CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
Work breakdown structure in project management ppt by kiran jIIT delhi
Presentation talks about WBS used in the Project Management, what is WBS? Why is it important? How construction and manufacturing firms utilizing WBS to create value delivery. WBS is an important step in Project Management and it is critical to understand it's concepts.
Basic concepts of resource management, class of
labour, Wages & statutory requirement, Labour Production rate or Productivity,Factors affecting labour output or productivity.
Construction Equipments: classification of construction equipment, estimation
of productivity for: excavator, dozer, compactors, graders and dumpers.
Estimation of ownership cost, operational and maintenance cost of construction equipments. Selection of construction equipment and basic concept on equipment maintenance.
Materials: material management functions, inventory management.
for the subject offered in GTU in the final year (8th semester), construction management
final year
Module:- 5 project scheduling and resource leveling
Project scheduling and resource levelling_Construction Management A Makwana
At the time of preparing the network of any project, usually it is assumed that all resources needed for its execution are available in plenty and no consideration of resource constraints is taken into account.
In such situations the duration of the project may increase escalating the cost of the project.
This presentation talks about some of the contract clauses of concessionaire document of Hyderabad Metro. The clauses discussed are :
Performance Security
Right of Way
Change of Scope
Financial Close
Dispute Resolution
Resource levelling is a technique in project management that overlooks resource allocation and resolves possible conflict arising from over-allocation. When project managers undertake a project, they need to plan their resources accordingly.
This will benefit the organization without having to face conflicts and not being able to deliver on time. Resource levelling is considered one of the key elements to resource management in the organization.
An organization starts to face problems if resources are not allocated properly i.e., some resource may be over-allocated whilst others will be under-allocated. Both will bring about a financial risk to the organization.
Resource levelling is required when there is a demand for resources more compared to the available supply.
Resource levelling helps an organization to make use of the available resources to the maximum. The idea behind resource levelling is to reduce wastage of resources i.e., to stop over-allocation of resources.
Project manager will identify time that is unused by a resource and will take measures to prevent it or making an advantage out of it.
By resource conflicts, there are numerous disadvantages suffered by the organization, such as:
Delay in certain tasks being completed
Difficulty in assigning a different resource
Unable to change task dependencies
To remove certain tasks
To add more tasks
Overall delays and budget overruns of projects
Construction Project Management is an important subject to learn in Civil Engineering.
Significance • As construction involves various activities starting from the design and planning to project completion and quality check, there is a exorbitant need for Management of construction. • Construction Industry plays a crucial role in the economy and development of a nation.
4. Objectives To complete the project in specified time and with allocated budget. To Plan and schedule the work and distribute between various departments. Deployment of personnel in Different tasks. To achieve High quality workmanship. Creating an organisation that works as a team. Using the limited available resources and producing maximum output. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers.
5. Functions: Planning & Scheduling Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling & Co-ordinating
6. Stages of construction Briefing Designing Tendering Construction Commissioning
7. 1) Briefing Stage • This stage consists of framework required for the construction work to take a shape from the ideology of client and feasibility of Project which involves architects, engineers and project manager.
Objectives Developing Alternatives Feasible Solution ? Evaluation of Alternatives Report & Recommendation Technical and non technical Investigations
8. 2) Designing or planning Stage Prepare construction schedule Prepare final cost estimate Prepare Working Drawings and specificati ons Prepare scheme and detailed designs Soil investigations, Topographic investigation, material supply and market surveys etc Carry out Technical Investigations Final adoption of the most suitable summary Finalize Project Summary
03 Construction Project Planning and Schedulingakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
CPM and PERT are most commonly used methods for project management. There are some similarities and differences between PERT and CPM. PERT can be applied to any field requiring planned, controlled and integrated work efforts to accomplish defined objectives.
Work breakdown structure in project management ppt by kiran jIIT delhi
Presentation talks about WBS used in the Project Management, what is WBS? Why is it important? How construction and manufacturing firms utilizing WBS to create value delivery. WBS is an important step in Project Management and it is critical to understand it's concepts.
Basic concepts of resource management, class of
labour, Wages & statutory requirement, Labour Production rate or Productivity,Factors affecting labour output or productivity.
Construction Equipments: classification of construction equipment, estimation
of productivity for: excavator, dozer, compactors, graders and dumpers.
Estimation of ownership cost, operational and maintenance cost of construction equipments. Selection of construction equipment and basic concept on equipment maintenance.
Materials: material management functions, inventory management.
for the subject offered in GTU in the final year (8th semester), construction management
final year
Module:- 5 project scheduling and resource leveling
Project scheduling and resource levelling_Construction Management A Makwana
At the time of preparing the network of any project, usually it is assumed that all resources needed for its execution are available in plenty and no consideration of resource constraints is taken into account.
In such situations the duration of the project may increase escalating the cost of the project.
This presentation talks about some of the contract clauses of concessionaire document of Hyderabad Metro. The clauses discussed are :
Performance Security
Right of Way
Change of Scope
Financial Close
Dispute Resolution
Resource levelling is a technique in project management that overlooks resource allocation and resolves possible conflict arising from over-allocation. When project managers undertake a project, they need to plan their resources accordingly.
This will benefit the organization without having to face conflicts and not being able to deliver on time. Resource levelling is considered one of the key elements to resource management in the organization.
An organization starts to face problems if resources are not allocated properly i.e., some resource may be over-allocated whilst others will be under-allocated. Both will bring about a financial risk to the organization.
Resource levelling is required when there is a demand for resources more compared to the available supply.
Resource levelling helps an organization to make use of the available resources to the maximum. The idea behind resource levelling is to reduce wastage of resources i.e., to stop over-allocation of resources.
Project manager will identify time that is unused by a resource and will take measures to prevent it or making an advantage out of it.
By resource conflicts, there are numerous disadvantages suffered by the organization, such as:
Delay in certain tasks being completed
Difficulty in assigning a different resource
Unable to change task dependencies
To remove certain tasks
To add more tasks
Overall delays and budget overruns of projects
Construction Project Management is an important subject to learn in Civil Engineering.
Significance • As construction involves various activities starting from the design and planning to project completion and quality check, there is a exorbitant need for Management of construction. • Construction Industry plays a crucial role in the economy and development of a nation.
4. Objectives To complete the project in specified time and with allocated budget. To Plan and schedule the work and distribute between various departments. Deployment of personnel in Different tasks. To achieve High quality workmanship. Creating an organisation that works as a team. Using the limited available resources and producing maximum output. Providing safe and satisfactory working conditions for all personnel and workers.
5. Functions: Planning & Scheduling Organizing Staffing Directing Controlling & Co-ordinating
6. Stages of construction Briefing Designing Tendering Construction Commissioning
7. 1) Briefing Stage • This stage consists of framework required for the construction work to take a shape from the ideology of client and feasibility of Project which involves architects, engineers and project manager.
Objectives Developing Alternatives Feasible Solution ? Evaluation of Alternatives Report & Recommendation Technical and non technical Investigations
8. 2) Designing or planning Stage Prepare construction schedule Prepare final cost estimate Prepare Working Drawings and specificati ons Prepare scheme and detailed designs Soil investigations, Topographic investigation, material supply and market surveys etc Carry out Technical Investigations Final adoption of the most suitable summary Finalize Project Summary
03 Construction Project Planning and Schedulingakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
CPM and PERT are most commonly used methods for project management. There are some similarities and differences between PERT and CPM. PERT can be applied to any field requiring planned, controlled and integrated work efforts to accomplish defined objectives.
Project – Initial Idea
Project Formulation
Pre-feasibility studies
Feasibility study
Project planning
Detailed Project Report
Project Network for Implementation
Project Monitoring
On course adjustments
Closure
Project : A complex set of activities, with a definite Goal
Limited earlier experience
It consumes time and resources
Multiple agencies are usually involved
Objective is finish the project at the earliest possible time
Project cost and revenues are related to time
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. darla/smbs/vit 2
What exactly is a project?
PM 1 – I’m in charge of the construction of a retail development in the centre of a
large town. There are 26 retail units and a super market in the complex. My main
responsibilities are to co-ordinate the work of the various contractors to ensure
that the project is completed to specification, within budget and on time.
PM 2 – I am directing a team of research scientists. We are running trials on a new
analgesic drug on behalf of a pharmaceutical company. It is my responsibility to
design the experiments and make sure that proper scientific and legal procedures
are followed, so that our results can be subjected to independent statistical
analysis.
PM 3- The international aid agency which employs me is sending me to New Delhi
to organize the introduction of multimedia resources at a teachers’ training college.
My role is quite complex. I have to make sure that appropriate resources are
purchased- and in some cases developed within the college. I also have to
encourage the acceptance of these resources by lecturers and students within the
college.
3. darla/smbs/vit 3
PM 2 – I am directing a team of research scientists. We are running trials on a
new analgesic drug on behalf of a pharmaceutical company. It is my
responsibility to design the experiments and make sure that proper scientific
and legal procedures are followed, so that our results can be subjected to
independent statistical analysis.
PM 3- The international aid agency which employs me is sending me to New
Delhi to organize the introduction of multimedia resources at a teachers’ training
college. My role is quite complex. I have to make sure that appropriate resources
are purchased- and in some cases developed within the college. I also have to
encourage the acceptance of these resources by lecturers and students within
the college.
PM 1 – I’m in charge of the construction of a retail development in the centre of
a large town. There are 26 retail units and a super market in the complex. My
main responsibilities are to co-ordinate the work of the various contractors to
ensure that the project is completed to specification, within budget and on time.
Project is not defined by the type of outcome it is set up to achieve
4. 4
Characteristic of a project
A project is a temporary endeavour involving a connected
sequence of activities and a range of resources, which is
designed to achieve a specific and unique outcome and which
operates within time, cost and quality constraints and which is
often used to introduce change.
A unique, one-time operational activity or effort
Requires the completion of a large number of
interrelated activities
Established to achieve specific objective
Resources, such as time and/or money, are limited
Typically has its own management structure
Need leadership
Project
5. 5
Examples
• constructing houses, factories, shopping malls,
athletic stadiums or arenas
• developing military weapons systems, aircrafts,
new ships
• launching satellite systems
• constructing oil pipelines
• developing and implementing new computer
systems
• planning concert, football games, or basketball
tournaments
• introducing new products into market
6. 6
What is project management
• The application of a collection of tools and
techniques to direct the use of diverse resources
towards the accomplishment of a unique, complex,
one time task within time, cost and quality
constraints.
• Its origins lie in World War II, when the military
authorities used the techniques of operational
research to plan the optimum use of resources.
• One of these techniques was the use of networks to
represent a system of related activities
7. 7
Project Management Process
• Project planning
• Project scheduling
• Project control
• Project team
• made up of individuals from various areas and departments within
a company
• Matrix organization
• a team structure with members from functional areas, depending
on skills required
• Project Manager
• most important member of project team
• Scope statement
• a document that provides an understanding, justification, and
expected result of a project
• Statement of work
• written description of objectives of a project
• Organizational Breakdown Structure
• a chart that shows which organizational units are responsible for
work items
• Responsibility Assignment Matrix
• shows who is responsible for work in a project
8. 8
Work breakdown structure
• A method of breaking down a project into individual
elements ( components, subcomponents, activities
and tasks) in a hierarchical structure which can be
scheduled and cost
• It defines tasks that can be completed independently
of other tasks, facilitating resource allocation,
assignment of responsibilities and measurement and
control of the project
• It is foundation of project planning
• It is developed before identification of dependencies
and estimation of activity durations
• It can be used to identity the tasks in the CPM and
PERT
10. 10
Project Planning
• Resource Availability and/or Limits
• Due date, late penalties, early completion
incentives
• Budget
• Activity Information
• Identify all required activities
• Estimate the resources required (time) to complete
each activity
• Immediate predecessor(s) to each activity needed
to create interrelationships
11. 11
Project Scheduling and Control Techniques
Gantt Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
12. 12
Graph or bar chart with a bar for each project activity that shows passage of
time
Provides visual display of project schedule
Gantt Chart
13. 13
History of CPM/PERT
• Critical Path Method (CPM)
• E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co. (1957) for
construction of new chemical plant and
maintenance shut-down
• Deterministic task times
• Activity-on-node network construction
• Repetitive nature of jobs
• Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
• U S Navy (1958) for the POLARIS missile program
• Multiple task time estimates (probabilistic nature)
• Activity-on-arrow network construction
• Non-repetitive jobs (R & D work)
14. darla/smbs/vit 14
Project Network
• Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific techniques
which can be used for the planning, management and control of projects
• Use of nodes and arrows
Arrows An arrow leads from tail to head directionally
• Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to
perform a part of the work.
Nodes A node is represented by a circle
- Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities
start and/or finish.
• Activity
– A task or a certain amount of work required in the project
– Requires time to complete
– Represented by an arrow
• Dummy Activity
– Indicates only precedence relationships
– Does not require any time of effort
15. 15
• Event
• Signals the beginning or ending of an activity
• Designates a point in time
• Represented by a circle (node)
• Network
• Shows the sequential relationships among activities
using nodes and arrows
Activity-on-node (AON)
nodes represent activities, and arrows show precedence
relationships
Activity-on-arrow (AOA)
arrows represent activities and nodes are events for points
in time
Project Network
16. darla/smbs/vit 16
AOA Project Network for House
3
2 0
1
3
1 1
1
1 2 4 6 7
3
5
Lay
foundation
Design house
and obtain
financing
Order and
receive
materials
Dummy
Finish
work
Select
carpet
Select
paint
Build
house
AON Project Network for House
1
3
2
2
4
3
3
1 5
1
6
1
7
1Start
Design house
and obtain
financing
Order and receive
materials
Select paint
Select carpet
Lay foundations Build house
Finish work
17. 17
Situations in network diagram
A
B
C
A must finish before either B or C can start
A
B
C both A and B must finish before C can start
D
C
B
A
both A and C must finish before either of B or D
can start
A
C
B
D
Dummy
A must finish before B can start
both A and C must finish before D can start
18. 18
Concurrent Activities
2 3
Lay foundation
Order material
(a) Incorrect precedence
relationship
(b) Correct precedence
relationship
3
42
Dummy
Lay
foundation
Order material
1
2 0
19. 19
Network example
Illustration of network analysis of a minor redesign of a product and its
associated packaging.
The key question is: How long will it take to complete this project ?
20. 20
For clarity, this list is kept to a minimum by specifying only immediate
relationships, that is relationships involving activities that "occur near to
each other in time".
21. darla/smbs/vit 21
Questions to prepare activity network
• Is this a Start Activity?
• Is this a Finish Activity?
• What Activity Precedes this?
• What Activity Follows this?
• What Activity is Concurrent with this?
22. 22
CPM calculation
• Path
• A connected sequence of activities leading from the
starting event to the ending event
• Critical Path
• The longest path (time); determines the project
duration
• Critical Activities
• All of the activities that make up the critical path
23. 23
Forward Pass
• Earliest Start Time (ES)
• earliest time an activity can start
• ES = maximum EF of immediate predecessors
• Earliest finish time (EF)
• earliest time an activity can finish
• earliest start time plus activity time
EF= ES + t
Latest Start Time (LS)
Latest time an activity can start without delaying critical path time
LS= LF - t
Latest finish time (LF)
latest time an activity can be completed without delaying critical
path time
LS = minimum LS of immediate predecessors
Backward Pass
24. 24
CPM analysis
• Draw the CPM network
• Analyze the paths through the network
• Determine the float for each activity
• Compute the activity’s float
float = LS - ES = LF - EF
• Float is the maximum amount of time that this activity
can be delay in its completion before it becomes a
critical activity, i.e., delays completion of the project
• Find the critical path is that the sequence of activities and
events where there is no “slack” i.e.. Zero slack
• Longest path through a network
• Find the project duration is minimum project completion
time
33. darla/smbs/vit 33
PERT
• PERT is based on the assumption that an activity’s
duration follows a probability distribution instead of
being a single value
• Three time estimates are required to compute the
parameters of an activity’s duration distribution:
• pessimistic time (tp ) - the time the activity would
take if things did not go well
• most likely time (tm ) - the consensus best estimate
of the activity’s duration
• optimistic time (to ) - the time the activity would
take if things did go well
Mean (expected time): te =
tp + 4 tm + to
6
Variance: Vt =2 =
tp - to
6
2
34. 34
PERT analysis
• Draw the network.
• Analyze the paths through the network and find the
critical path.
• The length of the critical path is the mean of the project
duration probability distribution which is assumed to be
normal
• The standard deviation of the project duration
probability distribution is computed by adding the
variances of the critical activities (all of the activities that
make up the critical path) and taking the square root of
that sum
• Probability computations can now be made using the
normal distribution table.
35. 35
Probability computation
Determine probability that project is completed within specified time
Z =
x -
where = tp = project mean time
= project standard mean time
x = (proposed ) specified time
37. 37
PERT Example
Immed. Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic
Activity Predec. Time (Hr.) Time (Hr.) Time (Hr.)
A -- 4 6 8
B -- 1 4.5 5
C A 3 3 3
D A 4 5 6
E A 0.5 1 1.5
F B,C 3 4 5
G B,C 1 1.5 5
H E,F 5 6 7
I E,F 2 5 8
J D,H 2.5 2.75 4.5
K G,I 3 5 7
43. 43
Cost consideration in project
• Project managers may have the option or requirement to
crash the project, or accelerate the completion of the
project.
• This is accomplished by reducing the length of the critical
path(s).
• The length of the critical path is reduced by reducing the
duration of the activities on the critical path.
• If each activity requires the expenditure of an amount of
money to reduce its duration by one unit of time, then the
project manager selects the least cost critical activity,
reduces it by one time unit, and traces that change through
the remainder of the network.
• As a result of a reduction in an activity’s time, a new critical
path may be created.
• When there is more than one critical path, each of the
critical paths must be reduced.
• If the length of the project needs to be reduced further, the
process is repeated.
44. 44
Project Crashing
• Crashing
• reducing project time by expending additional
resources
• Crash time
• an amount of time an activity is reduced
• Crash cost
• cost of reducing activity time
• Goal
• reduce project duration at minimum cost
46. 46
Time-Cost Relationship
Crashing costs increase as project duration decreases
Indirect costs increase as project duration increases
Reduce project length as long as crashing costs are less than indirect costs
Time-Cost Tradeoff
time
Direct cost
Indirect cost
Total project costMin total cost =
optimal project time
50. 50
Benefits of CPM/PERT
• Useful at many stages of project management
• Mathematically simple
• Give critical path and slack time
• Provide project documentation
• Useful in monitoring costs
•How long will the entire project take to be completed? What are the risks
involved?
•Which are the critical activities or tasks in the project which could delay the
entire project if they were not completed on time?
•Is the project on schedule, behind schedule or ahead of schedule?
•If the project has to be finished earlier than planned, what is the best way to
do this at the least cost?
CPM/PERT can answer the following
important questions:
51. 51
Limitations to CPM/PERT
• Clearly defined, independent and stable activities
• Specified precedence relationships
• Over emphasis on critical paths
• Deterministic CPM model
• Activity time estimates are subjective and depend on
judgment
• PERT assumes a beta distribution for these time
estimates, but the actual distribution may be different
• PERT consistently underestimates the expected project
completion time due to alternate paths becoming critical
53. 53
Practice Example
A social project manager is faced with a project with the following activities:
Activity Description Duration
Social work team to live in village 5w
Social research team to do survey 12w
Analyse results of survey 5w
Establish mother & child health program 14w
Establish rural credit programme 15w
Carry out immunization of under fives 4w
54. 54
Practice problem
Activit
y
Description Duratio
n
1-2 Social work team to live in village 5w
1-3 Social research team to do survey 12w
3-4 Analyse results of survey 5w
2-4 Establish mother & child health
program
14w
3-5 Establish rural credit programme 15w
4-5 Carry out immunization of under fives 4w
3
1
2
4
5