The document defines and classifies different types of solids and their projections. It describes solids as three-dimensional objects bounded by surfaces that can be curved or flat. Solids are classified as polyhedra or solids of revolution. Polyhedra include prisms, pyramids, and regular polyhedra like cubes. Solids of revolution are generated by rotating a plane figure around an axis, and include cylinders, cones, spheres and other shapes. The document also defines important terms used in projections of solids, such as axis, apex, edges, and provides examples of how to draw multi-view projections of different solids.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Section of solids, Computer Aided Machine Drawing (CAMD) of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Section of solids, Computer Aided Machine Drawing (CAMD) of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Download the original presentation for animation and clear understanding. This Presentation describes the concepts of Engineering Drawing of VTU Syllabus. However same can also be used for learning drawing concepts. Please write to me for suggestions and criticisms here: hareeshang@gmail.com or visit this website for more details: www.hareeshang.wikifoundry.com.
introduction of engineering graphics ,projection of points,lines,planes,solids,section of solids,development of surfaces,isometric projection,perspective projection
Curves2- THIS SLIDE CONTAINS WHOLE SYLLABUS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING/GRAPHICS. IT IS THE MOST SIMPLE AND INTERACTIVE WAY TO LEARN ENGINEERING DRAWING.SYLLABUS IS RELATED TO rajiv gandhi proudyogiki vishwavidyalaya / rajiv gandhi TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ,BHOPAL.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
2. -The shape of the solid is described by
drawing its two orthographic views usually
on the two principle planes i.e. H.P. & V.P.
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Definition of Solid:
A solid is a three dimensional object having
length, breadth and thickness. It is
completely bounded by a surface or surfaces
which may be curved or plane.
-For some complicated solids, in addition to
the above principle views, side view is also
required.
-A solid is an aggregate of points, lines and
planes and all problems on projections of
solids would resolve themselves into
projections of points, lines and planes.
3. Classification of Solids:
Solids may be divided into two main
groups;
(A) Polyhedra
(B) Solids of revolution
(A) Polyhedra :
A Polyhedra is defined as a solid
bounded by planes called faces which
meet in straight lines called edges.
4. There are seven regular Polyhedra
which may be defined as stated below;
(3) Tetrahedron
(4) Cube or Hexahedron:
(5) Octahedron:
(6) Dodecahedron:
(7) Icosahedron:
(1) Prism
(2) Pyramid
5. (1) Prism:
It is a polyhedra having two
equal and similar faces
called its ends or bases,
parallel to each other and
joined by other faces which
are rectangles.
-The imaginary
line joining the
Centres of the
bases or faces is
called Axis of
Prism.
Axis
Faces
Edge
6. According to the shape of its base, prism can be sub classified into
followingtypes:
(a)TriangularPrism:
(b)SquarePrism:
8. (2)Pyramid:
This is a polyhedra having plane
surface as a base and a number
of triangular faces meeting at a
point called the Vertex or Apex.
-The imaginary
line joining the
Apex with the
Centre of the
base is called
Axis of pyramid.
Axis
Edge
Base
9. According to the shape of its base, pyramid can be sub classified into
followingtypes:
(a)TriangularPyramid:
(b)SquarePyramid:
11. (B)SolidsofRevolutions:
When a solid is generated by revolutions
of a plane figure about a fixed line (Axis)
then such solids are named as solids of
revolution.
Solids of revolutions may be of following
types;
(1) Cylinder
(2) Cone
(3) Sphere
(4) Ellipsoid
(5) Paraboloid
(6) Hyperboloid
12. (1) Cylinder:
A right regular cylinder is a solid
generated by the revolution of a
rectangle about its vertical side
which remains fixed.
Rectangle
Axis
Base
13. (2)Cone:
A right circular cone is a solid
generated by the revolution of a right
angle triangle about its vertical side
which remains fixed.
Right angle
triangle
Axis
Base
Generators
17. ImportantTermsUsedinProjectionsofSolids:
(3) Axis of Solid:
For Cone and Pyramids, Axis is an
imaginary line joining centre of
the base to the Apex.
For Cylinder and Prism, Axis is an
imaginary line joining centres of
ends or bases.
20. Important Terms Used in Projections
of Solids:
(6) Regular Solid:
A solid is said to be a Regular Solid if
all the edges of the base or the end
faces of a solid are equal in length and
form regular plane figures
21. Important Terms Used in Projections
of Solids:
(7) Frustum of Solid:
When a Pyramid or a
Cone is cut by a Plane
parallel to its base,
thus removing the top
portion, the remaining
lower portion is called
its frustum. FRUSTUM OF A
PYRAMID
CUTTING PLANE
PARALLEL TO
BASE
22. Important Terms Used in Projections
of Solids:
(8) Truncated Solid :
When a Pyramid or a
Cone is cut by a Plane
inclined to its base,
thus removing the top
portion, the remaining
lower portion is said to
be truncated.
23. Class A(1): Axis perpendicular to H. P. and hence
parallel to both V.P. & P.P.
X Y
a
b
d
c
c’,d’a’,b’
o’
o
Axis
24. c’,3’b’,2’
Class A(2): Axis perpendicular to V.P. and hence
parallel to both H.P. & P.P.
f’,6’
a
e’,5’
d’,4’a’,1’
b,f c,e d
43,52,61X Y
H
26. Class B(1): Axis parallel to V.P. and inclined to
H.P. by θ & also inclined to P.P.
Exercise 1 :
A right regular pentagonal prism,
side of base 30 mm and height of
axis as 75mm rests on HP on one
of its base corners such that its
long edge containing the corner is
inclined to the HP at 60°. Draw its
projections.
29. Exercise 2 :
A tetrahedron of 40 mm
long edges, rests on HP on
one of its edges such that
the face containing that
edge is inclined to HP at
30° and the same edge is
inclined at 45° to VP. Draw
the projections of the solid.
32. A cone, diameter of base 60mm and
height 70mm, is resting on HP on
the point of periphery of the base.
Axis of the cone makes 60 with HP
and 30 with the VP. Draw the
projections of the cone, when the
apex is nearer to the VP.
Exercise 3 :
34. Exercise 4 :
A regular pentagonal prism of
25mm long edges and axis
70mm long rests on HP on one
of its corner of the base. The
slant edge passing through
corner makes 45 with HP and
the side opposite to the same
corner makes 30 with VP.
Draw its projections.
37. Exercise 5 :
A regular hexagonal prism of
30mm sides and axis 80mm
long is resting on HP on one
of its corners of the base. The
axis makes 30 with HP and
plan of the axis makes 45
with the VP. Draw its
projections.
39. A square pyramid, side of base
50mm and height 64mm, is freely
suspended from one of the
corners of the base. Draw its
projections when vertical plane
containing axis makes an angle of
45 with the VP.
Exercise 6 :
40. A cube of 40 mm edges, is resting
on the H.P. on one of the edges of
the base with face containing that
edge making 30 with the H.P.
The edge on which the cube rests
on the H.P. is making 30 with the
V.P. Draw the projections.
Exercise :