Proteomics is a discipline that analyzes the dynamics of protein components, including expression levels and modification states from a holistic perspective, understands the interactions and connections between proteins, reveals the function of proteins and the laws of cell life, and studies all proteins in cells and their behaviours. Creative Proteomics can provide a comprehensive range of proteomics services to help you better conduct research in the drug discovery process, which includes: protein gel and imaging analysis, protein identification, protein quantification, top-down proteomics, peptidomics, post-translational modification analysis, and protein-protein interaction. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/protein-gel-and-imaging-analysis.htm
Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are ubiquitous on our planet. They are widely distributed in soil, water, the human body and other environments. Microorganisms and their activities are of great importance to biogeochemical cycles and to all biological systems. Creative Proteomics provides a one-stop proteomics service from sample collection, protein separation, to protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis. We offer both relative quantification (including iTRAQ, TMT and SILAC) and absolute quantification (such as SRM/MRM and PRM) approaches to help you discover, detect and quantify proteins in a broad array of samples. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are ubiquitous on our planet. They are widely distributed in soil, water, the human body and other environments. Microorganisms and their activities are of great importance to biogeochemical cycles and to all biological systems. Creative Proteomics provides a one-stop proteomics service from sample collection, protein separation, to protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis. We offer both relative quantification (including iTRAQ, TMT and SILAC) and absolute quantification (such as SRM/MRM and PRM) approaches to help you discover, detect and quantify proteins in a broad array of samples. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are ubiquitous on our planet. They are widely distributed in soil, water, the human body and other environments. Microorganisms and their activities are of great importance to biogeochemical cycles and to all biological systems. Creative Proteomics provides a one-stop proteomics service from sample collection, protein separation, to protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis. We offer both relative quantification (including iTRAQ, TMT and SILAC) and absolute quantification (such as SRM/MRM and PRM) approaches to help you discover, detect and quantify proteins in a broad array of samples. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi are ubiquitous on our planet. They are widely distributed in soil, water, the human body and other environments. Microorganisms and their activities are of great importance to biogeochemical cycles and to all biological systems. Creative Proteomics provides a one-stop proteomics service from sample collection, protein separation, to protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis. We offer both relative quantification (including iTRAQ, TMT and SILAC) and absolute quantification (such as SRM/MRM and PRM) approaches to help you discover, detect and quantify proteins in a broad array of samples. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
WE THE STUDENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY FROM GURUNANAK COLLEGE OF PHARMACY HAS PRESENTED QSRR, TO MAKE READERS EASILY AVAILABLE, A COMPLETE TOPIC OF MPHARM 1ST YEAR WHICH WILL MAKE THEIR STUDY AND TO COLLECT DATA MORE EASILY AT A PLACE.
Provide statistical and computational tools for biologically based activities such as genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and gene function determination. Develop software or applications for scientific or technical use.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
The Complete Guide for Metabolomics Methods and ApplicationBennie George
Metabolomics is a new system of biological technology developed by the post-gene era, aimed at the determination of all small organisms within the metabolites. Compared to Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics, metabolomics directly and accurately reflects the current state of the organism and tell us what happens to the organism instead of predicting what may happen! Metabolomics includes untargeted metabolomics, targeted Metabolomics and next-generation target metabolomics according to their detection of metabolites.
The Complete Guide for Metabolomics Methods and ApplicationBennie George
Metabolomics(Metabolomics) is a new system of biological technology developed by the post-gene era, aimed at the determination of all small organisms within the metabolites. Compared to Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics, metabolomics directly and accurately reflects the current state of the organism and tell us what happens to the organism instead of predicting what may happen! Metabolomics includes untargeted metabolomics, targeted Metabolomics and next-generation target metabolomics according to their detection of metabolites.
view more: http://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/menu-of-metabolomics-services.htm
Target discovery and Validation - Role of proteomicsShivanshu Bajaj
This presentation include how important is the branch proteomics in target discovery and validation for new drugs. It also include proteomic technology and current approaches in targeted proteomics
Proteomics, definatio , general concept, signficanceKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONCEPT
WHY PROTEIOMIC NECESERY?
WHAT PROTEOMIC CAN ANSWER?
PRTEOMICS- ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE
MASS SPECTROMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY AN ITS IMPORTANCE
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and pheromones).
Metabolome refers to the complete set of chemical compounds involved in an organism's metabolism (such as metabolic intermediates, hormones and other signaling molecules, and secondary metabolites)
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites. Metabolomics is a relatively new member to the ‘-omics’ family of systems biology technologies.
Molecular target and development modelsAmjad Afridi
Molecular targets are cellular or tissue structures that are intended to be visualized by means of molecular imaging.
Different biological structures can potentially serve as imaging targets.
These Targets ranging from gene mutations, mRNA levels, protein levels, DNA, RNA and enzyme activities.
Untargeted and targeted lipidomics are two categories of lipidomics that are often used in combination for the discovery and quantification of differential lipid molecules. Untargeted lipidomics uses LC-MS and GC-MS technologies to unbiasedly detect the dynamic changes of all lipid molecules before and after the stimulation or disturbance in cells, tissues, organs, or organisms. Through bioinformatics analysis to screen differential lipid molecules and analyze their pathways, untargeted lipidomics can reveal the physiological mechanism of their changes. Targeted lipidomics is the research and analysis of a specific class of lipids. Obtainingtedious data from this assay is not the end goal. Bioinformatics analysis can organize, mine, and visualize data, and thus extract useful biological information from large amounts of data to help with scientific discovery. https://lipidomics.creative-proteomics.com/untargeted-lipidomics.htm
Cytokines are a class of highly active, multifunctional, soluble small-molecule proteins secreted by activated immune cells and certain stromal cells. Cytokines are widely involved in various biological functions such as immune response, cell migration, and signal transduction through paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine approaches. Cytokine assays can assist in determining the immune function of the body and help in research related to the disease mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. There are various assays for cytokines, and you can choose the most appropriate assay according to sample size, assay needs, and budget. https://cytokine.creative-proteomics.com/luminex-cytokine-detection-service.htm
WE THE STUDENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY FROM GURUNANAK COLLEGE OF PHARMACY HAS PRESENTED QSRR, TO MAKE READERS EASILY AVAILABLE, A COMPLETE TOPIC OF MPHARM 1ST YEAR WHICH WILL MAKE THEIR STUDY AND TO COLLECT DATA MORE EASILY AT A PLACE.
Provide statistical and computational tools for biologically based activities such as genetic analysis, measurement of gene expression, and gene function determination. Develop software or applications for scientific or technical use.
The basic aspects of drug discovery starts from target discovery and validation further going to lead identification and optimization. In this particular slide discussion is regarding the target discovery and the tools that have been utilized in this process.
The Complete Guide for Metabolomics Methods and ApplicationBennie George
Metabolomics is a new system of biological technology developed by the post-gene era, aimed at the determination of all small organisms within the metabolites. Compared to Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics, metabolomics directly and accurately reflects the current state of the organism and tell us what happens to the organism instead of predicting what may happen! Metabolomics includes untargeted metabolomics, targeted Metabolomics and next-generation target metabolomics according to their detection of metabolites.
The Complete Guide for Metabolomics Methods and ApplicationBennie George
Metabolomics(Metabolomics) is a new system of biological technology developed by the post-gene era, aimed at the determination of all small organisms within the metabolites. Compared to Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics, metabolomics directly and accurately reflects the current state of the organism and tell us what happens to the organism instead of predicting what may happen! Metabolomics includes untargeted metabolomics, targeted Metabolomics and next-generation target metabolomics according to their detection of metabolites.
view more: http://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/menu-of-metabolomics-services.htm
Target discovery and Validation - Role of proteomicsShivanshu Bajaj
This presentation include how important is the branch proteomics in target discovery and validation for new drugs. It also include proteomic technology and current approaches in targeted proteomics
Proteomics, definatio , general concept, signficanceKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONCEPT
WHY PROTEIOMIC NECESERY?
WHAT PROTEOMIC CAN ANSWER?
PRTEOMICS- ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE
MASS SPECTROMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY AN ITS IMPORTANCE
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments, odorants, and pheromones).
Metabolome refers to the complete set of chemical compounds involved in an organism's metabolism (such as metabolic intermediates, hormones and other signaling molecules, and secondary metabolites)
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites. Metabolomics is a relatively new member to the ‘-omics’ family of systems biology technologies.
Molecular target and development modelsAmjad Afridi
Molecular targets are cellular or tissue structures that are intended to be visualized by means of molecular imaging.
Different biological structures can potentially serve as imaging targets.
These Targets ranging from gene mutations, mRNA levels, protein levels, DNA, RNA and enzyme activities.
Untargeted and targeted lipidomics are two categories of lipidomics that are often used in combination for the discovery and quantification of differential lipid molecules. Untargeted lipidomics uses LC-MS and GC-MS technologies to unbiasedly detect the dynamic changes of all lipid molecules before and after the stimulation or disturbance in cells, tissues, organs, or organisms. Through bioinformatics analysis to screen differential lipid molecules and analyze their pathways, untargeted lipidomics can reveal the physiological mechanism of their changes. Targeted lipidomics is the research and analysis of a specific class of lipids. Obtainingtedious data from this assay is not the end goal. Bioinformatics analysis can organize, mine, and visualize data, and thus extract useful biological information from large amounts of data to help with scientific discovery. https://lipidomics.creative-proteomics.com/untargeted-lipidomics.htm
Cytokines are a class of highly active, multifunctional, soluble small-molecule proteins secreted by activated immune cells and certain stromal cells. Cytokines are widely involved in various biological functions such as immune response, cell migration, and signal transduction through paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine approaches. Cytokine assays can assist in determining the immune function of the body and help in research related to the disease mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. There are various assays for cytokines, and you can choose the most appropriate assay according to sample size, assay needs, and budget. https://cytokine.creative-proteomics.com/luminex-cytokine-detection-service.htm
The basics of data processing are to convert the original data file into a representation to help easily access the characteristics of each observed ion. These characteristics include ion retention time and m/z time, as well as ion intensity measurements in each raw data file. In addition to these basic features, data processing can also extract other information, such as the isotope distribution of ions. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/bioinformatic-univariate-analysis-service.htm
In line with the ICH Q6B Guidance, Creative Proteomics offers protein analysis and charac-terization services, including structure analysis, physicochemical properties, biological activi-ty, immunochemical properties, as well as purity and impurity determination to ensure thequality and consistency of your products. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/pronalyse/protein-characterization.html
Cytokines are a class of highly active, multifunctional, soluble small-molecule proteins secreted by activated immune cells and specific stromal cells. Cytokines are widely involved in various biological functions such as immune response, cell migration, and signal transduction through paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine approaches. Cytokine assays can assist in determining the immune function of the body and help in research related to the disease mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. There are various assays for cytokines, and you can choose the most appropriate assay according to sample size, assay needs, and budget. https://cytokine.creative-proteomics.com/cytokine-panel-service.htm
The Lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, colonizing the gut of the tick lxodes scapularis,can transmit pathogens to vertebrate hosts including humans. B. burgdorferi colonization increases the expression of several tick gut genes including pixr. Abrogation of PIXR function in vivo alters the gut microbiome， metabolome and immune responses. Changes in the gut microbial members are likely to influence the metabolome of the tick gut due to differences in the metabolic functions unique to the specific bacteria genera. Changes in the composition of intestinal metabolites can be analyzed by means of untargeted metabolomics. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/untargeted-metabolomics.htm
Typical molecular biomarkers include proteins, genetic mutations, and aberrant methylation patterns. abnormal transcripts, miRNAs, and other biological molecules. Protein biomarkers are considered reliable indicators of the disease state and clinical outcome as they are the endpoints of biological processes. Remarkable innovations in proteomic technologies in the last few years have greatly accelerated the process of biomarker discovery. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
Untargeted Metabolomics Strategy VS Targeted Metabolomics Strategy.pdfCreative Proteomics
Metabolomics can be divided into non-targeted and targeted metabolomics. Non-target-ed metabolomics can analyze metabolites derived from the organisms comprehensively and systematically. It is an unbiased metabolomics analysis that can discover new bio-markers. Targeted metabolomics is the study and analysis of specific metabolites.
Edman Degradation is one of the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis methods for peptide chains/proteins sequencing. The protein is reacted with PTC under weakly basic conditions and then treated with an acid to free the amino-terminal residue of the peptide chain in the form of PTH-AA for subsequent analysis. Peptide Mapping analysis is an effective method for rapidly localizing protein sequences and is a commonly used strategy in protein identification. The method uses mass spectrometry for peptide analysis and compares the obtained spectra with a protein database to obtain amino acid information. De Novo Protein Sequencing is a method based on the enzymatically cleaved peptides that exhibit regular fragmentation in mass spectrometry to obtain amino acid information from the mass differences in regular mass spectral peaks. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
Untargeted metabolomics is mainly conducted to comprehensively understand biochemical information metabolism in organisms. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology, almost all metabolites under certain physiological or other specific conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the identification of different metabolites. https://metabolomics.creative-proteomics.com/untargeted-metabolomics-service.htm
A chiral substance can rotate its polarization plan when plane-polarized light passes through it. This phenomenon is called "optical rotation." Here is the reason for the optical rotation: when the left-handed light and the right-handed light that make up the plane polarized light propagate through a chiral material, their refractive indices are different (nR≠nL). Therefore, the propagation speed of the circularly polarized light in the two directions in the chira material is different (vR≠vL), which leads to the rotation of the polarization plane. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/pronalyse/the-principle-of-circular-dichroism.html
Edman Degradation is one of the N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis methods for peptide chains/proteins sequencing. The protein is reacted with PTC under weakly basic conditions and then treated with an acid to free the amino-terminal residue of the peptide chain in the form of PTH-AA for subsequent analysis. Peptide Mapping analysis is an effective method for rapidly localizing protein sequences and is a commonly used strategy in protein identification. The method uses mass spectrometry for peptide analysis and compares the obtained spectra with a protein database to obtain amino acid information. De Novo Protein Sequencing is a method based on the enzymatically cleaved peptides that exhibit regular fragmentation in mass spectrometry to obtain amino acid information from the mass differences in regular mass spectral peaks. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/proteomics-service.htm
At present, strategies for proteomics research can be divided into discovery proteomics and targeted proteomics. Discovery proteomics is more concerned with protein screening and dynamics, while targeted proteomics focuses more on detecting target proteins/peptides to achieve absolute quantification. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/ngpro/targeted-proteomics.html
Protein qualitative analysis based on mass spectrometry explores protein expression within organisms. Mass spectrometry offers highly efficient, robust, and accurate results and is one of the core technologies for proteomic research. Protein identification is a common topic for biochemistry research, and mass spectrometry is considered one of the most useful techniques that solve this issue. Two major strategies that are widely used for protein identification by mass spectrometry are MALDI-TOF-based protein fingerprinting and LC-MS/MS-based peptide sequencing. Meanwhile, LC-MS/MS reserved higher sensitivity and ability than MALDl-TOF and can accurately identify multiple protein components from a single sample. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/protein-identification.htm
Untargeted metabolomics is mainly conducted to comprehensively understand biochemical information of metabolism in organisms. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology(LC-MS), almost all metabolites under certain physiological or other specific conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the identification of different metabolites. To the greatest extent, untargeted metabolomics reflects the multiple dynamic responses of living organisms to external stimuli, pathophysiological changes, and gene mutations in metabolite levels in vivo, offering a new perspective for disease diagnosis, pathological research, new drug development, drug toxicology, and other studies. https://metabolomics.creative-proteomics.com/untargeted-metabolomics-service.htm
Untargeted metabolomics is mainly conducted to comprehensively understand biochemical information of metabolism in organisms. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology, almost all metabolites under certain physiological or other specific conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the identification of different metabolites. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/untargeted-metabolomics.htm
Untargeted metabolomics is mainly conducted to comprehensively understand biochemical information of metabolism in organisms. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology, almost all metabolites under certain physiological or other specific conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the identification of different metabolites. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/untargeted-metabolomics.htm
Metabolomics is a study of a complete set of metabolites in a specific cell or organism. Metabolomics analysis aims at simultaneous identification and quantitative analysis of intracellular metabolites. Since metabolomics is focused on a whole set of metabolites, it reflects the metabolomics activity of the organism, and hence, allows researchers to explore the biological system. An Accurate study on metabolomics relies on sensitive and sophisticated analytic platforms and bioinformatics analysis systems. With years of developing and refining our bioinformatics analysis system, Creative Proteomics offers comprehensive bioinformatics support to our clients’ research! https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/bioinformatic-analysis-for-metabolomics-study.htm
Proteins play a key role in molecular recognition and are at the core of all biological processes. They can interact with other components of the cell, such as small molecular metabolites, nucleic acids, membranes and other proteins to build supramolecular components and carefully design molecular machines that perform various functions, from chemical catalysis, mechanical work to signal transmission And adjustment. So far, large-scale protein-protein interactions have been identified, and all the generated data is collected in a special database, which can create large-scale protein interaction networks. Like metabolism or genetic/epigenetic networks, the study of PPIs can help us understand the mechanisms of signal transduction, transmembrane transport, cell metabolism and other biological processes through stable or transient, covalent or non-covalent interactions. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/protein-protein-interaction-networks.htm
Untargeted metabolomics is mainly conducted to comprehensively understand biochemical information of metabolism in organisms. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology, almost all metabolites under certain physiological or other specific conditions can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the identification of different metabolites. https://www.creative-proteomics.com/services/untargeted-metabolomics.htm
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Proteomics and pharmacoproteomics
Proteomics is a discipline that analyzes the dynamics of protein components, including expression
levels and modification states from a holistic perspective, understands the interactions and
connections between proteins, reveals the function of proteins and the laws of cell life, and studies
all proteins in cells and their behaviors. The concept of proteomics has been used in the field of
pharmaceutical research, thereby developing pharmacoproteomics. This field includes: discovery
of all possible drug targets and all possible compounds for these targets; study of drug action
mechanisms and toxicology; drug screening. It is also possible to classify patients according to
protein profiles, to provide individualized treatment, and to predict drug efficacy. Nowadays, the
pharmaceutical proteomics has penetrated into all aspects of drug discovery and clinical
application.
Figure 1. Workflow for large-scale proteomics approach for target discovery
within a pharmaceutical setting (Ryan et al. 2002)
Proteomics accelerate the drug discovery process
The drug discovery process includes target identification, target validation, lead recognition, small
molecule optimization, and preclinical/clinical development.
Proteomics—A Major New
Technology for Drug Discovery
www.creative-proteomics.com
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3. ◆ Proteomics for drug target recognition
Finding effective drugs and drug targets is one of the most widely used applications of proteomics.
Proteomics can provide abundant protein expression in cells or tissues. Find differentially
expressed proteins by comparing divergences in protein expression profiles between healthy and
diseased tissues, cells, or body fluids, which may be potential biomarkers or drug targets.
◆ Proteomics for drug target validation
The detection of only disease-associated proteins (targets) is not sufficient to begin the drug
screening. Verifying the function of these proteins, and determining the role of proteins in the
pathogenesis of the disease are critical to the process of drug discovery. Proteomics can be
used in target validation to detect potential efficacy of drug candidates, to evaluate structure-
activity relationships of drug analogues in combination with combinatorial chemistry, to study
protein interactions, and to explore phenotypic changes when protein expression is excessive
or inhibited.
◆ Proteomics for the recognition and optimization of lead compounds
Proteomics technology can provide a high-throughput method for identifying and optimizing
suitable lead compounds. For example, the identification of protein-protein interactions can be
used to screen for lead compounds based on in vivo physiological responses, i.e., activity
interference. Functional protein microarray can be used in vitro to detect protein-protein
interactions, in the presence or absence of protein lead compounds, and to quickly identify
molecules that prevent proteins from binding normally, which can change significantly by
interfering with protein interactions in living cells. The same strategy can also be used to
optimize lead compounds when suitable lead compounds are identified. In this case, protein
interactions can be used to determine the presence of a chemical derivative of the lead
compound to identify the most likely affected protein.
www.creative-proteomics.com
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Proteomics—A Major New
Technology for Drug Discovery
4. Proteomics technologies in drug discovery
1. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is the
main means of protein separation and currently the
most commonly applied technique for studying
proteomics, which first separates proteins by
isoelectric point and molecular weight by 2D
polypropylene gel electrophoresis, and then
analyzes the formed 2D gel electropherogram by
software. The desired protein spots are then cleaved
from the gel and subjected to mass spectrometry
(MS) after enzymatic digestion. The 2DE has been
able to isolate more than one thousand protein spots
after several years of development.
However, it still has certain defects. For example,
quantitative comparisons are not allowed
between samples with extremely small minimal
proteins, very basic acid proteins, hydrophobic
proteins, and poorly isolated proteins with low
abundance. While, it is estimated that more than
50% of the proteins in the cells are low abundance.
Furthermore, it is time-consuming, labor-
consuming, and the reproducibility is not
satisfactory. Therefore, the next step is to
optimize the technology or to find innovative
ways to measure protein abundance and activity.
2. Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is the fastest developing and
most potential technique for protein identification at
present, with the characteristics of high sensitivity,
high accuracy and automation. The most commonly
adopted ones are matrix-assisted laser desorption
ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray ionization
tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-
MS). In addition, new methods such as shotgun mass
spectrometry (Shotgun-MS) and capillary
electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) have
been developed for direct identification of protein
hydrolysates. In recent years, tandem mass
spectrometry (TMS) has been used for protein
sequencing and identification.
In addition, high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) separation combined
with mass spectrometry (MS) identification can
effectively make up for the deficiency of 2DE,
with a wide range of fixed phases and
applications. Multidimensional protein
identification (MUDPIT) and isotope affinity
labeling (ICAT) are two technologies developed
on the basis of LC-MS-MS. MUDPIT is suitable
for large-scale protein isolation and
identification, and it can detect low-abundance
proteins. ICAT is suitable for detecting and
quantitating low abundance proteins.
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Proteomics—A Major New
Technology for Drug Discovery
5. 3. Protein microarray
The principle of the protein microarray is to arrange various purified proteins in an orderly manner on a filter
or a slide, and then use a fluorescently labeled protein or small molecule as a probe to incubate the protein
microarray, rinse to remove the unbound probe, and detect fluorescence signals. Protein microarray is a
high-throughput screening method similar to gene microarray. Its applications in drug development mainly
include: (i). screening of lead compounds for drug targets; (ii). detection of substances binding to small
molecules (such as drugs, lead compounds); (iii). study of interactions between small molecules and proteins.
Figure 2. Protein microarraytechnologies in drug discovery (Huang et al, 2017)
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Proteomics—A Major New
Technology for Drug Discovery
6. 4. Yeast two-hybrid system
The yeast two-hybrid system is one of the most powerful methods for analyzing protein interactions, which
can be used not only to test protein interactions in vivo, but also to discover new proteins that interact with
each other in gene libraries. The principle is to fuse the DNA domain (DB) and transcriptional activation
domain (AD) of the transcriptional activator with a pair of proteins to be detected (referred to as "bait" and
"prey", respectively), and examine the expression of the reporter gene.
Figure 3. Yeast two-hybrid methods and their applications in drug discovery (Hamdi et al, 2012)
www.creative-proteomics.com
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Proteomics—A Major New
Technology for Drug Discovery
7. Creative Proteomics can provide a comprehensive range of proteomics services to help you better
conduct research in the drug discovery process, which include: protein gel and imaging analysis,
protein identification, protein quantification, top-down proteomics, peptidomics, post-translational
modification analysis, and protein-protein interaction. Our technical staff will work closely with you
from experimental design to report delivery. If you have any questions or order, please feel free to
contact us.
References:
1. Schirle M, Bantscheff M, Kuster B. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in preclinical drug discovery. Chemistry
& biology, 2012, 19(1): 72-84.
2. Burbaum J, Tobal G M. Proteomics in drug discovery. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2002, 6(4): 427-433.
3. Wang J H, Hewick R M. Proteomics in drug discovery. Drug discovery today, 1999, 4(3): 129-133.
4. Grey J L, Thompson D H. Challenges and opportunities for new protein crystallization strategies in structure-
based drug design. Expert opinion on drug discovery, 2010, 5(11): 1039-1045.
5. Chambliss A B, Chan D W. Precision medicine: from pharmacogenomics to pharmacoproteomics. Clinical
proteomics, 2016, 13(1): 25.
6. Hamdi A, Colas P. Yeast two-hybrid methods and their applications in drug discovery. Trends in pharmacological
sciences, 2012, 33(2): 109-118.
Our comprehensive proteomics services and products
protein gel and imaging analysis
protein identification protein quantification top-down proteomics peptidomics post-translational
modification analysis protein-protein interaction
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Proteomics—A Major New
Technology for Drug Discovery
