This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei. Therefore, the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously.
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes are organisms that consist of a single prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They range from 10–100 μm in diameter, and their DNA is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.Prokaryotes do not have membrane-enclosed nuclei. Therefore, the processes of transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all occur simultaneously.
This Powerpoint consists of RNA synthesis (transcription) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This also explains about the post-transcriptional modifications in the mRNA. How the post transcriptionla modifications help in the gene expression.
it is an informative presentation about how the information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA. it is regarding how the process of gene expression starts incase of prokaryotes
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
description of mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with clear explanation and clear pictures and also mentiong of different promotors and enhancers and silencers
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
Transcription and the various stages of transcriptionMohit Adhikary
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
This Powerpoint consists of RNA synthesis (transcription) in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This also explains about the post-transcriptional modifications in the mRNA. How the post transcriptionla modifications help in the gene expression.
it is an informative presentation about how the information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA. it is regarding how the process of gene expression starts incase of prokaryotes
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
description of mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with clear explanation and clear pictures and also mentiong of different promotors and enhancers and silencers
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
Transcription and the various stages of transcriptionMohit Adhikary
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
10. RNA Polymerase
• Theenzyme responsible for the RNA
synthesis is DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase.
–The prokaryotic RNA polymerase
is a multiple-subunit protein of
~480kD.
11. 1. Requires no primerforpolymerization.
2. Requires DNA for activity and is most
active with a double-stranded DNA as
template.
3. 5’ 3’ synthesis.
4. Require Mg2+ for RNA synthesisactivity.
5. lacks 3’ 5’ exonuclease activity, and the
error rate of nucleotides incorporation is
10-4 to 10-5.
6. Usuallyare multisubunitenzyme.
RNA Polymerase
(NMP)n + NTP (NMP)n+1 + PPi
12.
13. The holoenzyme of RNA-polymerase in E.coli
consists of 5 different subunits: 2
Subunit MW Function
36.5 KD
Determines the DNA to be
transcribed
150 KD Catalyzes polymerization
155.5 KD Binds & open DNA template
70 KD
Recognizes the promoter
for synthesis initiation
ω 11 KD Subunit packing
RNA Polymerase of E. Coli
17. Structure of bacterial prokaryotic
promoter region
TATA-Box / Pribnow box
• This is a stretch of 6
nucleotides ( 5'- TATAAT-3')
centered about 8-10
nucleotides to the leftof the
transcriptionstartsite.
-35 Sequence
• A second consensus
nucleotidesequence
( 5'- TTGACA-3'), is centered
about 35 bases to the left of
the transcriptionstartsite.
Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture Notes 17
19. • Initiation phase: RNA-polymerase
recognizes the promoter and starts
the transcription.
• Elongation phase: the RNA strand
iscontinuouslygrowing.
• Termination phase:
RNA-polymerase stops synthesis
and the nascent RNA isseparated
from the DNA template.
Transcription of Prokaryotes
20. Initiation of Transcription at
Promoters
Transcription isdivided into threesteps for
both prokaryotesand eukaryotes.
Initiation, Elongation and Termination.
The process of elongation is highly
conserved between prokaryotesand
eukaryotes, but initiation and
terminationaresomewhatdifferent.
21. Initiation
• RNA-polymerse recognizes the
TTGACA region (-35 sequence), and
slides to the TATAAT region
(-10 sequence), then opens the DNA
duplex.
• The unwound region isabout 17 bp.
22. • The first nucleotideon RNA transcript
isalwayspurine triphosphate. GTP is
moreoften than ATP.
• ThepppGpN-OH structure remainson
the RNA transcript until the RNA
synthesis iscompleted.
• The three molecules form a
transcription initiationcomplex.
RNA-pol (2) - DNA - pppGpN- OH 3
23. • No primer is needed for RNAsynthesis.
• The subunit falls off from the
RNA-polymerase once the first
3,5-phosphodiester bond is formed.
• The core enzyme moves along the DNA
template to enter the elongation phase.
24. Elongation
• The release of the subunit causes
the conformational change of the
core enzyme. The core enzyme slides
on the DNA template toward the 3
end.
• Free NTPs are added sequentially to
the 3 -OH of the nascent RNA strand.
(NMP)n+1
elongated
RNA strand
+ PPi
(NMP)n + NTP
RNA strand substrate
25. • RNA-polymerase, DNA segment of
~40nt and the nascent RNA form a
complex called the transcription
bubble.
• The 3 segment of the nascent RNA
hybridizes with the DNA template, and
its 5 end extends out the
transcription bubble as the synthesis
is processing.
31. Termination
• The RNA Polymerase stops moving on
the DNA template. The RNA transcript
falls off from the transcription complex.
• The termination occurs in either
-dependent or -independent manner.
32. The factor, a hexamer, is a ATPase
and a Helicase.
Termination function of factor
-dependent termination
33. -independent termination
• The termination signal is a stretch of
30-40 nucleotides on the RNA
transcript, consisting of many GC
followed by a series of U.
• The sequence specificity of this
nascent RNA transcript will form
particular stem-loop structures to
terminate the transcription.
