This document discusses altruism and how it develops in children. It defines altruism as actions that benefit others without expecting a reward. Children learn altruism through conditioning, observational learning from altruistic models, and as their cognitive and social skills develop. The development of prosocial behaviors like altruism is encouraged through parenting strategies like explaining how one child's actions impact another's feelings.

1. Altruism
 Teaching, developing, cultivating altruism &
pro social behavior is an important attitudinal
goal, one of the most important

2. Definisi Altruism
 “Segala tindakan yang menguntungkan
orang lain dengan tanpa mengharap adanya
imbalan”
- A. Marcoen (1999)
 “Hasrat untuk menolong orang lain tanpa
memikirkan kepentingan sendiri”
- Myers ( 1996)
 Empati kepada orang lain
 Memberikan bantuan
 Menghindari kritik untuk menerima balasan

3. Autonomous & Normative Altruism
 Autonomous altruism
 Motive utama perilaku
pro-sosial ini
(menolong) adalah
kesejahteraan orang
lain
 Normative altruism
 Perilaku baik
(menolong) untuk
mendapatkan
keuntungan personal
dan menghindari untuk
dikatakan orang yang
tidak baik

4. Dimana/Bagaimana kita menjadi “altruistic”
 Teori Biologis – bahawa kita mempunyai gen
keturunan untuk bertindak altruistic.
 Teori Psikoanalisa – altruism dalam diri
values of society – we consciously behave
altruistically
 Social learning: children LEARN pro social
behavior. Adults have LEARNED that helping
other people and being friendly pays off.
There are lots of pluses for acting altruistically

5. How do children learn altruism?
1. Conditioning: children learn that empathetic
responses, and helping others makes them
feel good.
2. Operant conditioning: positive feelings
combined with praise by significant others
3. Observational learning: research is very
clear that observation by children of
altruistic models behavior results in similar
behavior by the child

6. Cognitive Development:
 As children go through those cognitive
phases, altruistic behavior will appear given
the right situation, experiences etc.

7. Development of Pro-social (altruistic)
Behavior
 Needs to start early, is generally not
spontaneous
 Sibling conflicts over possessions
 Parents explaining relationships between one
child’s behavior and another child’s distress

8. Modeling
 Pro-social behavior in children does not
automatically increase with age
 American children often become less cooperative
and more competitive between ages 4-12.
 All kinds of reasons NOT to act altruistically
 lack of competence “hold back”
 Not obligated because its an adults role or job
 Disapproval from peers or person your trying to
help (may embarrass them or make them feel
incompetent

9. Altruism increases as…
1. Children in primary years develop their
social & emotional role-taking skills
2. Their pro-social moral reasoning goes up.
3. Their self concept as an altruistic person is
emerging

10. Altruism increases as…
1. Children in primary years develop their
social & emotional role-taking skills
2. Their pro-social moral reasoning goes up.
3. Their self concept as an altruistic person is
emerging