The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimization of process parameters for l asparaginase production by aspergill...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. L-asparaginase belongs to an amidase group that hydrolyses the amide bond in L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The clinical action of this enzyme as an anti-carcinogenic is attributed to the reduction of L-asparagine; tumour cells unable to synthesise this amino acid are selectively killed by L-asparagine deprivation. L-Asparaginase has its application in food industry also. It helps in reducing the content of acrylamide in baked food products by hydrolysing the L-asparagine. L-Asparaginase is majorly produced by microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. The potential of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using cauliflower stalk: corn ears (3.75: 1.25) as substrate under SSF is the purpose of the study. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a very effective technique opposed to submerged fermentation in various aspects. Various fermentation parameters such as types of agro material, their ratios, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum level, moisture content, temperature, pH, fermentation time, metal salts, and L-asparagine concentration, which influence the rate of enzyme production under SSF, were optimized. The optimized production of L-asparaginase has been obtained at 35°C for 4 days with a pH of 9.0, along with 50% moisture content, and 20% inoculum volume as the optimized fermentation conditions. The optimization was done using a ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ approach. The highest yield was obtained with, sucrose (1%w/v), ammonium sulphate (1%w/v), NaCl (1%w/v), L-asparagine (1%w/w), added to the fermentation medium, as supplements. Use of cauliflower stalk along with corn ear as potential raw materials for enzyme production could be of great commercial significance. Keywords: L-asparaginase, chemotherapeutic agent, Aspergillus terreus, SSF, mixed substrate, optimization
Optimization of l asparaginase production by aspergillus terreus mtcc 1782 us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Enzymes are the biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are Complex protein molecules that bring about chemical reactions concerned with life. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. The present work deals with production of extracellular L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour under solid state fermentation Process parameters like Incubation time(96 h), Temperature (300 C), Moisture content (70% v/w), pH of the medium(8.0), Inoculum Age (5 days), Inoculum volume (1 ml), carbon source (1.5% w/v glucose), nitrogen source ( 2% w/v ammonium sulphate), and metal salts ( 0.1% w/v Magnesium sulphate) were optimized and giving an overall yield of 273.3 U/gds of maximum L-asparaginase activity after optimization. The observation made in this study hold great promise for scale up production of L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour as substrate under solid state fermentation. Index terms: L-asparaginase, Aspergillus terreus, Bajra seed flour, Solid state fermentation, Optimization
Asparaginase is an important enzyme in Medicine & food industry. It catalyzes Asparagine to aspartate and Ammonia. The purpose of using asparaginase in foods is to reduce the levels of acrylamide that form in certain carbohydrate-rich foods during cooking.The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and some other suspected tumor cells are unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acid asparagine, whereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine.
ABSTRACT- In this present study, the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine was studied with resting cells of
Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424 containing high tyrosine phenol lyase activity. Different process parameters leading to
synthesis of L-tyrosine were optimized. The L-tyrosine formed from biotransformation reactions was detected and
quantified by HPLC technique. The maximum L-tyrosine conversion 69% (6.49g/l) was obtained with ammonium
chloride 0.25M, phenol 0.1M, and sodium pyruvate 0.2M in borate buffer (0.1M) of pH 8.5 at 35°C temperature for
45min of incubation. Higher phenol concentration was found to be inhibitory for biotransformation due to phenol
inactivation of catalyst.
Key-words- Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424, L-tyrosine, Tyrosine phenol lyase, Biotransformation
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Optimization of process parameters for l asparaginase production by aspergill...eSAT Journals
Abstract L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. L-asparaginase belongs to an amidase group that hydrolyses the amide bond in L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The clinical action of this enzyme as an anti-carcinogenic is attributed to the reduction of L-asparagine; tumour cells unable to synthesise this amino acid are selectively killed by L-asparagine deprivation. L-Asparaginase has its application in food industry also. It helps in reducing the content of acrylamide in baked food products by hydrolysing the L-asparagine. L-Asparaginase is majorly produced by microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and fungi. The potential of Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using cauliflower stalk: corn ears (3.75: 1.25) as substrate under SSF is the purpose of the study. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a very effective technique opposed to submerged fermentation in various aspects. Various fermentation parameters such as types of agro material, their ratios, carbon source, nitrogen source, inoculum level, moisture content, temperature, pH, fermentation time, metal salts, and L-asparagine concentration, which influence the rate of enzyme production under SSF, were optimized. The optimized production of L-asparaginase has been obtained at 35°C for 4 days with a pH of 9.0, along with 50% moisture content, and 20% inoculum volume as the optimized fermentation conditions. The optimization was done using a ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ approach. The highest yield was obtained with, sucrose (1%w/v), ammonium sulphate (1%w/v), NaCl (1%w/v), L-asparagine (1%w/w), added to the fermentation medium, as supplements. Use of cauliflower stalk along with corn ear as potential raw materials for enzyme production could be of great commercial significance. Keywords: L-asparaginase, chemotherapeutic agent, Aspergillus terreus, SSF, mixed substrate, optimization
Optimization of l asparaginase production by aspergillus terreus mtcc 1782 us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Enzymes are the biocatalysts synthesized by living cells. They are Complex protein molecules that bring about chemical reactions concerned with life. They are protein in nature, colloidal and thermolabile in character, and specific in their action. L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amido hydrolase, E.C.3.5.1.1) is an extra cellular enzyme that has received considerable attention since it is used as an anticancer agent. The present work deals with production of extracellular L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour under solid state fermentation Process parameters like Incubation time(96 h), Temperature (300 C), Moisture content (70% v/w), pH of the medium(8.0), Inoculum Age (5 days), Inoculum volume (1 ml), carbon source (1.5% w/v glucose), nitrogen source ( 2% w/v ammonium sulphate), and metal salts ( 0.1% w/v Magnesium sulphate) were optimized and giving an overall yield of 273.3 U/gds of maximum L-asparaginase activity after optimization. The observation made in this study hold great promise for scale up production of L-asparaginase from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 1782 using Bajra seed flour as substrate under solid state fermentation. Index terms: L-asparaginase, Aspergillus terreus, Bajra seed flour, Solid state fermentation, Optimization
Asparaginase is an important enzyme in Medicine & food industry. It catalyzes Asparagine to aspartate and Ammonia. The purpose of using asparaginase in foods is to reduce the levels of acrylamide that form in certain carbohydrate-rich foods during cooking.The rationale behind asparaginase is that it takes advantage of the fact that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and some other suspected tumor cells are unable to synthesize the non-essential amino acid asparagine, whereas normal cells are able to make their own asparagine.
ABSTRACT- In this present study, the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine was studied with resting cells of
Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424 containing high tyrosine phenol lyase activity. Different process parameters leading to
synthesis of L-tyrosine were optimized. The L-tyrosine formed from biotransformation reactions was detected and
quantified by HPLC technique. The maximum L-tyrosine conversion 69% (6.49g/l) was obtained with ammonium
chloride 0.25M, phenol 0.1M, and sodium pyruvate 0.2M in borate buffer (0.1M) of pH 8.5 at 35°C temperature for
45min of incubation. Higher phenol concentration was found to be inhibitory for biotransformation due to phenol
inactivation of catalyst.
Key-words- Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424, L-tyrosine, Tyrosine phenol lyase, Biotransformation
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
Kinetic study of free and immobilized protease from Aspergillus sp.IOSR Journals
In the present investigation partially purified alkaline protease from Aspergillus sp. As#6 and As#7 strains were entrapped in calcium alginate beads and characterized using casein as a substrate. Temperature and pH maxima of protease from As#6 strain showed no changes before and after immobilization and remained stable at 450C and pH 9, respectively. However km value was slightly shifted from 4.5mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. Proteases from As#7 strain showed shifting in pH optima to a more alkaline range (10.0) as compared with free enzyme (9.0). Optimum temperature for protease from As#7 strain showed changes after immobilization and shifted from 650C to 850C. However there was no significant effect on Km value but Vmax of immobilized protease from As#7 strain was also shifted from 200U/ml to 370U/ml. Immobilized protease from As#6 strain was reused for 3 cycles with 22% loss in its activity whereas immobilize protease from As#7 strain was reused for 3 cycles with 17% loss in its activity. Protease from As#7 strain has a higher affinity for the substrate and higher proteolysis activity than protease from As#6 strain. The present work concludes that Aspergillus As#7 strain may be a good source of industrial protease
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Bioconversion of Penicillin to CephalosporinIOSR Journals
Cephalosporins are known as 3rd generation broad spectrum Beta lactam antibiotics, which can also be produced synthetically. Commonly, chemical ring expansion followed by an enzymatic removal of the phenylacetyl side chain is commonly employed to convert penicillin G into 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid, the precursor for the manufacture of semisynthetic cephalosporins. This process requires several steps, is expensive and highly polluting. Thus there is a need to device a simple biological route to replace the chemical process. A mutant of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP1 was reported to converts Penicillin G to Deacetoxycephalosporin G (DAOG;phenylacetyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid) enzymatically[5,8] . This enzyme, deacetoxycephalosporin synthase has the potential for the large scale transformation of Penicillin G to deacetoxycephalosporin. The present work studies the conditions required for efficient transformation of Penicillin G to Deacetoxycephalosporin using the wild type strain Streptomyces clavuligerus . Detection of cephalosporin was carried out using various methods. Additionally succinic acid formation was also studied as it could be used as a commercially important by product of the transformation. Deacetoxycephalosporin synthase also extracted and partially purified and characterised.
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assessing the Suitability of using Plant Latex as Immobilization Support for ...ijsrd.com
Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
Dr. Terry Fisk, Veterinarian, Harriston Veterinary Services
The purpose of this presentation is to make the livestock producer aware of alternative therapies that may be at their disposal when dealing with livestock diseases. Discussion will include homeopathy, nutrition and herbals.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Kinetic study of free and immobilized protease from Aspergillus sp.IOSR Journals
In the present investigation partially purified alkaline protease from Aspergillus sp. As#6 and As#7 strains were entrapped in calcium alginate beads and characterized using casein as a substrate. Temperature and pH maxima of protease from As#6 strain showed no changes before and after immobilization and remained stable at 450C and pH 9, respectively. However km value was slightly shifted from 4.5mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. Proteases from As#7 strain showed shifting in pH optima to a more alkaline range (10.0) as compared with free enzyme (9.0). Optimum temperature for protease from As#7 strain showed changes after immobilization and shifted from 650C to 850C. However there was no significant effect on Km value but Vmax of immobilized protease from As#7 strain was also shifted from 200U/ml to 370U/ml. Immobilized protease from As#6 strain was reused for 3 cycles with 22% loss in its activity whereas immobilize protease from As#7 strain was reused for 3 cycles with 17% loss in its activity. Protease from As#7 strain has a higher affinity for the substrate and higher proteolysis activity than protease from As#6 strain. The present work concludes that Aspergillus As#7 strain may be a good source of industrial protease
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Bioconversion of Penicillin to CephalosporinIOSR Journals
Cephalosporins are known as 3rd generation broad spectrum Beta lactam antibiotics, which can also be produced synthetically. Commonly, chemical ring expansion followed by an enzymatic removal of the phenylacetyl side chain is commonly employed to convert penicillin G into 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid, the precursor for the manufacture of semisynthetic cephalosporins. This process requires several steps, is expensive and highly polluting. Thus there is a need to device a simple biological route to replace the chemical process. A mutant of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP1 was reported to converts Penicillin G to Deacetoxycephalosporin G (DAOG;phenylacetyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid) enzymatically[5,8] . This enzyme, deacetoxycephalosporin synthase has the potential for the large scale transformation of Penicillin G to deacetoxycephalosporin. The present work studies the conditions required for efficient transformation of Penicillin G to Deacetoxycephalosporin using the wild type strain Streptomyces clavuligerus . Detection of cephalosporin was carried out using various methods. Additionally succinic acid formation was also studied as it could be used as a commercially important by product of the transformation. Deacetoxycephalosporin synthase also extracted and partially purified and characterised.
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assessing the Suitability of using Plant Latex as Immobilization Support for ...ijsrd.com
Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized onto latex from three different plants viz. Calotropis procera, Euphorbia royleana and Alstonia scholaris with 0.51 ± 0.01, 0.37 ± 0.01, 0.46 ± 0.01 mg/cm2 conjugation yield and 62.07 ± 0.85, 66.1 ± 0.85, 71.24 ± 0.80 % retention of specific activity respectively. The support, before and after addition of peroxidase was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transmission infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Optimum pH, optimum temperature and changes in kinetic parameters (Ea, Km and Vmax) for immobilized peroxidases were studied and found to differ from that of free peroxidase. Alstonia scholaris latex was most effective in stabilizing the structure of peroxidase during storage at 4°C, whereas thermal stability and reusability of peroxidase was better on Calotropis procera latex. Analytical use of Calotropis procera latex bound peroxidase for determination of phenolic content of fruit juices has also been demonstrated.
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
Dr. Terry Fisk, Veterinarian, Harriston Veterinary Services
The purpose of this presentation is to make the livestock producer aware of alternative therapies that may be at their disposal when dealing with livestock diseases. Discussion will include homeopathy, nutrition and herbals.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of three plants used in Cameroonian ethnoveterinary medicine: Aloe vera (Xanthorrhoeaceae) leaves, Carcia papaya (Caricaceae) seeds or leaves, and Mimosa pudica (Fabaceae) leaves in Kabir chicks
Anticancer Activity of L-asparaginase Produced from Amycolatopsis japonicaAI Publications
The ability of L-asparaginase to inhibit the formation of cancer cells has aroused scientists' curiosity in biological realms. In cancer cells, L-asparaginase suppresses protein synthesis by hydrolyzing L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. As a result, it's a crucial therapeutic enzyme in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in combination with other drugs (ALL). This enzyme has recently been discovered to be useful in a number of scientific fields, including clinical research, pharmacology, and the food business. Purification, characterization, and assessment of the cytotoxic effect of Amycolatopsis japonica L-asparaginase were the goals of this study. Amycolatopsis japonica was isolated from the plant rhizosphere and L-asparaginase was recovered. With a molecular weight of 37.5 KDa, partially purified L-asparaginase from A. japonica had a total activity of 1968.98 U with 26.696 mg total protein and a specific activity of 73.75 U/mg, 6.42 purification fold, and 42.86 percent recovery yield. In the presence of EDTA, Mg2+, pH8, 45oC, and 0.13 mM L-asparagine, L-asparaginase from A. japonica demonstrated good activity and stability, with Km and Vmax values of 0.13 mM L-asparagine and 0.43U/ mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity of L- asparaginase from A.japonica against a colon cancer cell line was high; with an IC50 value of 36 L. Amycolatopsis japonica could be a source of L-asparaginase, which could be a new target for cancer cells.
Proteases are protein-degrading enzymes that catalyses hydrolytic reaction in which protein molecules are degraded into peptides and amino acids. Thermostable alkaline proteases are of particular great interest for industrial application because they are stable and active at temperature above 60-70˚C. Thermophiles are found in wide array of environment such as mushroom compost material, nest, hay, wood chips, grains, soil, manure, coal mines etc. Alkaline proteases are most important industrial enzymes and they occupy about 60% of total enzyme market. From the soil samples, eight different fungal species were isolated through soil dilution plate method. In the present study, two fungi Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus glaucus from mushroom compost and two fungi Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigates from cow manure, showing alkaline protease activity, were isolated. The zones of clearance were observed in Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigatus species of fungi isolated from cow manure and mushroom compost. The best enzyme production was observed in Aspergillus terrus (1.005 ± 0.057 IU/mg protein) obtained from cow manure and the minimum enzyme activity was observed with Aspergillus glaucus (0.278 ± 0.026 IU/mg protein). However, more studies are required to assess the potential of Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terrus, and Aspergillus fumigatus species. Key-words- Alkaline protease, Thermophiles, Zone of clearance, Trichloroacetic acid
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
ABSTRACT- Microbial source of amylase is preferred to other sources because of its plasticity, vast availability, higher yield and
thermostability even at elevated temperatures.Various physical and chemical factors have been known to affect the production of α-
amylase such as temperature, pH, period of incubation, carbon sources acting as inducers, surfactants, nitrogen sources, phosphate,
different metal ions, moisture. Interactions of these parameters are reported to have a significant influence on the production of
the enzyme.Study was mainly aimed to isolate a bacterium capable of hydrolyzing a starch source and to check effect of different physiological
parameters on amylase enzyme activity. To conduct this research, study was mainly focused on three objectives i.e. 1st Screening
and morphological characterization of the isolated bacteria. 2nd Characterization of amylase production by selected isolates. 3rd
Time course of Enzyme production and Partial purification with Ammonium Sulphate saturation.Amylases of isolate-6 and isolate-9
were concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation which can be used as partially purified enzyme for further study. Isolate-6 and
Isolate-9 showed the activity 0.34 and 0.28 units/ml/min respectively.Enzyme derived from isolate-6 and isolate-9 was stable at different
physiological conditions. So, it is useful in fermentation industry and in pharmaceuticals.
Key words- Amylase, Starch hydrolyzing bacteria, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries
Lipase production and purification Likhith KLIKHITHK1
Lipase (tri acyl glycerol acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the carboxyl ester bonds in tri acyl glycerols to produce di acyl glycerols, mono acyl glycerols, fatty acids and glycerol under aqueous conditions and the synthesis of esters in organic solvents.
Under the controlled conditions, lipases are able to catalyze a large number of reactions. Lipases of microbial origin are of considerable commercial importance, because of the high versatility and high stability, moreover, the advantage of being readily produced in high yields.
Many microbial lipases have been commercially available in free or immobilized form. Numerous species of bacteria (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Burkholderia), yeasts (Candida rugosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Candida antarctica) and molds (Aspergillus, Trichoderma viride) produce lipases with different enzymological properties and specificities but microbes are known to be more potent lipase producer.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Impact of anthelmintic efficacy of Calotropis procera on tegumental enzymes of the trematode, Gastrothylax indicus
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 8 (August 2014), PP. 26-36
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Impact of anthelmintic efficacy of Calotropis procera on tegumental enzymes of the trematode, Gastrothylax indicus Rama Aggarwal1, Upma Bagai2 1Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014,India. 2Parasitology lab, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014,India. Abstract: The trematode parasite, Gastrothylax indicus was exposed to ethanolic and aqueous flower extract of Calotropis procera to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the plant. The parasites were incubated in 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 mg ethanolic and aqueous extracts per ml of PBS at a temp of 37± 1ºC. Mortality was observed at 0.5± 0.05h and 0.75± 0.10h for ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively for the parasite at the highest test concentration of the plant extract. The commercial anthelmintic albendazole was tested for various concentrations ranged from 20-80 μg/ml and mortality was observed instantly (0.08±0.01h) at the concentration of 80 μg/ml. To further investigate the efficacy of plant extract, vital tegumental enzymes of the parasite viz. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase(ACP), Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and Glucose- 6- phosphatase (G-6-pase) was found to be suppressed by 43.890, 30.287,18.970 and 22.842% by ethanolic extract and 62.710, 19.780, 57.554 and 10.035% by aqueous extract whereas albendazole inhibited 41.617, 25.650, 64.797 and 26.611% respectively. Enzyme kinetic studies showed inhibition to be non-competitive in case of ACP with both the extracts and albendazole whereas for ALP it was found to be non- competitive with ethanolic and mixed type with aqueous extract. Albendazole showed competitive inhibition in case of ALP. Keywords- Anthelmintic, Calotropis procera, Gastrothylax indicus, Tegumental enzymes
I. INTRODUCTION
Helminthic infestation is a major health problem world-wide more particularly in third-world countries because of its prevalence there. However, several serious long-term complications result as after effect of such infection. Thus, iron-deficiency anaemia, malnutrition, dysentry and rectal prolapsed are some of the manifestations of the helminthes like hookworms, Ascaris and Trichuris. Sometimes, helminth-infected persons have been reported to suffer from other infections like tuberculosis, HIV and malaria due to suppression of immune response caused by different helminthes [1]. Gastrothylax indicus (Class: Trematoda) and phylum Platyhelminthes, are responsible for paramphistomosis characterized by acute parasitic gastroenteritis with high morbidity and mortality rates [2,3,4]. A number of drugs have been assessed and recommended for the treatment of paramphistomosis [2,5]. Calotropis procera known as aak, is used in ethnoveterinary medicine system as an expectorant, anthelmintic, laxative, purgative, anti-inflammatory and diuretic [6]. Different parts as well as latex of C. procera have been reported to have emetic, purgative and anthelmintic effects in traditional medicine [7]. C. procera flowers possess good anthelmintic activity against nematodes [6]. Phosphatases are known to play a variety of important roles at the transporting surfaces [8,9], in extracellular digestion and phosphorylation of nutrients transported, secreted and excreted [10]. Due to their presence at the absorptive surfaces, phosphatases react with the substances in the external milieu [9]. Anthelmintics may alter the enzymes and modify the normal metabolism of the absorptive surfaces during their absorption. In this work, the in vitro effect of ethanolic and aqueous extract of C. procera and albendazole on phosphatases was studied in Gastrothylax indicus, in order to get a better in sight into the complex enzyme substrate interaction and the mechanism of inhibition of the enzyme by the extracts.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Plant material Flowers of aak (Calotropis procera), were collected from in and around Chandigarh. The plant material was identified in Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh with Voucher number- 4830. 2.2 Preparation of extracts
Flowers of C.procera were washed thoroughly, shade dried and grounded by motor driven grinder into powder form. Both ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts were prepared [6]. Ethanolic flower extract of C.procera (EFECP), was exhaustively extracted by mixing 80 gm of powdered plant material and adding
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approximately 300ml of ethanol in a soxhlet apparatus. Aqueous extract (AFECP) was prepared by dissolving 100gm of powdered plant material mixed with 500ml of distilled water in 1L flask and boiled for 4-6 h in water bath. It was allowed to macerate at room temperature for 24 h and the brew was filtered through muslin gauze and Whatman filter paper No.1. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of plant material were evaporated in Rota evaporator to give crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The extracts were scraped off and transferred to screw capped vials at -4⁰C until used. 2.3 In vitro experiment Worm motility inhibition assay was employed for the evaluation of anthelmintic activity of EFECP and AFECP under in vitro conditions [11]. The in vitro anthelmintic activity was carried out on adult G.indicus worms to determine the inhibitory effect of extracts on adult worms. Mature G. indicus were collected from the rumen of sheep/goat procured from slaughter house. The worms were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS pH7.2) and finally suspended in PBS. The study was conducted at four different dilutions of both the extracts viz., 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, mg/ml prepared in PBS. The crude aqueous extract was diluted in PBS, whereas, crude ethanolic extract in 1%DMSO in PBS. Albendazole dissolved in 1% DMSO and diluted in PBS at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 μg/ml and PBS alone served as postitive and negative control respectively. There were three replicates for each treatment concentration.Immediately after the mortality ,the parasites incubated in 6.25 mg of plant extracts per ml of PBS were selected for biochemical studies. For albendazole selected concentration was 20 μg/ml. 2.4 Biochemical analysis Treated parasites and their respective controls were retrieved from the incubation media at the time when paralysis was seen and were processed for enzymatic analysis. A 10% homogenate of the enzymes in their respective buffers or 0.25M sucrose was centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 25 min at 0ºC. The supernatant served as source of enzyme activity for different enzyme assays. 2.4.1 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) estimation The activity of alkaline phosphatase was determined by using p-nitrophenyl phosphate which gets hydrolyzed by action of phosphatase in alkaline pH to p-nitrophenol [12]. 1 ml of buffered substrate (5.5 mM p-nitrophenol phosphate in 0.05 M glycine-sodium hydroxide buffer, pH 10.5) was incubated at 37ºC for 5 min to pre equilibrate. After this 0.1 ml of enzyme was added and incubated again for 15 min at 37ºC. Then 5 ml of 0.085N sodium hydroxide was added to stop the reaction and the liberation of p-nitrophenol was measured at 420nm. 100 μmol/ml p-nitrophenol was used as working standard and the optical density of all the tubes was read at 420 nm after 10 min 2.4.2 Acid phosphatase (ACP) estimation The activity of acid phosphatase was determined by using p-nitrophenyl phosphate, which gets hydrolyzed by the action of phosphatases in acidic pH to p-nitrophenol [12]. 0.8 ml of buffered substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate was taken in different test tubes. Tubes were incubated for 10 min to attain a temperature of 37ºC. Thereafter, 0.1 ml of homogenate was added to it and incubated again for 30 min at 37ºC. Then 5 ml of 0.1N sodium hydroxide was added to stop the reaction and the liberation of p- nitrophenol was measured. The optical density of all the tubes was read at 420 nm after 10 min. 2.4.3 Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-pase) estimation The enzyme activity was measured in terms of inorganic phosphate formed from incubating medium. To 0.1 ml of homogenate, 0.3 ml of 0.1M citrate buffer pH 6.2, 0.5 ml of G-6-Pase and 0.1 ml of distilled water were added. These contents were incubated at 37ºC for 1 h. Then 10 ml of 10% TCA was added and the mixture was allowed to stand for 10 min. The mixture was then centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 10 min. 1ml of the supernatant after centrifugation was taken and 0.5 ml of acid ammonium molybedate, 0.2 ml of ANSA and 7 ml of distilled water was added to it. This mixture was heated in a boiling water bath, cooled and read at 600 nm [13]. 2.4.4 Adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) estimation The reaction mixture contained 0.2 ml of 0.2 M Tris HCl buffer pH 7.6, 0.2 ml of 5 Mm MgCl2, 0.2 ml of 10% homogenate and 0.2 ml of 5mM ATP solution. The mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37ºC. 1 ml of 10% TCA was added to it and it was allowed to stand for 10 min, centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 10 min. 1 ml of supernatant was taken out and 0.5 ml of acid ammonium molybedate, 0.2 ml of ANSA and 7 ml of distilled water was added. The mixture was heated in boiling water bath, cooled and read at 600 nm [14].
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2.4.5 Calculations 2.4.6 Specific activity Specific activities of the enzymes were expressed as the units of enzymes activity per mg protein. Protein contents of different samples were estimated [15]. 2.4.7 Enzyme kinetic studies Vmax (maximum of apparent initial enzyme velocity) and Km (substrate affinity constant) of the ALP and ACP were determined by assaying the enzymes at different substrate concentrations [16]. Similarly, Vmax and Km of the enzymes were determined of the treated parasite with EFECP and AFECP as a whole and albendazole in vitro system. 2.4.8 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis were carried out by employing Graph pad software 3 and data was expressed as mean ± S.D. for each group. The statistical significance of inter group difference of various parameters were determined by unpaired student’s t test. The comparisons were made between the treated groups and control group of parasites. Exploratory enzyme kinetics was done using Sigma plot 8.0 software and p value < 0.05 was termed as statistically significant value.
III. RESULTS
Following the exposure to different concentrations of the plant extract, the parasites contracted sharply for some time and then went into a relaxed state and continued in the same state till they attained a condition of flaccid paralysis which was followed by death. Table I shows the mortality of worms treated with various concentrations of EFECP, AFECP and albendazole. The controls survived for 9.2 ±0.23h. The treated parasites showed a steady decline in their mortality and survival time with exposure to ascending concentrations of the test dosage. Thus a dose dependent paralytic effect and subsequent loss of motility of the parasite by the extract was evident. Results of enzymatic analysis showing tissue activity, specific activity, percentage inhibition, p value and effect on Vmax and Km due to EFECP, AFECP and albendazole have been summarized in Table II and figs.1-6 In vitro incubation of G. indicus with EFECP, AFECP and albendazole inhibited the activity of enzymes. Varying degrees of inhibition was observed with EFECP, AFECP and albendazole. ALP activity was inhibited 43.890% by EFECP and 62.710% by AFECP (Table II). EFECP was showing non-competitive inhibition behavior as Vmax got lowered but Km remained unchanged (Fig. 1) whereas AFECP was found to be mixed type inhibitor as both Km and Vmax got altered (Fig. 2). Inhibition was found to be statistically extremely significant. With albendazole activity of ALP was reduced to 41.617% (Table II). Inhibition was found to be competitive for ALP (Fig. 3) as Km got increased in the presence of albendazole. ACP activity was reduced to 30.287% and 19.780% (p< 0.0005) with EFECP and AFECP respectively (Table II). Inhibition was non-competitive in both the extracts as only Vmax got changed (Fig. 4, 5). With albendazole inhibition was found to be 25.650% (Table II). It was non-competitive in nature as only Vmax got lowered (Fig. 6) and was statistically extremely significant (Table II). G-6-pase activity was reduced 22.842% by EFECP and 10.035% by AFECP. Albendazole showed the inhibition of 26.611%. EFECP and AFECP inhibited the activity of ATP ase by 18.971% and 57.554% respectively. Albendazole showed the reduction of 64.797%. Inhibition was found to be extremely significant (TableII).
IV. Discussion
Different classes of anthelmintics are established to show profound effects on the physical activities, generally culminating into loss of mobility and mortality of helminth parasites in a dose dependent manner [17,18]. Following this basic technique several plants/plants parts such as Allium sativun, Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita Mexicana and Ficus religiosa [19], Aretemisia brevifolia [11] Cardiospermum halicacabum [20] Fumaria parviflora [21] have been reported as potent anthelmintics. The results of the present study showed that C. procera flower has good anthelmintic potential. The mortality of the worms (G.indicus) was much faster in albendazole treatment than in EFECP and AFECP. It is in agreement with the findings of earlier workers on different helminth parasites [22,23].
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Transcuticular diffusion is a common means of entry into helminth parasites for non nutrient and non electrolyte substance in helminth. It has also been shown that this route is predominant for uptake of major broad spectrum anthelmintics; benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin by different nematodes, cestodes, and trematode parasites as opposed to oral injestion [24]. In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of Coriandrum sativum against Haemonchus Contortus was studied and found that hydro-alcoholic extract was better than aqueous extract due to easier transcuticular absorption of hydro-alcoholic extracts into the body of the parasite than aqueous extracts [25] . Tegumental enzymes play a very important role in maintaining the tissue homeostasis within the parasite. Alkaline phosphatase take part in active transport through cellular membranes and acid phosphatase deals with intracellular digestion processes [26,27] . ATPase is known to be related to energy metabolism, active transport and lipid synthesis [28].G-6 Pase presumably has a role in digestion and in absorption of nutrients. The mode of action of anthelmintics is diverse, reflecting the natural differences in the physiology of the parasite and its potential host. It has been firmly documented that one of the hallmark effects of any anthelmintic is the destruction of the worm’s surface. It is due to the fact that the tegumental structures are primary parasite- host interfaces, vital for absorption of nutrients and perception of the surrounding micro environment provided by the host [29,30,31,18]. In the present investigation, enzyme activities in EFECP, AFECP and albendazole treated G indicus were found to be reduced significantly ( p< 0.05) compared to the control ones. Other plant extracts such that of Alpinia nigra shoot-extract showed similar effect on ALP, ACP and ATPase activities of Fasciolopsis buski [32] . Inhibition in the activity of G-6 Pase in Trichuris globulosa was shown with ethanolic neem leaf extract [33] . Enzyme kinetic studies showed inhibition to be non competitive in case of ACP with EFECP, AFECP and albendazole whereas for ALP it was found to be non competitive with EFECP and mixed type with AFECP. Non competitive nature of inhibition suggests that substrate binding to the catalytic site of enzyme was not affected. Competitive inhibition of ALP by albendazole shows that inhibitor because of structural similarity compete for the same substrate binding site of the enzyme. Effect of ethanolic extract of neem leaves on the enzyme kinetics of glycogen phosphorylase, G-6- pase and ATPase in Trichuris globulosa was studied. Non competitive inhibition was reported for glycogen phosphorylase and ATPase whereas it was found to be mixed type for G-6- pase [33].
V. CONCLUSION
The effects of the test plant on the motility and survival of the parasite and inhibition caused in the tegumental enzymes clearly indicate that phytochemicals of C.procera flowers may act as potential vermifuge or vermicide. In view of these observations further biochemical studies involving isolated active component (s) of this plant are warranted to confirm its anthelmintic efficacy.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dr. Rama Aggarwal is thankful to DST New- Delhi for providing financial assistance for present work. REFERENCES [1] M, Brown, Intestinal helminthes, Medicine, 33(8), 2005, 54-57. [2] B. Panyarachun, P. Sobhon, Y. Yotsawan Tinikul, C. Chotwiwattanakun, V. Anupunpisit, and P Anuracpreeda, Paramphistomum cervi surface topography of the tegument of adult fluke, Experimental Parasitology, 125, 2010,95-99. [3] S.S. Lal, A text book of practical zoology invertebrate ( Rastogi Publications, Merrut 9th edn.2006). [4] J.K. Rhee, C.W. Kang, and H.I. Lee, The karyotape of Paramphistomum explanatum ( Cerplin,1849) obtained from Korean cattle, Korean Journal of Parasitology, 24, 1986, 42-48. [5] P.P. Rolfe, and J.C. Boray, Chemotherapy of paramphistomosis in sheep, Australian Veterinary Journal, 65(5), 1988, 148-150. [6] Z. Iqbal, M. Lateef, A. Jabbar, R. Mohammad, and M.N. Khan, Anthelmintic activity of Calotropis procera (Ait) Ait F. flowers in sheep, Journal of Ethnopharmacology,102 , 2005, 256-261. [7] S.C. Jain, R. Sharma, R. Jain and R.A. Sharma, Antimicrobial activity of Calotropis procera, Fitoterapia, 67, 1996, 275-277. [8] R. Lumsden, Surface ultrastructure and cytochemistry of parasitic helminthes. Experimental Parasitology, 37, 1975, 267-289. [9] P.W. Pappas and C.P. Read, Membrane transport in helminth parasites. A review, Experimental Parasitology, 37, 1975, 469-530. [10] J. Maki, and T. Yanagisawa, Histichemical studies on acid phosphatase of the body wall asnd intestine of adult filarial worms in comparison with that of other parasite nematodes, Journal of Helminthology, 54, 1980, 39-41. [11] Z. Iqbal, M. Lateef, M. Ashraf, and A. Jabbar, Anthelmintic activity of Artemisia brevifolia in sheep, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93, 2004, 265-268. [12] H.U. Bergmeyer, Methods in Enzymetic Analysis (Academic Press New York, 1963). [13] M.A. Swanson, Phoser. I Glucose-6-phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 184, 1950, 647-659.
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[14] W.W. Kieley, Mg-activated muscle adenosine triphosphatase, in S.P. Collowick and O.N. Kaplan (Eds), Methods in Enzymology,2 (Academic Press New York, 1972), 588-591. [15] O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosenbrough, F.N. Farr, and R.J. Rendall, Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 1951, 265-275. [16] H. Lineweaver, and D. Burk, The determinants of enzyme dissociation constants. Journal of American Chemical Society, 56, 1934, 658-666. [17] P. Tippawangkosal, W. Choochote, K. Na-Bangchang, A. Jitpakdi, B. Pitasawat, and D. Riyong, The in vitro effect of albendazole, ivermectin, diethycarbamazine, and their combinations against ineffective third stage larvae of nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi ( Narathiwat strain) scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Vector Ecologyu, 29, 2004, 101-108. [18] S.H. Xiao, J. Guo, J. Chollet, J.T. Wu, M. Tanner, and J. Utzinger, Effect of artemether on Schistosoma mansoni, dose-efficacy relationship, and changes in worm morphology and histopathology. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 22, 2004, 148-153. [19] Z. Iqbal, Q.K. Nadeem, M.N. Khan, M.S. Akhtar, and F.N. Waraich, In vitro anthelminitic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita Mexicana and Ficus religiosa. International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 3, 2001, 454-457. [20] T. Boonmars, W. Khunkitti, P. Sithithaworn, and Y. Fujimaki, In vitro antiparasitic activity of extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum against third-stage larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. Parasitology Research,97, 2005, 417-419. [21] I.R.M. Al-Shaibani, M.S. Phulan, and M. Shiekh, Anthelminitic activity of Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae) against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. International Journal of Agricultural Biology. 11, 2009, 431-436. [22] K.A. Tariq, M.Z. Chishti, F. Ahmad, and A.S. Shawl, Anthelmintic efficacy of Achillea millifolium against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep : in vitro and in vivo studies. Journal of Helminthology, 82, 2008, 227-233. [23] G.R. Ghangale, M. Tushar, and N.D. Jadhav, In vitro anthelmintic activity of alcoholic extract of Allivum sativum against rumen amphistome, Veterinary World, 2(10), 2009, 385-386. [24] A.M. Garay, and P.R. Flatt, Insulin releasing and insulin like activity of the traditional antidiabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (Coriander). The British Journal Of Nutrition, 81, 1999, 203-209. [25] T. Equale, G. Tilahun, A. Debella, A. Feleke, and E. Makonnen, In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of Coriandrum sativum against Haemonchus contortus, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 110, 2007, 428-433. [26] C.P. Read, Nutrition of intestinal helminthes, in E.J.L. Soulsby(ed), Biology of Parasites – Emphasis on Veterinary Parasites, (Academic Press New York, 1996) 101-126. [27] R.D. Lumsden, G. Gonzalez, R.R. Mills, and J.M. Viles, Cytological studies on the absorptive surfaces of cestodes. III. Hydrolysis of phosphate esters. Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1968, 524-535. [28] A.L. Lehninger, Biochemistry. The molecular basis of cell structure and function, ( Worth Publishers Inc.,New York, 1975). [29] S. William, S. Botros, M. Ismail, A. Farghally, T.A. Day, and J.L. Bennett, Praziquantel-induced tegumental damage in vitro is diminished in schistosomes derived from praziquantel-resistant infections. Parasitology, 122, 2001, 63-66. [30] B. McKinstry, I. Fairweather, G. Brennan, and A.B. Forbes, Fasciola hepatica tegumental surface alterations following treatment in vivo and in vitro with nitro xynil (Trodax), Parasitilogy Research, 91, 2003, 251-263. [31] N. Rivera, F. Ibarra, T. Zepeda, A. Fortoul, R. Hernandez, R. Castillo, and G. Canto, Tegumental surface changes in adult Fasciola hepatica following treatment in vitro and in vivo with an experimental fasciolicide. Parasitology Research, 93, 2004, 283-286. [32] B. Roy, and A. Swargiary, Anthelmintic efficacy of ethanolic shoot extract of Alpinia nigra on tegumental enzymes of Fasciolopsis buski, a giant intestinal parasite, Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 33, 2009, 48-53. [33] R. Sarwal, U. Kanwar, and S. Ghandi, IN vitro effect of Neem extract Azadirachta indica on the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda), Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 24(2), 2000, 207-208. Table I. In vitro effect of plant extracts (EFECP, AFECP) and Albendazole on G. indicus Dose Plant extract(mg/ml)/ Albendazole (μg/ml) Time taken in hours for mortality of G.Iindicus INCUBATION MEDIUM EFECP AFECP ALBENDAZOLE Control(PBS) 6.25/20 3.50±0.18 4.16 0.35 3.25±0.12 9.2±0.23 12.5/40 2.0±0.15 0.15 2.8± 021 1.50±0.17 25.0/60 1.0± 0-08 1.5± 0.15 0.50±0.02 50.0/80 0.5± 0.08 0.75± 0.10 0.08±0.01
Values are expressed as mean± S.D. Each test was done in triplicate. Table II. Effect of EFECP, AFECP and albendazole on tissue activity (units/g wet wt/min) and specific activity (units/mg protein/min) of ALP, ACP, G-6-pase and ATPase in G. indicus in vitro Control/Treatment PBS/(mg/ml) ENZYME ACTIVITY (Tissue/Specific) ALP ACP G-6-pase ATPase Control 9.501± 0.157 5.00± 0.083 34.488± 0.306 19.150± 0.162 1.810±0.010 0.952±0.005 2.344±0.020 1.244±0.011 5.33± 0.09 27.750± 0.025 1.397±0.010 1.910±0.017
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EFECP(6.25) 2.806±0.047 13.350± 0.208 0.735±0.005 1.008±0.009 %Inhibition/p value 43.890%/p<0.0001 30.287%/p<0.0001 22.842%/p<0.0001 18.971%/p<0.0001 Control 7.761± 0.158 4.084± 0.083 34.485± 0.306 18.150± 0.162 1.810±0.010 0.952±0.005 2.760±0.007 1.456±0.003 AFECP(6.25) 2.950± 0.091 1.522± 0.053 27.131± 0.00 14.560± 0.030 1.620±0.008 0.857±0.005 1.170±0.010 0.618±0.005 %Inhibition/p value 62.710%/p<0.0001 19.780%/p<0.0001 10.035%/p<0.0001 57.554%/p<0.0001 Control 19.530± 0.249 10.280± 0.127 12.249± 0.639 8.440± 0.329 1.850±0.013 0.962±0.005 2.069±0.005 1.008±0.003 Albendazole 11.402±0.157 6.002± 0.083 8.130±0.336 6.295±0.169 1.340±0.015 0.705±0.008 0.727±0.006 0.383±0.001 %Inhibition/p value 41.617%/p<0.001 25.650%/p<0.005 26.611%/p<0.0001 64.797%/p<0.0001
Values are expressed as mean± S.D. Each test was done in triplicate. (p<0.0005 extremely significant, p<0.005 very significant).
Figure.1. (a) Michaelis Menten graph showing effect of EFECP on specific activity of ALP taken in units/mg protein/min at different substrate concentration in μmoles in G. indicus (b) Lineweaver Burk plot showing maximum apparent initial enzyme velocity in μ mole/mg protein/min (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant in μM (Km) of ALP in the presence of EFECP in G.indicus.
(a)
(b) )
Km(Control, EFECP) = 0.833
Vmax(Control)=1.5
Vmax(EFECP)=0.769
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Figure.2. (a) Michaelis Menten graph showing effect of AFECP on specific activity of ALP taken in
units/mg protein/min at different substrate concentration in μmoles in G.indicus.
(b) Lineweaver Burk plot showing maximum apparent initial enzyme velocity μ mole/mg
protein/min (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant in μM (Km) of ALP in the presence of AFECP
in G.indicus
a a
(a)
a (b)
a
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Figure.3. (a) Michaelis Menten graph showing effect of albendazole on specific activity [V] of ALP taken in units/mg/protein/min at different substrate concentrations [S] in μmoles in G. indicus. (b) Lineweaver Burk plot showing maximum of apparent initial enzyme velocity in μ mole/ mg protein/ min (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant in μM (Km) of ALP in the presence of albendazole in G. indicus.
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Figure.4. (a) Michaelis Menten graph showing effect of EFECP on specific activity of ACP taken in units/mg protein/min at different substrate concentration in μmoles in G.indicus. (b) Lineweaver Burk plot showing max apparent initial enzyme velocity μ mole/mg protein/min (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant in μM (Km) of ACP in the presence of EFECP in G.indicus.
(b)
(a)
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Figure.5. (a) Michaelis Menten graph showing effect of AFECP on specific activity of ACP taken in units/mg protein/min at different substrate concentration in μmoles in G. indicus. (b) Lineweaver Burk plot showing max apparent initial enzyme velocity μ mole/ mg protein/min (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant in μM (Km) of ACP in the presence of AFECP in G. indicus.
(b)
(a)
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Figure.6. (a) Michaelis Menten graph showing effect of albendazole on specific activity [V] of ACP taken in units/mg protein/min at different substrate concentration [S] in μmoles in G. indicus. (b) Lineweaver Burk plot showing maximum of apparent initial velocity in μ mole/ mg protein/min (Vmax) and substrate affinity constant in μM (Km) and of ACP in the presence of albendazole in G. indicus.
Km(Control, albendazole) = 2
Vmax(Control) = 7.5
Vmax(albendazole) =3.33