This document provides information on cabbage production. It begins with an introduction to cabbage including its botanical name, family, origin in the Mediterranean region, and major producing states in India. It then discusses the different types of cabbage, breeding methods like mass selection and hybridization used to develop new varieties, and popular Indian varieties. The document also covers production aspects such as climate and soil requirements, cultivation practices from seed sowing to harvesting, and pest and disease management. Major pests include the diamond back moth and cabbage aphid, while diseases discussed are damping off, fusarium wilt, black leg, and black rot.
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
“Advances in breeding of aonla ”
“Advances in breeding of aonla , breeding method of aonla ppt, new breeding method of aonla by gangaram rana, “Advances in breeding of aonla igkv , mutation breeding of aonla
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
This document contains about some of the under utilized and under exploited leguminaceous crops and this may be useful for atleast few of the students like me
THE FOLLOWING are embided i n this presentation
Winged bean
Lima bean
Jack bean
Cluster bean
Pigeon pea
Dolichos bean
African yam bean
Yam bean
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. CABBAAGE
Presentation By: -
Aditya Parashar
Adm. No.: - 38A-22(m)/VSC
Batch: - 2022-24
Submitted To: - Resp. Dr. Mariam Anal Maam
Subject: - Production of Cool Season Vegetables (VSC-501)
2. INTRODUCTION
Cabbage is one of the most important crop among the Cole crop group, traditionally grown in the southern eastern
and coastal areas of India unlike cauliflower occupies more area in north India.
Now a days year round cultivation is happening in some parts of India due the production of Hybrids.
Botanical Name : Brassica oleracea var. Capitata
Family : Brassicaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n=2x=18
Origin : Mediterranean region
Ancestor : B. Oleracea var. sylvestris
Edible part : Head (Thickened vegetative Bud)
Inflorescence : Catkin
All cole crops have one property in common that they have genetic property to thicken various parts and in case of
cabbage its Vegetative Bud.
Area – 399 Mha and Production- 9037 M ton. according to NHB 2017-18 data and West Bengal is leading in Area and
Production
4. Origin and Distribution
All cole crops originated from Cole plant of Genus Brassica in Mediterranean Region
Cabbage has been evolved from single wild ancestor
B. Oleracea var. sylvestris (Progenitor)
• It was a leafy Kale like plant
• Originate on lime cliff in England and Mediterranean shore
Cultivated Kale
(B. Oleracea var. acephala)
Leafy Non-Headed Cabbage
(Ancestor)
Cultivated Hard Headed Cabbage
• Selection in North Europe
• Originated in East
Mediterranean and Asia
Minor
Cabbage is also originated by evolution, human selection, introgression from other species and Mutation etc.
5. Cont.….
Oldest record of cabbage: – 2000-2500 BC
Genetic diversity of cabbage: - N-W Europe
Wild perennials are still found in France, Britain, Spain and Italy
Modern Day Cabbage
Evolved in Germany by selection around 1150 AD then moved to England.
Both red and white cabbage were known and cultivated in Germany at around 14th cent.
Savoy Cabbage
It is said to be evolved from Portuguese Kale (var. Costata) in Italy
In India: -
Introduced with cauliflower by – Portuguese
Grown extensively – Mughal Period
Became popular – British Era
Cabbage is originally a temperate crop but well adapted in subtropical and tropical climates. 15-20˚c is optimum and
crop is adversely affected above 25˚c but with the development of several OP and Hybr. varieties it performs well in
higher temp. such as 30-35˚c also.
Major growing states are WB, Bihar, UP, Odissa, Assam etc.
6. Breeding Methods
Cabbage is cross pollinated crop with 73% crossing.
Two phenomenon play very crucial role in crossing of cabbage
1. Self incompatibility
2. Male sterility
Cabbage is secondary polyploid with basic chromosome no. 6, genotype ‘C’. Genome of Cabbage is ABBCCDEEF (hence,
2n=18)
1. Self incompatibility: -
• Sporophytic self-incompatibility is present, controlled by single S locus having multiple s-alleles.
• It remain inactive in the bud stage (2-4 days before opening) but become active in stigma after anthesis.
• The glycoproteins in stigma are responsible for self incompatibility.
• So in breeding bud pollination in done to avoid SI reaction.
Breakdown of SI
SI can be broken down by: -
1. High CO2
2. High temp.
3. High humidity
4. NaCl spray 3% 1hrs. after pollination, etc.
7. 2. Male Sterility: -
Recessive character controlled by ms gene
Both GMS and CMS is present in cabbage
CMS is heavily utilised in hybrid seed production.
In cabbage Ogura cytoplasm from radish is used.
In CMS system of hybrid production, A (Female Sterile Smsms), B (Male sterility maintainer Nmsms) and R (Fertility restorer
NMsMs) is used.
Breeding methods suitable for cabbage are: -
1. Mass selection – for disease resistance and ascorbic acid content
2. Pedigree method in segregating generations
3. Line Breeding (Progeny testing)
4. Family breeding
5. Recurrent selection – a single cultivar or composite population is improved
6. Backcrossing – for transferring specific traits to progeny
7. Heterosis breeding – for earliness, head weight, yield, etc
8. Inbreeding – for uniformity and vigour
9. Hybridisation
For synthetic var.
8. Varieties and Hybrids
Cultivars are divided into three maturity groups (maturity after transplanting) : -
1. Round head (Early 55-70 days)
2. Conical head (Mid)
3. Flat head (Late 85-130 days)
Some famous varieties are: -
1. BRH-5 – 1st Hybrid in India
2. Pusa Drum Head
3. Pusa Mukta
4. Pusa Ageti – 1st Tropical Var., Doesn’t need vernalization
5. Pusa Sambandh
6. Pusa Cabbage Hyb. 1
7. Golden Acre
8. Copenhagen Market
9. Bajrang (BSS 50)
10. Sudha (BSS 115)
11. Sri Ganesh Gol
12. Nath Lakshmi 401
Pearson’s Formula for head compactness
Z= C/W2 × 100
9. Seed Production
Cabbage is biennial for seed production
Seeds production on Hills
Chilling requirements: -3 to -8 ˚c is required for 6 weeks period of vegetative phase
Seed to Seed Method (in situ) • For Foundation and Certified seeds
• Aug-Sept is the best time for seed sowing
• 4-6 true leaf stage is imp. for transplanting
Head To Seed Method
• Head Intact Method
• Stump Method
• Stump with central Core intact Method
• For Nucleus and Breeder’s Seed
• Last week of Nov. is suitable
Late Planting Method For Certified seeds
Seed Yield = 635-650 kg/ha
Boric Acid spray @ 50ppm enhances seed production
10. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Climate • Cabbage is a cool season crop and thrives best in cool and moist conditions. There are now
varieties which are heat tolerant and can be grown at higher temperature between 25°C-30°C.
However, cabbage looses its flavour when grown under warm and dry conditions. The optimum
temperature for growth and heading is between 15°C-20°C. Cabbage can tolerate frost.
Soil • Cabbage is grown on a wide range of soil. Light medium loam or sandy loam and heavy soil rich in
organic matter and well-drained are suitable for growing it. The ideal soil pH is 6.0-6.5 and not
below 5.5.
Manures and Fertilizers • Cabbage grows best on nitrogen-rich soil. An application of 20-25 tones of FYM and 120-180 kg N,
75-80 kg. P and 60-75 kg K per hectare is recommended at the time of field preparation. Half-
quantity of nitrogen and entire quantity of P and K are applied to the soil at ploughing and field
preparation. The remaining half quantity of N is top dressed four weeks after transplanting.
• Beneficial to spray urea (0.5-1.0 per cent) twice at 15 days interval before head formation.
Sowing and Transplanting • optimum soil temperature for germination is between 15°C-20°C.
• 500-675 g. seeds are sown for planting one hectare.
• The early crop is planted at a distance of 60 cm x 30 cm. or 45 cm x 45 cm., mid-season at 60 cm x
45 cm and late large drumhead types at 60 cm x 60 cm.
• The seedlings are transplanted on one side of the 15-20 an high ridges.
• The early crop is sown during July-August, mid-season in September and late crop in October-
November in the plains. The seed sowing in the hills is during March-June.
• In mild climate of Karnataka and Maharashtra it can be sown almost round the year.
Irrigation • The crop is irrigated immediately after transplanting of seedlings. The subsequent irrigations are
given at 10-15 days interval. The total number of irrigations may be 8-12 during the crop season.
Harvesting • The head maturity varies from 60 to 120 days after transplanting depending on the variety.
• The outer non-wrapper leaves and stem are removed after harvesting the heads.
Yield and Storage • The average yield ranges between 25-15 tones per hectare.
• The hybrid varieties yield higher, 50 to 85 tones per hectare
• The heads can be stored at room temperature upto 4 or 5 days after harvesting.
• Can be upto six months in the cold storage at 0°C-1°C and 98-100 percent relative humidity
• The early varieties can be kept for 1-2 months and late varieies for 5-6 month.
11. Pest and Diseases
Diseases
Damping off • Causes by Pythium spp.
• Destructive disease of nursery
• Controlled by -
Seed treatment by Captan or Thiram @2.5g/kg seeds
before sowing
Hot water treatment @50˚c for 30min.
Cabbage yellow/ Fusarium yellow • Cased by Fusarium oxysporum
• Dwarf sickly appearance
• Severe under higher temp.
• Resistance controlled by single Gene
Black Leg • Caused by Phoma lingum
• Most sever in saline soil
Black Rot • Caused by Xanthomonas campestris
• Characteristic ‘V’ shaped lesions
• Earlt Fuji var. have novel resistance
Pests
Diamond Back Moth • Plutella xylostella
• Chew leaf and head
• Preheading stage is critical
• Bt cabbage is resistant
Cabbage Aphid • Myzuz persicae
• Transmits Caulifliwer and Cabbage Mossaic Virus
Cabbage Hairy Catterpillar • Spilosoma obliqua
12. References: -
1. Vegetable science and technology by Vishnu Swarup
2. Vegetable Breeding by Hari Har Ram
3. Essence of Horticulture
4. Handbook of Horticulture
