Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8

Unit 0: PrologueThe Physical Setting

Do Now: Free Write-Looking back at the murder mystery case that you cleverly solved… how was your approach as a detective similar to being a scientist?

The Nature of Science!P.S. I’m Fred

1.Observations:Are the use of the 5 senses to learn something about the environment.

Sensesa. When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything that is happening around you, paying close attention to detailb. Examples:The rock is round and smooth.

Let’s make some observations about our classroom…We have only one blackboard in our room.What other observations can you make?

2.INFERENCE:-Are interpretations of your observations.-In other words, when you infer you form a conclusion based on something you observed.

b. An example of an inference is:i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.

b. Examples ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail he must be happy.iii. Make an inference about something your observe in the classroom.

PredictionLets looks at this picture again, what will eventually happen to the circled rock? How is a prediction different than an inference?

3.PredictionAn educated guess as to what will happen in the near future based usually on your observations and inferences.An example of a prediction:i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream. ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.

4. CLASSIFICATION:To put things into groups. We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common characteristics.

a. What are some measurable properties?Think on a daily basis, what might be some of the things you measure?-Mass -Area-Temperature -Volume-Density -Pressure

b. How do we make measurements?Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and telescopes

c. Metric System & Unit ConversionThe fundamental units of the metric system are: For Mass ______________________ For Length ______________________ For Liquid Volume ________________Grams (g)Meters (m)milliliters (mL)

Prefix Fun!By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.)Hecto-(102)Deca-(101)Kilo-(103)Centi-(10-2)Milli-(10-3)Deci-(10-1)Basic Unit(100)

Prefix Fun!Kilo- (103)You can remember this using the following sentence:King Henry died, drinking chocolate milkHecto- (102)Deca- (101)Basic Unit (100)Deci- (10-1)Centi- (10-2)Milli- (10-3)

To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction.Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter(m)? ___________1100

How many millimeters(mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are 100cm in a meter and 10mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________101000

Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below! Length ___ Mass Liquid Volume meter__________ gram_______ liter________ millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______ centimeter_______ ------------ ------------meter __________ gram_________ liter_________ kilometer_______ kilogram______ kiloliter______mgLmgmmmLcmmLgkLkmkgPlease complete the practice questions 1-15

Rounding:The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values:2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1tensoneshundredstenthsBillionsTen MillionsHundredthsmillionsThousandsThousandthsTen thousandsHundred millionsHundred Thousands

Rounding Procedure:Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky. Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss. Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.

Rounding Procedure:Here is a rhyme to help you remember:“Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove”For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3Now complete practice problems 1-9!

6. Rounding:The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values:2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1tensoneshundredstenthsBillionsTen MillionsHundredthsmillionsThousandsThousandthsTen thousandsHundred millionsHundred Thousands

6. MASS:Is the amount of matter in an object.It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of molecules in it.

How do we measure MassCan we count the atoms? One by one? LolNope! Instead we use a triple beam balance which gives us a value usually in grams.Let’s click here for an interactive triple beam balance!

Is Weight the same as Mass?Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object on the Earth.Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even though your mass did not change.Let’s check our our weight on the MOON!!!

7. INERTIAA mass resisting to any change in its motion.We will learn more about this concept when we learn about Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws!

8. Temperature:It is the amount of heat energy an object has.Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of matter the hotter it is.

English Units: Fahrenheit Degrees (F°)Water Freezes : 32°F.Water Boils: 212°F.Metric Units: Celsius Degrees (°C)Water freezes: 0°C.

Water boils: 100° C.Kelvin Units (K)Absolute zero: 0 Kelvin’sWater freezes: 273 Kelvin’sWater boils: 373 Kelvin’sABSOLUTE ZERO:The lowest possible temperature and occurs when ALL heat is removed.

It is equal to -272°C.9. What variable determines the different phases?TemperatureWhat are three states, or phases of matter? Solid (ice) Liquid (water) Gas (water vapor)

11. Area:The amount of space a 2-dimensional object takes upFor squares and rectangles area is equal to: L x WL: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters, centimeters or millimeters. W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object. Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2

11. Area:Let’s practice using the following steps:Step 1: Write the formula Example: Area = L x W Step 2: List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: L = 4mm W= 2mm A= ?

11. Area:Let’s practice using the following steps:Step 3: Plug in the numbers,WITH UNITS. Example: A=4mm x 2mm Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS. Example: A= 8mm2Practice the two examples on your own!

10. Volume:The amount of space an object takes upFor solid cubes and boxes, Volume is equal to: L x W x H Depending on the size of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.

10. Volume:But for liquids, volume is measured in liters using a beaker or graduated cylinder. There two rules:1. Always read it at eye levelThis is a beaker!

10. Volume:2. You must read the meniscus to obtain an accurate result. Due to cohesion (sticky) properties of fluids, the edges of the fluid touching the glass will slightly rise. Meniscus = 73 mL

10. Volume:It is easier to measure irregular shaped objects using fluid displacement. In order to measure this irregularly shaped rock you would drop it in a beaker filled with water and measure the change in volume.

What factors affect Volume?1)Temperature Heating a material will cause it to expand and take up more space because the molecules need more room to move around. Therefore increasing temperature will increase volume. _________________ Cooling a material will result in the opposite. So decreasing temperature will decrease volume. ____________________Think about how your rings fit in the winter… they seem to be bigger!T VT V

What factors affect Volume?2) Pressure:Increasing pressure will force molecules closer together there by decreasing volume. ______________________Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to spread out and take up more space thereby increasing volume. _________________Let’s model this with a sponge. P VP V

11. DENSITYThe amount of matter (mass) in a given amount of space (volume). It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are.If they are packed tightly, the density is high.

DENSITY UNITSThe unit for measuring density is grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³Density = Mass VolumeMVD

How do you solve a math problem in science class using a formula?

Step 1Write the formulaExample: Density = Mass/Volume or D=M/V

Step 2List all the variables including the unknown, WITH UNITS.Example: D=? M = 38.0g V = 12.0cm3

Step 3Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS.Example: D=38.0g/12.0cm3

Step 4Calculate WITH UNITS.Example: D=3.2g/cm3

Example If an object has a mass of 13.4 grams and a volume 5.7 cm3 what is the density?Solution:

Let’s Practice !!!Please complete the worksheet

More on Density Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify that material at room temperature. For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1 gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml.solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.

-Fluids tend to layer based on their density, with less dense fluid on top of more dense fluid. Can you think of any examples?Let’s check out this video!Oil and Vinegar!http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid=17500&fileitem=4738&catfilter=445Factors that affect Densitya. TemperatureCooling a material causes its molecules to move closer together, making its volume decrease and causing its density to increase.Heating a material causes its molecules to move apart making its volume increase and causing the density to decreaseNote that Mass is staying the same!!!T VDTVD

So why does density matter?If a warm gust of wind meets cold air, will the warm air go above or below the cold air?Since hot air is less dense it will rise!

And Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air

This happens when you boil water 

This rising and sinking of fluids due to density and temperature differences is called…A CONVECTION CURRENT!!!We will touch upon this concept many times through out the year

Factors that affect Density:b. PressureIncreasing the pressure (squeeze) on a material causes its molecules to get pushed closer together, decreasing the volume, making the density increase.Decreasing the pressure causes the opposite effect, since molecules move further apart, it becomes less dense.Again, note mass remains the same!P VDP VD

15. Density at Different PhasesAs a material is heated, it changes from solid to liquid. More heat changes the liquid to gas. The molecules move farther apart, so the volume increases, causing the density to decrease. Solids are most dense, gases are least dense

The Only exception to this rule is waterAs water cools, its volume decreases until it reaches 4° C.As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually increases, so it becomes less dense again.Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid.This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you will meet him in Chemistry

Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than water, so ice floats!!Water is the only material whose solid form will float in its liquid form.This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes first.

16. Does size affect density of an object?You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces. Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.

17. Let review some crucial relationships!!!Temp. Volume Density Temp. Volume DensityYou must understand and know these by heart!!!

Let review some crucial relationships!!!Pressure Vol. Density

Pressure Vol. DensityYou must understand and know these by heart!!!

17. GraphingDirect Relationship: both variables “move in the same direction” They both increase or both decrease.

Inverse RelationshipVariables “move in opposite directions”. One variable goes up and the other goes down.

One variable changes, but the other remains the same.

As one variable increases, the other increases and then decreases.

Circle Graph (Pie Graph)A=50% B=25% C=12.5% D= ______CBDA

19. Change:When something observed is different from when it was last observed

Frames of reference to study change.What has caused the change?Time and Space.An example is: The Earth’s moon changes because we observe it in different locations in the sky and in different phases at different times during a month.

Rate of changeHow fast did the change happen?How much a measurable aspect of the environment, called a field, is altered over a given amount of time – years, hours, or seconds.

Cyclic Change:Changes that repeat over and over in a known period of time.Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides

Most changes are cyclic and they are very good to use when we are trying to make predictions

Cyclic: repeats at known intervals.

Non-cyclic Changes:Changes that do not repeat at all or do not repeat in a known period of time.Some examples of these are:Earthquakes and Hurricanes.

Dynamic EquilibriumSometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science test grades: some high, some low, but they even out.This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

Our natural environment is normally in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but this balance can be upset. It is easy to temporarily upset this balance, especially on a small, local scale as can happen just in the town of Long Beach.

Unfortunately, human activities tend to cause permanent disruptions, especially when we pollute.POLLUTION:When the amount of ANY substance, found ANYWHERE, becomes high enough to affect people, their properties, or plant or animal life.populationpollution

Scientific Method:________________________________________________________________________________________

Scientific Method:1. State the Problem.-always in the form of a questionExample: I observe two plants growing in my house. One is taller than the other…I have a better example: One of my two pet frogs is fatter than the other… Is one frog getting more food.

Scientific Method:2. Gather information.observations, research, brainstormingExamples:1. Are they the same species? Yes, small aquatic frogs!2. How do they behave when we feed them? Lets observe… 3. Are their any signs of aggression?

Scientific Method3. Develop a Hypothesis.-based on observations and research-Statement, NOT a question!-can be testedWrite your hypothesis in the space provided!

Scientific MethodDevelop a Hypothesis.Ex:The Larger Frog is getting more food because he is more aggresive

Scientific Method:4. Test you Hypothesis-design an experiment-make sure that your experiment test your hypothesis.In the box provided write up steps you would take in your experiment.

Scientific Method:4. Test you HypothesisExample Experiment-Feed Frog 2 tablets a day thru the pin hole in the tank cover-Observe and records who eats the food-Record the behavior of the frogs during feeding

Scientific Method:5. Observe and record your data. Use tables and notes to record observations and measurements.In the box provided draw a sample table that you would use to record data

Scientific Method:6. Analyze & Interpret ResultsIn the box provided draw a sample graph or chart that you would use to record data

Scientific Method:7. Conclusion:-based on observations and resultsWhat can you conclude from our frog dilemma.

Experimental Design:When designing an experiment, a scientist must test only one factor at a time.Variable: one factor that can exist in differing amounts being tested.

Experimental DesignControl Group Experimental Group-Constant conditions - Identical to theUsed for Consistancy control group and to isolate the EXCEPT for one Variable variable being tested -Used to generate results.

Independent VariableThe variable that is changed by the scientist. To ensure a fair test, a good experiment has only one independent variable. As the scientist changes the independent variable, he or she observes what happens.

Dependent VariableThe scientist focuses his or her observations on the dependent variable to see how it responds to the change made to the independent variable. The new value of the dependent variable is caused by and depends on the value of the independent variable

How to make a graph!It's probably better to do a graph in pencil first, then in pen.

How to make a graph!1. Collect your data. After you have it all in one place, you should have one independent variable (like time) and one dependent variable (like something you measure as a function of time).

Making a GraphHere are some points we will use as an example; we've measured position of a ball as a function of time:time (s) position (cm) 1 3.0 2 3.4 3 4.8 4 5.0 5 5.3

Making a Graph2. Determine the range of your data. In order to determine how big a graph to make, we need to determine how much the numbers vary. In this case, time varies from 1 to 5 seconds, and position varies from 3.0 to 5.3 cm. We have to make sure that there is enough space on the graph to fit all the data

Making a Graph3. The independent variable (time, in this case) will go on the x-axis (the one parallel to the bottom of the page), and the dependent variable (position, in this case) will go on the y-axis (parallel to the left hand side of the page). So, draw axes that are big enough for all the data.

Making a Graph4. Give your graph a Title. Titles of graphs are usually "Y versus X"; so in this case, our title is "Position versus Time." (NOT position divided by time, or position minus time.)

Making a Graph5. Label your graph and your axes. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! When presented with your graph, other people should be able to figure out what is plotted without asking you.

Making a Graph6. Labels on the axes must have units! So, in this case, the label on the x axis (the one on the bottom) should be "Time (seconds)" and the label on the y axis (the one on the left) should be "Position (centimeters)."

Making a Graph7.Remember to write the numbers on the graph, too. The numbers should be evenly and logically spaced - what I mean by this is the following: for our position data here, the y-axis should be marked off in increments like (1,2,3,4,5,6) or (2,4,6,8), NOT (1.3, 2.6, 4.8,...) or anything else weird.

Making a Graph8. Plot your data. Now, go ahead and place your data points on the graph. Make them big enough to be seen, but not big enough to look like you were eating pizza while making your graph.

Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8

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Prologue Note Packet 1 Sci 8