This document discusses producer organizations and collective action in agriculture. It covers the history of cooperation among smallholder farmers and the different forms it has taken over time. Some key challenges discussed include asymmetric market power relationships, unequal access to resources, and the failure of public extension services. The document also examines opportunities for strengthening producer organizations through alliances with private sector buyers and participation in value chains. It emphasizes that organization is key for small producers to engage with formal markets. Lastly, it outlines lessons learned and conditions needed for sustainable small producer organizations.