Gel electrophoresis native, denaturing&reducingLovnish Thakur
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation.
PPT protein separation and purificationKAUSHAL SAHU
special study for all master and BSc student
protein isolation,
protein purification
protein separation,
protein analysis
and some extra like end group analysis ( n-terminal, and c-terminal) etc
i'm kaushal kumar sahu msc final year biotechnology..
Gel electrophoresis native, denaturing&reducingLovnish Thakur
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and sometimes purify macromolecules - especially proteins and nucleic acids - that differ in size, charge or conformation.
PPT protein separation and purificationKAUSHAL SAHU
special study for all master and BSc student
protein isolation,
protein purification
protein separation,
protein analysis
and some extra like end group analysis ( n-terminal, and c-terminal) etc
i'm kaushal kumar sahu msc final year biotechnology..
wo-dimensional gel electrophoresis, abbreviated as 2-DE or 2-D electrophoresis, is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins. Mixtures of proteins are separated by two properties in two dimensions on 2D gels. 2-DE was first independently introduced by O'Farrell and Klose in 1975.
In This presentation you will learn about centrifugation and its principle and main tpic of this ppt is AUC(Analytical ultracentrifugation) and its pricliple and analysis process which are perform in it and Application of AUC
so enjoy learning
You can share your thougths on my mail pmo.afak313@gmail.com
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is considered a powerful tool for proteomics work. 2-DE separates proteins depending on two differ steps: the first one is called isoelectric focusing (IEF) which separates proteins according to isoelectric points (pI); the second step is SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) which separates proteins based on the molecular weights.
Our website: www.creative-proteomics.com
This presentation contains all the material regarding History of animal cell culture and different methods of organ and tissue culture.Hope it will be helpful..
Centrifugation principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
concept of cnetrifugation,
basic Principle
centrifugal force
types of centrifugation based on use and rotor type
application of the each type of centrifuge
Ultracentrifuge in detail
application in general
2D-Electrophoresis is an important technique that is being used extensively in the Biochemistry and molecular biology for the quantification of different bio-molecules. It is also used in the different researches like cancer study etc. This presentation covers the introduction, sample preparation, main methodology and steps, staining techniques, applications, cost and availability across Pakistan. It also explains that why there is a need to replace the Electrophoresis with 2D electrophoresis. The main purpose of this effort is to highlight the main points about 2D-Electrophoresis.
Proteomics, definatio , general concept, signficanceKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONCEPT
WHY PROTEIOMIC NECESERY?
WHAT PROTEOMIC CAN ANSWER?
PRTEOMICS- ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE
MASS SPECTROMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY AN ITS IMPORTANCE
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
wo-dimensional gel electrophoresis, abbreviated as 2-DE or 2-D electrophoresis, is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins. Mixtures of proteins are separated by two properties in two dimensions on 2D gels. 2-DE was first independently introduced by O'Farrell and Klose in 1975.
In This presentation you will learn about centrifugation and its principle and main tpic of this ppt is AUC(Analytical ultracentrifugation) and its pricliple and analysis process which are perform in it and Application of AUC
so enjoy learning
You can share your thougths on my mail pmo.afak313@gmail.com
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is considered a powerful tool for proteomics work. 2-DE separates proteins depending on two differ steps: the first one is called isoelectric focusing (IEF) which separates proteins according to isoelectric points (pI); the second step is SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) which separates proteins based on the molecular weights.
Our website: www.creative-proteomics.com
This presentation contains all the material regarding History of animal cell culture and different methods of organ and tissue culture.Hope it will be helpful..
Centrifugation principle and types by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
concept of cnetrifugation,
basic Principle
centrifugal force
types of centrifugation based on use and rotor type
application of the each type of centrifuge
Ultracentrifuge in detail
application in general
2D-Electrophoresis is an important technique that is being used extensively in the Biochemistry and molecular biology for the quantification of different bio-molecules. It is also used in the different researches like cancer study etc. This presentation covers the introduction, sample preparation, main methodology and steps, staining techniques, applications, cost and availability across Pakistan. It also explains that why there is a need to replace the Electrophoresis with 2D electrophoresis. The main purpose of this effort is to highlight the main points about 2D-Electrophoresis.
Proteomics, definatio , general concept, signficanceKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONCEPT
WHY PROTEIOMIC NECESERY?
WHAT PROTEOMIC CAN ANSWER?
PRTEOMICS- ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE
MASS SPECTROMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY AN ITS IMPORTANCE
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
BLO: Transferring the macromolecule from gel to membrane followed by detection on the membrane using antibody is k/a blotting
molecular methods used to identify and measure specific DNA, RNA and protein in complex biological mixtures.
It is the technique för
transferring DNA, RNA and proteins onto a carrier so they can be separated, and often follows the use of a gel electrophoresis.
IMMUNO BLOTTING:
Immunoblotting techniques use antibodies to identify target proteins .
They involve identification of protein target via antigen-antibody (or protein-ligand) specific reactions.
The Southern blot is used for transferring DNA,.
The Northern blot for RNA
The western blot for PROTEIN.
The Eastern blot for PROTEIN, post-translational modifications (PTMS) .
WESTERN BLOTTING:
Principle:
Western blotting technique is used for identification of particular protein from the mixture of protein.
In this method labelled antibody against particular protein is used identify the desired protein, so it is a specific test.
Western blotting is also known as immunoblotting because it uses antibodies to detect the protein.
METHODOLOGY:
Extraction of protein
2. Gel electrophoresis: SDS PAGE
3. Blotting: electrical or capillary blotting
4. Blocking: BSA
5. Treatment with primary antibody
6. Treatment with secondary antibody( enzyme labelled anti Ab)
7. Treatment with specific substrate; if enzyme is alkaline phosphatase, substrate is p-nitro phenyl phosphate which give color.
Analytical techniques for separation or purification of proteinsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Analytical techniques for separation or purification of proteins for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Improved coverage of the proteome using gel eluted liquidExpedeon
It has long been understood that sample fractionation is critically important to generating quality, comprehensive proteomics data. In spite of the continual improvements in speed and sensitivity of mass spectrometers, these instruments are still unable to adequately overcome the enormous challenge
of most biological samples without multiple dimensions of separation prior to mass analysis.
Flow cytometry is a method used for cell counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering. It uses lasers to enable simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of up to thousands of particles per second. Cells must be suspended in a stream of fluid and incubated with fluorescent-labelled antibodies which detect the expression of cell surface and intracellular molecules. The suspension is then passed by an electronic detection apparatus. The protocol for this technique is similar to but differs from that used for indirect flow cytometry, aka fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS).
German Scientist “Carl Vogt” was first to describe the principle of apoptosis in 1842. In 1885, Anatomist “Walther Flemming” gave more precise description of Programmed Cell Death. Apoptosis is a form of Programmed Cell Death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a Greek word which means falling off. It leads to breakdown and disposal of cells. Macrophages and other Phagocytic Cells remove them by Phagocytosis, without developing any type of inflammation. It is a biochemical event that leads to morphological changes and death. The average adult human looses 50-70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Introduction
• Sample is a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like.
• Following as sample can be used for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
i. Cells/Tissues
ii. DNA from tissues
iii. Blood or Urine.
• Tissues can either be examined under microscope for presence of parasite or DNA
from tissues can be examined, while blood can be used to test the presence of
immunoglobulins, proteins or other components.
Several steps involved in sample preparation are based on type of sample and mode of test.
(S.Sundar,Rai.M; Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2002. PubMed Central)
3. Protein sample preparation
Extraction of the entire protein from serum requires a multi –step protocol, where various sample processing steps are
performed to increase efficacy of the extraction procedure.
In case of bacterial/ animal/plant protein extraction- sample collection, stabilization, and protein extraction.
After separation of serum from whole blood or lysis of cell (bacterial/animal/plant) cell lysate, other components must
be removed by filtration, or centrifugation.
Cells or tissue are disrupted in such a way as to minimize proteolysis and other modes of protein degradation.
Lysis of these cells could be done using- Osmotic shock, Enzyme digestion, Detergent ,Grinding or UltraSonicator.
It should be performed at as low temperature as possible and with a minimum of heat generation and even using
protease inhibitors will give good results.
4. Separation of plasma
1) Blood is collected into purple top EDTA tubes and centrifuged (2000 rpm) at 4 degrees centigrade for 20 minutes.
2) 2) After centrifugation place 1.0ml of plasma into 1.5ml eppendorf tube and label it.
3) 3) Freeze immediately at –80 degree freezer.
Separation of Serum
1. A 10 ml tube of whole blood is collected following standard procedures using a serum separator tube (Golden, tiger top
tube) from each patient.
2. 2. Allow samples to clot for one hour at room temperature
3. 3. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at approximately 4000 rpm
4. 4. Aliquot serum into labelled cryovials.
5. 5. Immediately freeze vials of serum at –80-degree freezer
For sample proteins from Blood
Source: Rutgers Cancer institute of New Jerzy-protocol
5. Preparation of lysate from cell culture
1. Placed the cell culture dish on ice and wash the cells with ice-cold PBS.
2. Then ice-cold lysis buffer is added (1 mL per 107 cells/100 mm dish/150 cm2 flask; 0.5 mL per 5x106 cells/60 mm dish/75 cm2 flask).
3. Gently transfer the cell suspension into a pre-cooled microcentrifuge tube.
4. Maintain constant mixing for 30 min at 4°C.
5. Centrifuge in a microcentrifuge at 4°C for 20 min at 12,000 rpm.
6. Gently remove the tubes from the centrifuge and place on ice, aspirate the supernatant and place in a fresh tube
kept on ice. Discard the pellet.
For sample proteins from Cells/Tissues
Source: Abcom protocol : protein sample preparation
6. Extraction methods are divided in three major types- Gentle, Moderate, and Vigorous.
For sample proteins from Cells/Tissues Contd..
Gentle
• Cell Lysis (osmotic
Shock)
• Enzyme digestion
• Detergent digestion
• Hand homogenization
• Mortar pestle grinding
Moderate
• Grinding with glass
beads
• Blade homogenization
• Freeze/Thaw
Vigorous
• Ultrasonication
• French Press
Source: G E Healthcare life sciences protein extraction
handbook
7. Protein Purification
Proteins can be purified using techniques based on molecular size , solubility of proteins, or charge.
Based on Molecular size-
Density gradient centrifugation,
Size-exclusion chromatography.
Based on charge-
Ion-exchange chromatography
electrophoresis
Based on Solubility of Proteins-
Using Salt (NaCl, MgCl2
) at different concentration
8. Density gradient centrifugation
Protein containing solution is suspended in uniform density
gradient of sucrose and sedimentation of protein occurs in
tube depending upon its rate of sedimentation.
Sedimentation depends upon weight, density and size on
the protein.
Some other centrifugation technique like differential
sedimentation centrifugation,
Source: Sigma Aldrich
9. Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique for separating mixture into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify
the components.
It is based on the separation of components based on their relative affinity or solubility to different phages of
chromatography. i.e. Mobile phase (M.P.) and Stationary phase(S.P.).
The different types of combination of stationary and mobile phases are used for different types of
chromatography, which is selected based on our requirement.
Types of chromatography
I. Paper chromatography – for dried liquid samples with a liquid solvent and paper as S.P.
II. Thin Layer chromatography – for dried liquid samples with liquid solvent and thin layer of stationary
phase (alumina or silica gel on glass plate)
III. Liquid chromatography - for Liquid samples with liquid solvent and solid beads.
IV. Gas chromatography - mainly used for vaporized or volatile samples with carrier gas and S.P. of
Liquid or solid beads.
V. HPLC – mainly for already purified protein, used for analytical purposes.
10. Gel-filtration chromatography
Porous particles are used to separate molecules of different
size.
Proteins passed over a column filled with a hydrated porous
beads made of a carbohydrate or polyacrylamide polymer.
Mixture of protein dissolved in suitable buffer, is allowed to
flow by gravity down the column.
Very large molecules cannot penetrate into the pores of the
beads without entering the pores, the small molecules enter
the pores.
Large molecules are excluded and small proteins are retarded
due to pores.
This way separation on the basis of size and weight is done.
Source: www.mikeblaber.org/lecture 31
11. Ion-exchange chromatography
Separation of proteins in a column filled with charged polmer
beads.
Positively charged beads- anion exchange chromatography
Negatively charged beads- cation exchange chromatography
Proteins with opposite charge binds to the beads respectively.
More charged protein will bound well and so less charged
proteins will be eluted first.
Finally bound proteins can be eluted using salt.
Source: mastering-biochemistry.com
12. Gel Electrophoresis
Macromolecules ( proteins, nucleic acids) are separated under the electric field on the basis of their size and charge.
Voltage of approx. 70- 100 volts is used, which may vary depending upon the sample and gel size.
Different types of electrophoresis are performed on the basis of molecules.
Molecules move towards opposite charged electrode and hence get resolved.
The movement of molecule also depend on size, shape, and applied voltage.
Polyacrylamide or agarose gels are used for caring sample and for resolution of their components.
SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is anionic detergent which bind to peptide chain and provides uniform negative charge,
and so cause proteins move to cathode.
13. PAGE
Poly Acrylamide gel electrophoresis is mainly performed for protein
samples.
It is mainly of two types- Native PAGE and, SDS-PAGE.
In Native PAGE the protein is separated in their native form or
conformation, however in SDS-PAGE.
As SDS is an anionic detergent which breaks polymeric proteins to
their monomeric subunits and linearize them.
Image Source: www.bio-rad.com- literature bulletin
15. Gel preparation
Stacking Gel Resolving/Separating Gel
4% 7.5% 12%
30% Acrylamide/bis 1.98ml 3.75ml 6.0ml
0.5M Tris HCl (pH6.8) 3.78ml - -
1.5M Tris HCl (pH8.8) - 3.75ml 3.75ml
10%SDS 150µl 150µl 150µl
dH2O 9ml 7.28ml 5.03ml
TEMED 15µl 7.5µl 7.5µl
10%APS 75µl 75µl 75µl
Total Volume 15ml 15ml 15ml
16. Buffer preparation
Components/L volume
Tris Base 30.4 g
Glycine 144.2 g
SDS 10.0g
The volume was made up to 1L with water
Running Buffer (10X)
Components/L Concentration
Tris HCL pH 8 50 mM
NaCl 150 mM
NP-40 1%
Sodium deoxycholate 0.5 %
SDS 0.1 %
Lysis Buffer
Laemmli Buffer
Tris-Cl 60mM
Glycerol 10%
SDS 3%
Bromophenol blue 0.05%
ᵝ- mercaptoethanol 10%
TAE Buffer
Ccomponents Main Composition 50X 1X
Tris Base 2 M 242.2 g/l 4.844 g/l
Acetic Acid 1 M 60.5 ml/l 1.21 ml/l
EDTA Sodium salt
dihydrate
50 mM 18.612 g/l 0.372 g/l
17. DNA Isolation
DNA is a very long molecule made up of a chain of nucleotides and the order of these nucleotides is what makes
organisms similar to others of their species and yet different as individuals. Genes are sections within this long
DNA molecule.
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized as chromosomes in an organelle called the nucleus.
Bacterial cells have no nucleus, so their DNA is organized in rings or circular plasmids, which are in the
cytoplasm.
The DNA extraction process frees DNA from the cell and then separates it from cellular fluid and proteins so you
are left with pure DNA.
The three basic steps of DNA extraction are
1) lysis,
2) precipitation, and
3) purification.
18.
19. Extraction Protocol
1. Take 3ml of whole blood in Falcon tube.
2. Add 2ml of reagent A.
3. Mix well at room temperature.
4. Centrifuge at 10000rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature.
5. Discard supernatant carefully and add 1ml of reagent B.
6. Vortex briefly for better mixing.
7. Place tube in water bath for 15 min at 65 degree Celsius.
8. Allow to cool at room temperature and add Phenol : Chloroform : isoamyl alcohol.
9. After proper mixing, centrifuge at 12000pm for 2 min.
10. Transfer upper phase to new tube and add 2ml of ice cold ethanol and invert mix well.
11. Spool the cottony DNA using pipette.
12. Air dry and resuspend in TAE buffer for further use.
20. Reagents
Reagent A- for RBC lysis
0.01M Tris-HCl pH 7.4
320mM Sucrose
5mM MgCl2
1% Triton X100
Preparation- Add 10 ml of Tris,109.54g of sucrose, 0.47g of MgCl2,and 10 ml of Triton X-100 to 800ml of
distilled water and adjust pH to 8.0. make final volume to 1 L.
Reagent B- for cell lysis
0.4M tris-HCl,
150 mM NaCl,
0.06M EDTA,
1% sodium dodecyl sulfate ,
pH 8.0
preparation- Take 400 mL of Tris, 120 mL of EDTA, 8.76g of NaCl, and adjust pH, final volume to 1L.
21. The obtained DNA can be then used for PCR, or Electrophoresis.
For electrophoresis the DNA sample is mixed with Loading dye and added to well for allowing it to resolve on gel.
For PCR-(for amplification of DNA ) A mix of templet DNA , dNTPs, Polymerase Enzyme and Primes, and allow it to
step by step Denaturation, Annealing, and Elongation.
The PCR product could be checked for amplification on Agarose gel electrophoresis.