The document discusses the origins and distributions of various vegetables. It states that cabbage and kale originated from coastal areas of northern Spain, western France, and southwestern Britain. Cauliflower and broccoli originated from the Mediterranean basin. Onions originated from central Asia, while carrots originated from Persia and Afghanistan. Muskmelons originated from Persia and areas of west and east Asia. Cucumbers originated from the Indian subcontinent. Peas originated from the Mediterranean region, western and central Asia. French beans evolved in the highlands of middle America. Tomatoes originated from the Andes region of South America. Eggplants originated in northeastern India. Chilies originated in Mexico and the Amazon. Potatoes originated from the An

1. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
OF VEGETABLES
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2. Cabbage & Kale
Origin & distribution
Snogerup (1980) identified 10 wild species of Brassica which
commonly occur as more or less isolated populations in maritime
habitats
Wild B. oleracea has been found in the coasts of northern Spain,
western France & South-western Britain
It has been generally accepted that the early evolution of the
different cultivated brassicas occurred in the Mediterranean area.
Writings from the classical period of western civilization show
evidence that certain kinds of B. oleracea had been cultivated by
the ancient Greeks, as cited by Hodgkin (1995).
Headed cabbaged evolved in the north-western Europe during the
early middle ages from leafy unbranched & thin stemmed Kales
which were introduced in roman times from Mediterranean area,
where B. oleracea and related species occur naturally in coastal
areas.
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3. Cauliflower & Broccoli
Origin & distribution
The origin of Cauliflower & Broccoli from the Brassica oleracea
group seems to be located in the Mediterranean basin & linked to
other relatives which are likely to be B. incona, B. insularis, B.
macrocarpa, B. montane, B. rupestris & B. villosa (Gomez et al.
1991).
Cauliflower was introduced in India in 1822 by Dr. Jemson, a
botanist from Kew.
The Royal Ari-Horticultural Society, Calcutta & East India company
also introduced it in India.
Italy is the center of origin of cauliflower & broccoli.
These are found in most parts of the world but mainly
concentrated in the north temperate region & more especially in
the countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin & in South-
western & central Asia.
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4. The geographical origin of the onion is uncertain because the wild
onion is extinct and ancient records of using onions span western
& eastern Asia.
Traces of onions recovered from Bronze Age suggest that onions
were used as far back as 5000 B.C.
The name wild onion is applied to a number of allium species,
since its ancestral wild origin is not known.
Central Asia (NW India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan & Iran)
is considered the main center of origin.
From central Asia the supposed onion ancestor probably migrated
first towards Mesopotamia then to Egypt. From Egypt, A. cepa
was introduces into the Mediterranean Area & from there to all
Roman Empire.
Onion
Origin & distribution
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5. Carrots are domesticated form of the wild carrot native to Europe
& South-western Asia. Its wild ancestors probably originated in
Persia which remains the center of diversity for the wild carrot.
It is generally assumed that the eastern purple-rooted carrot
originated in Afghanistan in the region where the Himalayan &
Hindu-Kush mountains meet & that it was domesticated in
Afghanistan & adjacent regions of Russia Iran, India, Pakistan, &
Anatolia.
Purple carrot with yellow carrot variant spread to the
Mediterranean region & western Europe in 11th – 14th century & to
China, India & Japan in the 14th – 17th Centuries
Carrot
Origin & distribution
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6. Muskmelon
Origin and distribution
 Muskmelon(Cucumis melo L; 2n=2x=24) is a tropical old world species
 Muskmelon is native to percia [Iran] and areas on the west and the east
 Persia and the trans-caucasus are believed to be the main center of origin and
development, with a secondary center including the northwest provinces of
India, also Kashmir and Afghanistan
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7.  Africa as the region of domestication of melon.
 Melon may have been first domesticated as a food
source in Egypt and Iran during the second and third
millennia BCE.
 India is the center of domestication ,with the earliest
remains date to between 2300 and 1600 BCE at the
Indus valley site of Harappa.
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8. Cucumber
Origin and distribution
 Cucumis sativa is native to the Indian subcontinent
 It has been cultivated at least 3000 years & was
probably introduced to others parts of Europe by the
Greeks are romans
 During 16th century European trappers in north
America in the region of great plains & the rocky
mountains
 In 2010 word wide cucumber production was 57.5
million tons with majority of the worlds production
& export being located in china
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9.  Cucumbers were carried eastward & grown
in china by 2000yrs ago
 Until recently cucumbers where thought to
have diffused westward at a very early time
being familiar to the ancient Egyptian,
Greeks, Romans & jews
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10. PEAS
Origin and distribution
 The origin and progenitors of pisum sativum are not
well known The Mediterranean region western and
central Asia and Ethiopia have been indicated as
centers of origin.
 Recently FAO designated Ethiopia and western Asia
as centers of diversity with secondary centres in
southern Asia and Mediterranean region.
 The first cultivation of pea appears to have been in
western Asia from where it spread to Europe ,China
and India.
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11.  At present pisum sativum is found in all temperate
countries and in most tropical high lands.
 Field pea is extensively grown in the high lands of
eastern central Africa and east Africa(notably
Ethiopia)
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12. FRENCH BEAN
Origin and distribution
 French beans have evolved in the high lands
of middle America & Ender from a wild vine
over a period of 7000-8000yrs.
 Vavilov(1951)reported Mexico & central
America as the primary & Peruvian-
Ecquadrion-Bolvian region of south America
as the secondary center of French bean.
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13.  Globally French bean is cultivated on about
28 mha with a production of 19mtons.
 Brazil is the leading producer of French
beans
 In India its grown on an area about 1lakh hac
mainly in the states of Maharashtra,j&k,HP&
UP hills
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14. TOMATO
Origin and distribution
ORIGIN: The centre of origin of the genus Solanum section
Lycopersicum [formerly genus Lycopersicon] is the
Andean region that includes parts of Columbia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile .All tomato wild
relatives are native to this area. Until the arrival of the
Spanish explorers to America ,the tomato was cultivated
in the small vegetable orchards of the Mesoamerican
area and was of little economic importance.
According to Rick [1976 and 1978] with respect to the origin
and domestication of the cultivated tomato.
 The cultivated tomato had its origin the new world. It
was unknown in the Europe and in the rest of the world
before the discovery of Americas.
 The cultivated tomato had reached a certain level of
domestication before being taken to Asia and Europe.
 The most likely ancestor of tomato is the wild cherry
tomato.
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15. Clear evidence of the introduction of tomato in
Europe began appearing in the herbals of the mid-
16th century.The ist record in 1544 in Italy by
Matthiolus was of a yellow fruited form.
It is known that tomato was present in Africa at
the end of 16th century, specifically in Egypt and
Tunisia.
The introduction of tomato in Asia was probably
carried out from the Philippines, through the
galleon trade maintained with Spain as of the 16th
century.
The crop spread into the New world by way of
Spanish and Portuguese colonists.
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16. Dar Maajid

17. BRINJAL
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
:
 The brinjal is believed to be domesticated in north eastern India
where wild forms still grow.
 The seeds were carried to China more than 1500 years ago where
small fruited types were developed later.
 It was introduced to India by early traders from Arabia and Persia
and to the countries of the eastern and southern shores of the
Mediterranean early in the Middle ages.
 In 1806 , it was introduced to American gardens primarily as an
ornamental plant and was probably introduced into Europe during
the Moorish invasion of Spain.
 It gained popularity in 1890s as minor vegetable
 It has been cultivated for many centuries in India ,Bangladesh,
Pakistan, China Arabia and Philippines.
 There are several names by which crop is grown in India, of them
brinjal is the most familiar. It is also called as eggplant or aubergine.
The name eggplant is believed to be derive from Gerads description
of early forms with small, white fruit resembling eggs.
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18. CAPSICUM
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
:The word capsicum was ist used to describe the
genus by Turnefourt in 1719 and later adopted by
Linnaeus. Prior to that much confusion existed
about the botany of peppers which were confused
with Black pepper or other well known spices. All
species of genus capsicum originated in the New
world tropics. Mexico is the centre of diversity for
C.annum. wild forms of this species are also found
from Texas south to Argentina. The Amazonian
regions of south America comprise the centre of
diversity for C .chinense and C.frutescens with
secondary centres in Central America and
Caribbean islands. Andean regions of Bolivia and
Peru are the primary centres of diversity for
C.pubescens .
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19. POTATO
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
:The Potato is a native of tropical South American
region where it grows wild in nature and presents
the wider diversity of forms like tuber shape, size ,
colour , taste etc. The main cultivated Potato
species Solanum tuberosum L., an auto tetraploid
[2n=4x=48] is believed to have originated from
Andes of Peru and Bolivia in south America, more
specifically in the basin of lake Titicaca on the
border of Peru- Bolivia, where several members of
Brevicaule complex still occuring in the early years
of 17th century, most probably Portuguese sailors
took the potato to India. By late 18th and 19th
century the Potato was an important established
vegetable crop in the hills and plains of India.Dar Maajid

20. Dar Maajid

21. THANK YOU
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