This document provides information on cabbage production. It begins with an introduction to cabbage including its botanical name, family, origin in the Mediterranean region, and major producing states in India. It then discusses the different types of cabbage, breeding methods like mass selection and hybridization used to develop new varieties, and popular Indian varieties. The document also covers production aspects such as climate and soil requirements, cultivation practices from seed sowing to harvesting, and pest and disease management. Major pests include the diamond back moth and cabbage aphid, while diseases discussed are damping off, fusarium wilt, black leg, and black rot.

1. CABBAAGE
Presentation By: -
Aditya Parashar
Adm. No.: - 38A-22(m)/VSC
Batch: - 2022-24
Submitted To: - Resp. Dr. Mariam Anal Maam
Subject: - Production of Cool Season Vegetables (VSC-501)

2. INTRODUCTION
Cabbage is one of the most important crop among the Cole crop group, traditionally grown in the southern eastern
and coastal areas of India unlike cauliflower occupies more area in north India.
Now a days year round cultivation is happening in some parts of India due the production of Hybrids.
Botanical Name : Brassica oleracea var. Capitata
Family : Brassicaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n=2x=18
Origin : Mediterranean region
Ancestor : B. Oleracea var. sylvestris
Edible part : Head (Thickened vegetative Bud)
Inflorescence : Catkin
All cole crops have one property in common that they have genetic property to thicken various parts and in case of
cabbage its Vegetative Bud.
Area – 399 Mha and Production- 9037 M ton. according to NHB 2017-18 data and West Bengal is leading in Area and
Production

3. Different Types of Cabbage

4. Origin and Distribution
All cole crops originated from Cole plant of Genus Brassica in Mediterranean Region
Cabbage has been evolved from single wild ancestor
B. Oleracea var. sylvestris (Progenitor)
• It was a leafy Kale like plant
• Originate on lime cliff in England and Mediterranean shore
Cultivated Kale
(B. Oleracea var. acephala)
Leafy Non-Headed Cabbage
(Ancestor)
Cultivated Hard Headed Cabbage
• Selection in North Europe
• Originated in East
Mediterranean and Asia
Minor
Cabbage is also originated by evolution, human selection, introgression from other species and Mutation etc.

5. Cont.….
Oldest record of cabbage: – 2000-2500 BC
Genetic diversity of cabbage: - N-W Europe
Wild perennials are still found in France, Britain, Spain and Italy
Modern Day Cabbage
Evolved in Germany by selection around 1150 AD then moved to England.
Both red and white cabbage were known and cultivated in Germany at around 14th cent.
Savoy Cabbage
It is said to be evolved from Portuguese Kale (var. Costata) in Italy
In India: -
Introduced with cauliflower by – Portuguese
Grown extensively – Mughal Period
Became popular – British Era
Cabbage is originally a temperate crop but well adapted in subtropical and tropical climates. 15-20˚c is optimum and
crop is adversely affected above 25˚c but with the development of several OP and Hybr. varieties it performs well in
higher temp. such as 30-35˚c also.
Major growing states are WB, Bihar, UP, Odissa, Assam etc.

6. Breeding Methods
Cabbage is cross pollinated crop with 73% crossing.
Two phenomenon play very crucial role in crossing of cabbage
1. Self incompatibility
2. Male sterility
Cabbage is secondary polyploid with basic chromosome no. 6, genotype ‘C’. Genome of Cabbage is ABBCCDEEF (hence,
2n=18)
1. Self incompatibility: -
• Sporophytic self-incompatibility is present, controlled by single S locus having multiple s-alleles.
• It remain inactive in the bud stage (2-4 days before opening) but become active in stigma after anthesis.
• The glycoproteins in stigma are responsible for self incompatibility.
• So in breeding bud pollination in done to avoid SI reaction.
Breakdown of SI
SI can be broken down by: -
1. High CO2
2. High temp.
3. High humidity
4. NaCl spray 3% 1hrs. after pollination, etc.

7. 2. Male Sterility: -
Recessive character controlled by ms gene
Both GMS and CMS is present in cabbage
CMS is heavily utilised in hybrid seed production.
In cabbage Ogura cytoplasm from radish is used.
In CMS system of hybrid production, A (Female Sterile Smsms), B (Male sterility maintainer Nmsms) and R (Fertility restorer
NMsMs) is used.
Breeding methods suitable for cabbage are: -
1. Mass selection – for disease resistance and ascorbic acid content
2. Pedigree method in segregating generations
3. Line Breeding (Progeny testing)
4. Family breeding
5. Recurrent selection – a single cultivar or composite population is improved
6. Backcrossing – for transferring specific traits to progeny
7. Heterosis breeding – for earliness, head weight, yield, etc
8. Inbreeding – for uniformity and vigour
9. Hybridisation
For synthetic var.

8. Varieties and Hybrids
Cultivars are divided into three maturity groups (maturity after transplanting) : -
1. Round head (Early 55-70 days)
2. Conical head (Mid)
3. Flat head (Late 85-130 days)
Some famous varieties are: -
1. BRH-5 – 1st Hybrid in India
2. Pusa Drum Head
3. Pusa Mukta
4. Pusa Ageti – 1st Tropical Var., Doesn’t need vernalization
5. Pusa Sambandh
6. Pusa Cabbage Hyb. 1
7. Golden Acre
8. Copenhagen Market
9. Bajrang (BSS 50)
10. Sudha (BSS 115)
11. Sri Ganesh Gol
12. Nath Lakshmi 401
Pearson’s Formula for head compactness
Z= C/W2 × 100

9. Seed Production
Cabbage is biennial for seed production
Seeds production on Hills
Chilling requirements: -3 to -8 ˚c is required for 6 weeks period of vegetative phase
Seed to Seed Method (in situ) • For Foundation and Certified seeds
• Aug-Sept is the best time for seed sowing
• 4-6 true leaf stage is imp. for transplanting
Head To Seed Method
• Head Intact Method
• Stump Method
• Stump with central Core intact Method
• For Nucleus and Breeder’s Seed
• Last week of Nov. is suitable
Late Planting Method For Certified seeds
Seed Yield = 635-650 kg/ha
Boric Acid spray @ 50ppm enhances seed production

10. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Climate • Cabbage is a cool season crop and thrives best in cool and moist conditions. There are now
varieties which are heat tolerant and can be grown at higher temperature between 25°C-30°C.
However, cabbage looses its flavour when grown under warm and dry conditions. The optimum
temperature for growth and heading is between 15°C-20°C. Cabbage can tolerate frost.
Soil • Cabbage is grown on a wide range of soil. Light medium loam or sandy loam and heavy soil rich in
organic matter and well-drained are suitable for growing it. The ideal soil pH is 6.0-6.5 and not
below 5.5.
Manures and Fertilizers • Cabbage grows best on nitrogen-rich soil. An application of 20-25 tones of FYM and 120-180 kg N,
75-80 kg. P and 60-75 kg K per hectare is recommended at the time of field preparation. Half-
quantity of nitrogen and entire quantity of P and K are applied to the soil at ploughing and field
preparation. The remaining half quantity of N is top dressed four weeks after transplanting.
• Beneficial to spray urea (0.5-1.0 per cent) twice at 15 days interval before head formation.
Sowing and Transplanting • optimum soil temperature for germination is between 15°C-20°C.
• 500-675 g. seeds are sown for planting one hectare.
• The early crop is planted at a distance of 60 cm x 30 cm. or 45 cm x 45 cm., mid-season at 60 cm x
45 cm and late large drumhead types at 60 cm x 60 cm.
• The seedlings are transplanted on one side of the 15-20 an high ridges.
• The early crop is sown during July-August, mid-season in September and late crop in October-
November in the plains. The seed sowing in the hills is during March-June.
• In mild climate of Karnataka and Maharashtra it can be sown almost round the year.
Irrigation • The crop is irrigated immediately after transplanting of seedlings. The subsequent irrigations are
given at 10-15 days interval. The total number of irrigations may be 8-12 during the crop season.
Harvesting • The head maturity varies from 60 to 120 days after transplanting depending on the variety.
• The outer non-wrapper leaves and stem are removed after harvesting the heads.
Yield and Storage • The average yield ranges between 25-15 tones per hectare.
• The hybrid varieties yield higher, 50 to 85 tones per hectare
• The heads can be stored at room temperature upto 4 or 5 days after harvesting.
• Can be upto six months in the cold storage at 0°C-1°C and 98-100 percent relative humidity
• The early varieties can be kept for 1-2 months and late varieies for 5-6 month.

11. Pest and Diseases
Diseases
Damping off • Causes by Pythium spp.
• Destructive disease of nursery
• Controlled by -
 Seed treatment by Captan or Thiram @2.5g/kg seeds
before sowing
 Hot water treatment @50˚c for 30min.
Cabbage yellow/ Fusarium yellow • Cased by Fusarium oxysporum
• Dwarf sickly appearance
• Severe under higher temp.
• Resistance controlled by single Gene
Black Leg • Caused by Phoma lingum
• Most sever in saline soil
Black Rot • Caused by Xanthomonas campestris
• Characteristic ‘V’ shaped lesions
• Earlt Fuji var. have novel resistance
Pests
Diamond Back Moth • Plutella xylostella
• Chew leaf and head
• Preheading stage is critical
• Bt cabbage is resistant
Cabbage Aphid • Myzuz persicae
• Transmits Caulifliwer and Cabbage Mossaic Virus
Cabbage Hairy Catterpillar • Spilosoma obliqua

12. References: -
1. Vegetable science and technology by Vishnu Swarup
2. Vegetable Breeding by Hari Har Ram
3. Essence of Horticulture
4. Handbook of Horticulture