROL
CLINICAL SIGNS
EXTERNAL FOULING
TREATMENT
16. CLINICAL SIGNS Eggs and larve are weak and appear whitish. Moratlities may
reach 100% within two days. Fungal mycelium replaces the
larval tissues and ramifies into all parts of the body and
protrudes out of the body and develops into sporangia.
LARVAL MYCOSIS
PREVENTION &
CONTROL
General hatchery management practices such as use of UV sterilised and
filtered seawater, adequate water exchange etc., must be strictly followed.
Rearing water, equipment used in the hatchery and all hatchery facilities
must be thoroughly disinfected before retarting the hatchery operations.
ETIOLOGICAL
AGENT
Filamentous fungi of
genus Lagenidium spp. and other
filamentous fungi, such
as Sirolpidium spp. and Haliphthoros spp.
17. BLACK GILL DISEASE
ETIOLOGICAL
AGENT
Fusarium sp.
CLINICAL SIGNS
Brownish to blackish
discoloration on the gills
of juvenile shrimp.
TREATMENT
No treatment is available
for fungal infestation
without harming the
shrimp.
PREVENTION &
CONTROLNo information on prevention and
control. However, good management
of the pond bottom and prevention of
the entry of wild crustaceans into the
pond, which may carry pathogen,
can be effective control practices.
19. SURFACE
FOULING
DISEASES
Etiological Agent
Many species of bacteria, algae and protozoa such as filamentous
bacteria, Leucouthrix sp., Flavobacterium sp. and Zoothamnium sp.
Clinical Signs
Infected shrimps show black/ brown gills or appendage discoloration or
fuzzy/cottony appearance due to a heavy colony of the organisms. In some
cases, the severely affected shrimp die during the molting period.
Treatment
Chlorine and formalin are often used to treat those commensal organisms if
shrimp display heavy infection. Changing water is the most preferable
management, which stimulates molting of the shrimp in order to reduce the
infestation.
Prevention and Control
Prevention and control of the occurrence of surface fouling are usually done
through maintenance of good sanitary conditions at the pond bottom and the
overall pond area. Organic matters and suspended solids in the pond should be
reduced to prevent the attachment of those fouling organisms. This is achieved
by changing the water or applying lime.
20. MICROSPORIDOSIS (COTTON
SHRIMP DISEASE OR MILK SHRIMP
DISEASE)
Microsporidia such
as Thelohania spp., Nosema s
pp., and Pleistophora spp.
ETIOLOGICAL
AGENTS
Infected shrimps appear opaque
and cooked.
Gradual and low levels of
mortalities are observed.
Microsporidia invade and replace
gill, muscle, heart, gonads and
hepatopancreas, and cause
necrosis in these regions.
CLINICAL SIGNS
Maintain of good sanitary
conditions at the pond bottom and
the overall pond area.
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
22. MUSCLE NECROSIS
MMuscle necrosis in shrimp is caused by
temperature and salinity shock, low
oxygen levels, overcrowding, rough
handling and severe gill fouling.
MUSCLE NECROSIS
There is a gradual death of cells of affected
parts leading to erosion especially
in the tail. This may then serve as portal of
entry for secondary systemic bacterial
infection.
EFFECT ON HOST
Affected shrimp show opaque white areas
on the abdomen blackening
on the edges of the uropod followed by
erosion and liquid-filled boils at the
tip of uropods in advanced stages; “wood
grain” appearance of abdominal
muscle in postlarvae
SIGNS
Reduce stocking density and improve
water quality by daily water change
(5-10%)
PREVENTION
E
S P
23. BENT/CRAMPED TAILS OR BODY
CRAMP
1
DISEASE
Bent/cramped tails or body cramp in shrimps is associated
with handling of shrimp in warm, humid air much warmer than
culture water, and mineral imbalance.
3
EFFECT ON HOST
Partially cramped shrimps swim with a humped
abdomen; fully cramped shrimps lie on their sides at the
pond/tank bottom. Healthy shrimps may cannibalize
weak ones.
2
SIGNS
Affected shrimps have partial or complete rigid
flexure of the tail
4
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
Avoid possible causes.
24. INCOMPLETE MOLTING
ETIOLOGICAL AGENT
Incomplete molting is closely associated with
low temperature of culture water.
EFFECT ON HOST
• Abnormal swimming movement which could lead
to easy predation and mortality.
SIGNS
Presence of old exoskeleton attached to
newly molted larvae, especially in
appendages
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Maintain optimum temperature in the
rearing water
• Use water heater
25. RED DISEASE
ETIOLOGIC
AL AGENT
CLINICAL
SIGNS
EFFECT ON
HOST
PREVENTI
ON &
CONTROL
Red disease in shrimps is
associated with high application of
lime (2-6 tons/ha) in the pond that
gives it a high initial pH; prolonged
exposure to low salinity (6-15 ppt).
Yellow to red discoloration in affected
shrimps; histopathology of the
hepatopancreas shows hemocytic
infiltration in the spaces between the
tubules; more advanced lesions are in
the form of fibriotic and melanised
encapsulation of necrotic tissues,
either in the tubule itself or the sinuses
around it.
Affected shrimps have red short
streaks on gills or abdominal
segments, yellowish to reddish
discoloration of the body and
increased fluid in the
cephalothorax, emitting foul odour.
Prepare pond bottom properly
Reduce lime and organic matter
content inputs
26. SOFT SHELL
SYNDROME
Etiological Agent
The exact cause of soft-shell syndrome is not known.
However, low saline condition in the culture pond and
deterioration of pond bottom condition are some
physico-chemical factors that causes this disease.
Shrimps fed with low protein diet, contamination through
agricultural run-off, high soil pH, low water phosphate
and low organic matter in soil all have an impact on soft-
shell disease.
Clinical Signs
Shrimps are weak, usually off-feed, have a loose thin
exoskeleton. Rostrum is stiff as healthy shrimps. Wavy
undulating intestine is clearly visible.
Prevention and Control
Low stocking density, feeding with high quality feed and
frequent water exchange are likely to reduce the
recurrence of the disease.
27. 1. Shrimp being the high value food both in its nutritional and export value.
2. There are infectious and non-infectious disease affecting the health of the shrimp.
3. The best way to cure a disease is by better prevention methods and good farm management
practices.
4. Viral disease of shrimp leads to huge loss of production because it has got no treatment.
5. Bacterial disease is less harmful than that of virus and can be controlled by antibacterial
treatment.
6. The pathogen take over host only if the pathogen is getting enough optimum environmental
condition for it successful multiplication.
7. Disease occurs in shrimp either by primary or by secondary infection.
8. Shrimp treated with antibiotics are generally discarded if exported as food outside country so
it is better to take prevention measures rather than treatment.
9. It can be better prevented by selection of SPF(specific pathogen free) or SPR(specific
pathogen resistance) stocks of seeds before stocking.
10.Non-infectious disease can be treated by maintaining appropriate stocking density and giving
proper diet with complete nutrition in case of nutritional disease and maintaining appropriate
optimum conditions.
28. 28
1. HANDBOOK OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2. http://www.celkau.in/Fisheries/CultureFisheries/Shrimps/dismagt.aspx
3. https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/729/Erazo-PagadorG2001-
Environmental-and-other-non-infectious-diseases.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
4. web.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/2.2.00_INTRO_CRUSTACEANS.pdf
5. www.oie.int/.../Home/.../HepatopancreaticParvovirusCard2007_Revised92707_.pdf
6. CLASS NOTES OF DR. GADADHAR DASH “PRAWN DISEASE-CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS,
PREVENTION AND TREATMENTS.”
7. http://www.slideshare.net/SittoVietnam1/disease-and-management-for-shrimp-culture
8. http://www.slideshare.net/SittoVietnam1/disease-by-viral-pathogen