Sample preparation involves collecting and processing samples to isolate proteins, DNA, or other molecules of interest. For protein samples, cells or tissues are lysed to release proteins, which are then separated from other components through techniques like centrifugation or filtration. Purification methods separate protein mixtures based on properties like size, charge, or solubility using chromatography, electrophoresis, or precipitation. DNA extraction from blood involves lysing cells, precipitating DNA, and purifying it from other cell components. Proper sample preparation is essential for downstream diagnostic and analytical tests.

1. SAMPLE PREPARATION

2. Introduction
• Sample is a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like.
• Following as sample can be used for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
i. Cells/Tissues
ii. DNA from tissues
iii. Blood or Urine.
• Tissues can either be examined under microscope for presence of parasite or DNA
from tissues can be examined, while blood can be used to test the presence of
immunoglobulins, proteins or other components.
Several steps involved in sample preparation are based on type of sample and mode of test.
(S.Sundar,Rai.M; Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2002. PubMed Central)

3. Protein sample preparation
Extraction of the entire protein from serum requires a multi –step protocol, where various sample processing steps are
performed to increase efficacy of the extraction procedure.
In case of bacterial/ animal/plant protein extraction- sample collection, stabilization, and protein extraction.
After separation of serum from whole blood or lysis of cell (bacterial/animal/plant) cell lysate, other components must
be removed by filtration, or centrifugation.
Cells or tissue are disrupted in such a way as to minimize proteolysis and other modes of protein degradation.
Lysis of these cells could be done using- Osmotic shock, Enzyme digestion, Detergent ,Grinding or UltraSonicator.
It should be performed at as low temperature as possible and with a minimum of heat generation and even using
protease inhibitors will give good results.

4. Separation of plasma
1) Blood is collected into purple top EDTA tubes and centrifuged (2000 rpm) at 4 degrees centigrade for 20 minutes.
2) 2) After centrifugation place 1.0ml of plasma into 1.5ml eppendorf tube and label it.
3) 3) Freeze immediately at –80 degree freezer.
Separation of Serum
1. A 10 ml tube of whole blood is collected following standard procedures using a serum separator tube (Golden, tiger top
tube) from each patient.
2. 2. Allow samples to clot for one hour at room temperature
3. 3. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at approximately 4000 rpm
4. 4. Aliquot serum into labelled cryovials.
5. 5. Immediately freeze vials of serum at –80-degree freezer
For sample proteins from Blood
Source: Rutgers Cancer institute of New Jerzy-protocol

5. Preparation of lysate from cell culture
1. Placed the cell culture dish on ice and wash the cells with ice-cold PBS.
2. Then ice-cold lysis buffer is added (1 mL per 107 cells/100 mm dish/150 cm2 flask; 0.5 mL per 5x106 cells/60 mm dish/75 cm2 flask).
3. Gently transfer the cell suspension into a pre-cooled microcentrifuge tube.
4. Maintain constant mixing for 30 min at 4°C.
5. Centrifuge in a microcentrifuge at 4°C for 20 min at 12,000 rpm.
6. Gently remove the tubes from the centrifuge and place on ice, aspirate the supernatant and place in a fresh tube
kept on ice. Discard the pellet.
For sample proteins from Cells/Tissues
Source: Abcom protocol : protein sample preparation

6. Extraction methods are divided in three major types- Gentle, Moderate, and Vigorous.
For sample proteins from Cells/Tissues Contd..
Gentle
• Cell Lysis (osmotic
Shock)
• Enzyme digestion
• Detergent digestion
• Hand homogenization
• Mortar pestle grinding
Moderate
• Grinding with glass
beads
• Blade homogenization
• Freeze/Thaw
Vigorous
• Ultrasonication
• French Press
Source: G E Healthcare life sciences protein extraction
handbook

7. Protein Purification
Proteins can be purified using techniques based on molecular size , solubility of proteins, or charge.
Based on Molecular size-
Density gradient centrifugation,
Size-exclusion chromatography.
Based on charge-
Ion-exchange chromatography
electrophoresis
Based on Solubility of Proteins-
Using Salt (NaCl, MgCl2
) at different concentration

8. Density gradient centrifugation
Protein containing solution is suspended in uniform density
gradient of sucrose and sedimentation of protein occurs in
tube depending upon its rate of sedimentation.
Sedimentation depends upon weight, density and size on
the protein.
Some other centrifugation technique like differential
sedimentation centrifugation,
Source: Sigma Aldrich

9. Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique for separating mixture into their components in order to analyze, identify, purify
the components.
It is based on the separation of components based on their relative affinity or solubility to different phages of
chromatography. i.e. Mobile phase (M.P.) and Stationary phase(S.P.).
The different types of combination of stationary and mobile phases are used for different types of
chromatography, which is selected based on our requirement.
Types of chromatography
I. Paper chromatography – for dried liquid samples with a liquid solvent and paper as S.P.
II. Thin Layer chromatography – for dried liquid samples with liquid solvent and thin layer of stationary
phase (alumina or silica gel on glass plate)
III. Liquid chromatography - for Liquid samples with liquid solvent and solid beads.
IV. Gas chromatography - mainly used for vaporized or volatile samples with carrier gas and S.P. of
Liquid or solid beads.
V. HPLC – mainly for already purified protein, used for analytical purposes.

10. Gel-filtration chromatography
Porous particles are used to separate molecules of different
size.
Proteins passed over a column filled with a hydrated porous
beads made of a carbohydrate or polyacrylamide polymer.
Mixture of protein dissolved in suitable buffer, is allowed to
flow by gravity down the column.
Very large molecules cannot penetrate into the pores of the
beads without entering the pores, the small molecules enter
the pores.
Large molecules are excluded and small proteins are retarded
due to pores.
This way separation on the basis of size and weight is done.
Source: www.mikeblaber.org/lecture 31

11. Ion-exchange chromatography
Separation of proteins in a column filled with charged polmer
beads.
Positively charged beads- anion exchange chromatography
Negatively charged beads- cation exchange chromatography
Proteins with opposite charge binds to the beads respectively.
More charged protein will bound well and so less charged
proteins will be eluted first.
Finally bound proteins can be eluted using salt.
Source: mastering-biochemistry.com

12. Gel Electrophoresis
Macromolecules ( proteins, nucleic acids) are separated under the electric field on the basis of their size and charge.
Voltage of approx. 70- 100 volts is used, which may vary depending upon the sample and gel size.
Different types of electrophoresis are performed on the basis of molecules.
Molecules move towards opposite charged electrode and hence get resolved.
The movement of molecule also depend on size, shape, and applied voltage.
Polyacrylamide or agarose gels are used for caring sample and for resolution of their components.
SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is anionic detergent which bind to peptide chain and provides uniform negative charge,
and so cause proteins move to cathode.

13. PAGE
Poly Acrylamide gel electrophoresis is mainly performed for protein
samples.
It is mainly of two types- Native PAGE and, SDS-PAGE.
In Native PAGE the protein is separated in their native form or
conformation, however in SDS-PAGE.
As SDS is an anionic detergent which breaks polymeric proteins to
their monomeric subunits and linearize them.
Image Source: www.bio-rad.com- literature bulletin

14. Image Source: www.bio-rad.com- literature bulletin

15. Gel preparation
Stacking Gel Resolving/Separating Gel
4% 7.5% 12%
30% Acrylamide/bis 1.98ml 3.75ml 6.0ml
0.5M Tris HCl (pH6.8) 3.78ml - -
1.5M Tris HCl (pH8.8) - 3.75ml 3.75ml
10%SDS 150µl 150µl 150µl
dH2O 9ml 7.28ml 5.03ml
TEMED 15µl 7.5µl 7.5µl
10%APS 75µl 75µl 75µl
Total Volume 15ml 15ml 15ml

16. Buffer preparation
Components/L volume
Tris Base 30.4 g
Glycine 144.2 g
SDS 10.0g
The volume was made up to 1L with water
Running Buffer (10X)
Components/L Concentration
Tris HCL pH 8 50 mM
NaCl 150 mM
NP-40 1%
Sodium deoxycholate 0.5 %
SDS 0.1 %
Lysis Buffer
Laemmli Buffer
Tris-Cl 60mM
Glycerol 10%
SDS 3%
Bromophenol blue 0.05%
ᵝ- mercaptoethanol 10%
TAE Buffer
Ccomponents Main Composition 50X 1X
Tris Base 2 M 242.2 g/l 4.844 g/l
Acetic Acid 1 M 60.5 ml/l 1.21 ml/l
EDTA Sodium salt
dihydrate
50 mM 18.612 g/l 0.372 g/l

17. DNA Isolation
DNA is a very long molecule made up of a chain of nucleotides and the order of these nucleotides is what makes
organisms similar to others of their species and yet different as individuals. Genes are sections within this long
DNA molecule.
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized as chromosomes in an organelle called the nucleus.
Bacterial cells have no nucleus, so their DNA is organized in rings or circular plasmids, which are in the
cytoplasm.
The DNA extraction process frees DNA from the cell and then separates it from cellular fluid and proteins so you
are left with pure DNA.
The three basic steps of DNA extraction are
1) lysis,
2) precipitation, and
3) purification.

19. Extraction Protocol
1. Take 3ml of whole blood in Falcon tube.
2. Add 2ml of reagent A.
3. Mix well at room temperature.
4. Centrifuge at 10000rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature.
5. Discard supernatant carefully and add 1ml of reagent B.
6. Vortex briefly for better mixing.
7. Place tube in water bath for 15 min at 65 degree Celsius.
8. Allow to cool at room temperature and add Phenol : Chloroform : isoamyl alcohol.
9. After proper mixing, centrifuge at 12000pm for 2 min.
10. Transfer upper phase to new tube and add 2ml of ice cold ethanol and invert mix well.
11. Spool the cottony DNA using pipette.
12. Air dry and resuspend in TAE buffer for further use.

20. Reagents
Reagent A- for RBC lysis
0.01M Tris-HCl pH 7.4
320mM Sucrose
5mM MgCl2
1% Triton X100
Preparation- Add 10 ml of Tris,109.54g of sucrose, 0.47g of MgCl2,and 10 ml of Triton X-100 to 800ml of
distilled water and adjust pH to 8.0. make final volume to 1 L.
Reagent B- for cell lysis
0.4M tris-HCl,
150 mM NaCl,
0.06M EDTA,
1% sodium dodecyl sulfate ,
pH 8.0
preparation- Take 400 mL of Tris, 120 mL of EDTA, 8.76g of NaCl, and adjust pH, final volume to 1L.

21. The obtained DNA can be then used for PCR, or Electrophoresis.
For electrophoresis the DNA sample is mixed with Loading dye and added to well for allowing it to resolve on gel.
For PCR-(for amplification of DNA ) A mix of templet DNA , dNTPs, Polymerase Enzyme and Primes, and allow it to
step by step Denaturation, Annealing, and Elongation.
The PCR product could be checked for amplification on Agarose gel electrophoresis.

22. Thank You !