IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This presentation will give complete information regarding security issues related to cloud computing. To learn cloud computing fill up a simple form.
http://bit.ly/aDegGN
Sections:
Introduction
Cloud Computing background
Securing the Cloud
Virtualization
Mobile Cloud Computing
User safety & energy consumption
Author’s proposal
Conclusion
In order to make cloud computing to be adopted by users and enterprises, security concerns of users should be rectified by making cloud environment trustworthy, discussed by Latif et al. in the assessment of cloud computing risks[2].
We address the questions related to:
security concerns and threats over general cloud computing,
(2) the solutions for these problems and
(3) mobile users safety in convergence with energy consumption.
This presentation will give complete information regarding security issues related to cloud computing. To learn cloud computing fill up a simple form.
http://bit.ly/aDegGN
Sections:
Introduction
Cloud Computing background
Securing the Cloud
Virtualization
Mobile Cloud Computing
User safety & energy consumption
Author’s proposal
Conclusion
In order to make cloud computing to be adopted by users and enterprises, security concerns of users should be rectified by making cloud environment trustworthy, discussed by Latif et al. in the assessment of cloud computing risks[2].
We address the questions related to:
security concerns and threats over general cloud computing,
(2) the solutions for these problems and
(3) mobile users safety in convergence with energy consumption.
Cloud Computing Security Organization Assessments Service Categories Responsi...SlideTeam
This complete deck covers various topics and highlights important concepts. It has PPT slides which cater to your business needs. This complete deck presentation emphasizes Cloud Computing Security Organisation Assessments Service Categories Responsibility and has templates with professional background images and relevant content. This deck consists of total of twelve slides. Our designers have created customizable templates, keeping your convenience in mind. You can edit the colour, text and font size with ease. Not just this, you can also add or delete the content if needed. Get access to this fully editable complete presentation by clicking the download button below. https://bit.ly/3cmXz7E
Privacy Issues of Cloud Computing in the Federal SectorLew Oleinick
Presentation describing potential privacy issues of implementing cloud computing in the Federal market.
NOTE: Presentation does NOT reflect any official agency position. All views expressed are my own.
Enterprise IT is transitioning from the use of traditional on-premise data centers to hybrid cloud environments. As a result, we’re experiencing a paradigm shift in the way we must think about and manage enterprise security. From Four Walls to No Walls Until now, the conventional view on IT security has been that applications and data are safe because they’re physically housed within the confines of a company’s data center walls using company-owned equipment. So, it’s not surprising that many decision makers perceive greater risks as they trade physical assets for cloud-based solutions.
Through our partnerships with leading cloud providers, we are able to offer hybrid, private and public cloud solutions. At Epoch Universal, we supply cloud the way you want it with deep control, extreme performance, and broad customization capabilities. When you join the Epoch Universal fold, you take back the keys to your kingdom. Reign as supreme commander in chief of your cloud. No compromises. No exceptions.
Cloud Computing offers an on-demand and scalable access to a shared pool of resources hosted in a data center at providers’ site. It reduces the overheads of up-front investments and financial risks for the end-user. Regardless of the fact that cloud computing offers great advantages to the end users, there are several challenging issues that are mandatory to be addressed.
In the last few years, cloud computing has grown from being a promising business concept to one of the fastest growing segments of the IT industry. Now, recession-hit companies are increasingly realizing that simply by tapping into the cloud they can gain fast access to best-of-breed business applications or drastically boost their infrastructure resources, all at negligible cost. But as more and more information on individuals and companies is placed in the cloud, concerns are beginning to grow about just how safe an environment it is. This paper discusses security issues, requirements and challenges that cloud service providers (CSP) face during cloud engineering. Recommended security standards and management models to address these are suggested for technical and business community.
In a recent survey of 250 senior IT & business decision makers by Cloud Industry Forum, 61% expressed concerns over data security in the cloud, despite the fact only 2% have ever experienced a cloud-related security breach. Talk of the cloud and cloud technology has been rife for a long time now, yet there
are still many businesses that subscribe to out-dated
myths, such as data security.
The last few years have seen a marked increase in the
popularity of the cloud but for many it’s another tech
innovation that everyone tells them they need but that they
don’t fully understand. There’s a distinct hype surrounding
discussions on the cloud, but for the most part, they come
across as semi-intelligible fog, full of jargon fi lled techspeak,
with a lack of clarity about the business advantages.
In this whitepaper, we’ll lift the haze around the cloud and take
a straight-forward approach to explore the benefits, making it easy to determine if the cloud is right for you. We’ll clearly state the benefits of using the cloud as well as give an overview of the perceived risks and remove some of the common misconceptions.
Data protection in cloud computing - Data Protection Conference 2011Cloud Legal Project
Kuan Hon's slides for workshop on data protection in cloud computing at Data Protection 2011 conference organised by Holyrood in Edinburgh, UK on 24 February 2011.
The Need for Financial Stability in Zimbabwe: Use of Derivatives Securitiesiosrjce
Financial stability contributes to the stability and growth of a nation. There has been a sharp growth
in use or trading of derivatives in both mature and emerging markets. The Zimbabwean financial sector is still
not trading in derivatives security, yet Zimbabwe Stock Exchange is among the oldest and largest in Africa.The
trading of derivatives is done in two types of markets: organized exchanges and over the counter.Investors
generally use derivatives for three purposes: risk management, price discovery, and reduction of transaction
costs.Apart from generating cash in the adverse states of the world, derivative instruments also can smooth cash
flows through its interaction with the operating decisions. The study rallies behind the development of
derivatives market in Zimbabwe in the face of liquidity challenges currently facing the economy. The impact of
market risk on corporate activities should never be undermined and hence the corporate sector should be aided
in the elimination of market risk. The study is a policy prescription, which examines the importance of
derivatives and their suitability in Zimbabwe, to strengthen the financial sector. The study identified the
derivatives sector as the missing link to viable financial sector and hence economic growth.
Cloud Computing Security Organization Assessments Service Categories Responsi...SlideTeam
This complete deck covers various topics and highlights important concepts. It has PPT slides which cater to your business needs. This complete deck presentation emphasizes Cloud Computing Security Organisation Assessments Service Categories Responsibility and has templates with professional background images and relevant content. This deck consists of total of twelve slides. Our designers have created customizable templates, keeping your convenience in mind. You can edit the colour, text and font size with ease. Not just this, you can also add or delete the content if needed. Get access to this fully editable complete presentation by clicking the download button below. https://bit.ly/3cmXz7E
Privacy Issues of Cloud Computing in the Federal SectorLew Oleinick
Presentation describing potential privacy issues of implementing cloud computing in the Federal market.
NOTE: Presentation does NOT reflect any official agency position. All views expressed are my own.
Enterprise IT is transitioning from the use of traditional on-premise data centers to hybrid cloud environments. As a result, we’re experiencing a paradigm shift in the way we must think about and manage enterprise security. From Four Walls to No Walls Until now, the conventional view on IT security has been that applications and data are safe because they’re physically housed within the confines of a company’s data center walls using company-owned equipment. So, it’s not surprising that many decision makers perceive greater risks as they trade physical assets for cloud-based solutions.
Through our partnerships with leading cloud providers, we are able to offer hybrid, private and public cloud solutions. At Epoch Universal, we supply cloud the way you want it with deep control, extreme performance, and broad customization capabilities. When you join the Epoch Universal fold, you take back the keys to your kingdom. Reign as supreme commander in chief of your cloud. No compromises. No exceptions.
Cloud Computing offers an on-demand and scalable access to a shared pool of resources hosted in a data center at providers’ site. It reduces the overheads of up-front investments and financial risks for the end-user. Regardless of the fact that cloud computing offers great advantages to the end users, there are several challenging issues that are mandatory to be addressed.
In the last few years, cloud computing has grown from being a promising business concept to one of the fastest growing segments of the IT industry. Now, recession-hit companies are increasingly realizing that simply by tapping into the cloud they can gain fast access to best-of-breed business applications or drastically boost their infrastructure resources, all at negligible cost. But as more and more information on individuals and companies is placed in the cloud, concerns are beginning to grow about just how safe an environment it is. This paper discusses security issues, requirements and challenges that cloud service providers (CSP) face during cloud engineering. Recommended security standards and management models to address these are suggested for technical and business community.
In a recent survey of 250 senior IT & business decision makers by Cloud Industry Forum, 61% expressed concerns over data security in the cloud, despite the fact only 2% have ever experienced a cloud-related security breach. Talk of the cloud and cloud technology has been rife for a long time now, yet there
are still many businesses that subscribe to out-dated
myths, such as data security.
The last few years have seen a marked increase in the
popularity of the cloud but for many it’s another tech
innovation that everyone tells them they need but that they
don’t fully understand. There’s a distinct hype surrounding
discussions on the cloud, but for the most part, they come
across as semi-intelligible fog, full of jargon fi lled techspeak,
with a lack of clarity about the business advantages.
In this whitepaper, we’ll lift the haze around the cloud and take
a straight-forward approach to explore the benefits, making it easy to determine if the cloud is right for you. We’ll clearly state the benefits of using the cloud as well as give an overview of the perceived risks and remove some of the common misconceptions.
Data protection in cloud computing - Data Protection Conference 2011Cloud Legal Project
Kuan Hon's slides for workshop on data protection in cloud computing at Data Protection 2011 conference organised by Holyrood in Edinburgh, UK on 24 February 2011.
The Need for Financial Stability in Zimbabwe: Use of Derivatives Securitiesiosrjce
Financial stability contributes to the stability and growth of a nation. There has been a sharp growth
in use or trading of derivatives in both mature and emerging markets. The Zimbabwean financial sector is still
not trading in derivatives security, yet Zimbabwe Stock Exchange is among the oldest and largest in Africa.The
trading of derivatives is done in two types of markets: organized exchanges and over the counter.Investors
generally use derivatives for three purposes: risk management, price discovery, and reduction of transaction
costs.Apart from generating cash in the adverse states of the world, derivative instruments also can smooth cash
flows through its interaction with the operating decisions. The study rallies behind the development of
derivatives market in Zimbabwe in the face of liquidity challenges currently facing the economy. The impact of
market risk on corporate activities should never be undermined and hence the corporate sector should be aided
in the elimination of market risk. The study is a policy prescription, which examines the importance of
derivatives and their suitability in Zimbabwe, to strengthen the financial sector. The study identified the
derivatives sector as the missing link to viable financial sector and hence economic growth.
Short Term Analysis of Clinical, Functional Radiological Outcome of Total Kne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Supervision of Regional Government on Waste Management in Coastal Area Ta...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Comparsion between Diffirent Designs of Solar Colector in Basrah Cityiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Attitudes of the entourage towards youth with intellectual disabilities pract...iosrjce
The main objective of IOSR-JSPE is to reunite specialists from different fields, such as sport, physical activity, Kinesiology, education, health and nutrition, in order to provide the opportunity of multidisciplinary debates and comprehensive understanding of how physical activity influences human life. Researchers from areas related to sport and health will be invited to publish their newest gathered information and its practical applicability. The target group involves specialists from different fields, such as: academic researchers, kinesitherapists, Physical Education and sport teachers, physicians in sports medicine, psychologists, nutritionists, coaches or any other specialists related to the sport domain.
A Web Extraction Using Soft Algorithm for Trinity Structureiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Role Of Emergency ERCP in the Management of Biliary Sepsis Acute Cholangitis ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Supersymmetric E6 Models with Low Intermediate Scalesiosrjce
We propose supersymmetric E6 models with intermediate Left-right symmetry as a result of
spontaneous compactification of E8 theory in a ten dimensional space. We show that much lower value of Leftright
symmetry breaking scale and consistent unification scale can be achieved in presence of some appropriate
light multiplets resulting from spontaneous compactification of higher dimensions at the Planck scale. In the
model we could successfully lower the intermediate Left-right symmetry breaking scale MR up to 105 GeV. With
such a lower value of MR, we can easily accommodate low scale leptogenesis in tune with gravitino constraint.
The model can also predict desired value of neutrino mass that can be tested at LHC.
Teaching English In Adverse And Peculiar Situation: The English Language Teac...iosrjce
Adverse and peculiar situations as impediments to teaching and learning are not created by either
the teacher or the learner and so they should be dealt with. Teachers should not resign to fate. English
language teachers should cater for them. We cannot wait until all situations are right because they will never
be. By implication, languages must be taught in adverse and peculiar situation and that cannot be reversed.
This paper gives an exposition on the adverse and peculiar situations in which English language is taught in
our schools in Nigeria. It proffers suggestions on what teachers can do to redress the situation.
Study the Changes in Al-ahwaz Marshal using Principal Component Analysis and ...iosrjce
In this paper, six bands data sets taken from the landsat-7 ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper).To
determine the changes which occur in Alahwaz marshal during 2000 and 2013. the principal component
analysis has been used to detect the changes which occur during the years(2000 and 2013). The unsupervised
classification process which is the modified (K-mean) is used to classify the changes occur in the marshal
region and the area surrounding it. This type of classification depend on the color and distance between the
classes, a hybrid methods which are the principal component analysis with the K-mean which has been
implemented to produced the best change detection regions.
Feminist Economy in Family Economic Education to Build Economic Morality of P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Analysis of the conceptions of senior secondary school physics teachers in Mo...iosrjce
This article is part of didactic researches inspired by the history of science. Our aim is to identify
and analyze the conceptions implemented by Moroccan physics teachers of senior secondary school, confronted
with questions relatedto the perseverance of inertial motion as a motion-state, asexpressedby the principle of
inertia formulated by Newton. The study was conducted among 59 teachers who responded to three multiple
choice questions, guided by a research question. Pivot tables wereused when necessary, in order to establish a
typology to the conceptual basis. The analysis of the results has proven that for many teachers, this new form of
intelligence of this movement is not sufficiently clear, and the discontinuity with the Aristotelian notion of
motion-process has not occurred.
A magnetic resonance imaging studyof the temporomandibular joint and the disc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Computer Simulations in Medical Education: An Upward Trendiosrjce
The upward trend in medical education towards integrated, student center, active learning approach
and e-learning has evoked the usage of advanced information technology (IT) in the undergraduate medical
curriculum. Computer Simulations laboratories sessions invaded the curriculum as an effective
teaching/learning modality and replaced efficiently the animal laboratories sessions in teaching the intended
skills outcomes of different undergraduate Medical Courses: Physiology, Clinical Skills, Surgery and
Pharmacology. This innovation in the undergraduate medical education has to be critically evaluated;
weighing the possible advantages, disadvantages and pitfalls of this upward trend before designing any
undergraduate Medical Curriculum. This paper spots the light on the computer simulations usage as an upward
trend in Medical Education.
Trade Openness and Volatility of India’s Exports-an Analysisiosrjce
It is widely acknowledged that an economy’s vulnerability to exogenous economic shocks is largely
determined by its degree of exposure to the global economy—that is, by its degree of economic openness. In this
respect it is important to note that the size of impact depends on each country’s mix of exports and main trading
partners—that is, on its degree of export concentration. By all accounts, higher degrees of export concentration
are strongly correlated with greater volatility in export earnings. Present paper focuses on estimating the
degree of India’s openness and estimating the diversification of India’s exports calculating Herfindahl index.
The findings of the present study suggests increasing integration of Indian economy with world economy since
the initiation of reform process in 1991.It rose from 10.30 in 1987-88 to 40.58 in 2013-14. Further the findings
of the study are in line with theoretical arguments that economic openness explains the fact that an economy
may be vulnerable to external economic shocks as reflected by losses in export revenues and growth slowdowns
as the estimated correlation coefficients between variations in degree of openness and variations in earnings
from total exports and earnings from manufacturing exports (having largest share in total exports) are high and
positive. So far as product diversification of Indian exports is concerned, findings of the study suggest almost no
increase in it since 1990-91. Rather the concentration has slightly increased in recent past. Need for increasing
product diversification was also realised in Economic Survey 2012-13 after a drastic fall in exports in dollar
terms. The Economic Survey 2012-2013 presented by Finance Minister P Chidambaram in Parliament stated,
‘growth in exports can only be achieved with greater diversification of products’.
Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Intellectual Point is a Global Information Technology, Training, Consulting and Software Development Company. Intellectual Point provides professional hands-on computer and IT training as well as certifications to prepare you with the marketable skills and knowledge needed for today’s competitive job market.
Security of Data in Cloud Environment Using DPaaSIJMER
The rapid development of cloud computing is giving way to more cloud services, due to
which security of services of cloud especially data confidentiality protection, becomes more critical.
Cloud computing is an emerging computing style which provides dynamic services, scalable and payper-use.
Although cloud computing provides numerous advantages, a key challenge is how to ensure
and build confidence that the cloud can handle user data securely. This paper highlights some major
security issues that exist in current cloud computing environments. The status of the development of
cloud computing security, the data privacy analysis, security audit, information check and another
challenges that the cloud computing security faces have been explored. The recent researches on data
protection regarding security and privacy issues in cloud computing have partially addressed some
issues. The best option is to build data-protection solutions at the platform layer. The growing appeal
of data protection as a service is that it enables to access just the resources you need at minimal
upfront expense while providing the benefits of enterprise-class data protection capabilities. The
paper proposes a solution to make existing developed applications for simple cloud Systems
compatible with DPaaS. The various security challenges have been highlighted and the various
necessary metrics required for designing DPaaS have been investigated.
An Efficient MDC based Set Partitioned Embedded Block Image CodingDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, fast, efficient, simple and widely used
Set Partitioned Embedded bloCK based coding is done on
Multiple Descriptions of transformed image. The maximum
potential of this type of coding can be exploited with discrete
wavelet transform (DWT) of images. Two correlated
descriptions are generated from a wavelet transformed image
to ensure meaningful transmission of the image over noise
prone wireless channels. These correlated descriptions are
encoded by set partitioning technique through SPECK coders
and transmitted over wireless channels. Quality of
reconstructed image at the decoder side depends upon the
number of descriptions received. More the number of
descriptions received at output side, more enhance the quality
of reconstructed image. However, if any of the multiple
description is lost, the receive can estimate it exploiting the
correlation between the descriptions. The simulations
performed on an image on MATLAB gives decent
performance and results even after half of the descriptions is
lost in transmission.
Swiftly increasing demand of computational
calculations in the process of business, transferring of files
under certain protocols and data centers force to develop an
emerging technology cater to the services for computational
need, highly manageable and secure storage. To fulfill these
technological desires cloud computing is the best answer by
introducing various sorts of service platforms in high
computational environment. Cloud computing is the most
recent paradigm promising to turn around the vision of
“computing utilities” into reality. The term “cloud
computing” is relatively new, there is no universal agreement
on this definition. In this paper, we go through with different
area of expertise of research and novelty in cloud computing
domain and its usefulness in the genre of management. Even
though the cloud computing provides many distinguished
features, it still has certain sorts of short comings amidst with
comparatively high cost for both private and public clouds. It
is the way of congregating amasses of information and
resources stored in personal computers and other gadgets
and further putting them on the public cloud for serving
users. Resource management in a cloud environment is a
hard problem, due to the scale of modern data centers, their
interdependencies along with the range of objectives of the
different actors in a cloud ecosystem. Cloud computing is
turning to be one of the most explosively expanding
technologies in the computing industry in this era. It
authorizes the users to transfer their data and computation to
remote location with minimal impact on system performance.
With the evolution of virtualization technology, cloud
computing has been emerged to be distributed systematically
or strategically on full basis. The idea of cloud computing has
not only restored the field of distributed systems but also
fundamentally changed how business utilizes computing
today. Resource management in cloud computing is in fact a
typical problem which is due to the scale of modern data
centers, the variety of resource types and their inter
dependencies, unpredictability of load along with the range of
objectives of the different actors in a cloud ecosystem.
It auditing to assure a secure cloud computingingenioustech
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Abstract--The paper identifies the issues and the solution to overcome these problems. Cloud computing is a subscription based service where we can obtain networked storage space and computer resources. This technology has the capacity to admittance a common collection of resources on request. It is the application provided in the form of service over the internet and system hardware in the data centers that gives these services. But having many advantages for IT organizations cloud has some issues that must be consider during its deployment. The main concern is security privacy and trust. There are various issues that need to be dealt with respect to security and privacy in a cloud computing scenario [4].
Keywords--Cloud, Issues, Security, Privacy, Resources, Technology.
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Introduction to Cloud Computing and Cloud InfrastructureSANTHOSHKUMARKL1
Introduction, Cloud Infrastructure: Cloud computing, Cloud computing delivery models and services, Ethical issues, Cloud vulnerabilities, Cloud computing at Amazon, Cloud computing the Google perspective, Microsoft Windows Azure and online services, Open-source software platforms for private clouds.
A Detail Overview of Cloud Computing with its Opportunities and Obstacles in ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Secured Communication Model for Mobile Cloud Computingijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Cloud computing has revolutionized the way businesses operate by providing on-demand access to a wide range of computing resources such as servers, storage, applications, and services over the internet. This has eliminated the need for companies to maintain expensive hardware infrastructure and has enabled them to scale up or down their resources as per their requirements.
In the early days of cloud computing, most businesses were hesitant to move their operations to the cloud due to concerns around security, reliability, and control. However, over time, these concerns have been addressed, and cloud computing has become an integral part of modern businesses.
Security & privacy issues of cloud & grid computing networksijcsa
Cloud computing is a new field in Internet computing that provides novel perspectives in internetworking
technologies. Cloud computing has become a significant technology in field of information technology.
Security of confidential data is a very important area of concern as it can make way for very big problems
if unauthorized users get access to it. Cloud computing should have proper techniques where data is
segregated properly for data security and confidentiality. This paper strives to compare and contrast cloud
computing with grid computing, along with the Tools and simulation environment & Tips to store data and
files safely in Cloud.
Cloud computing is basically storing and accessing data and sharing resources over the internet rather than having local servers or personal device to handle applications.
In the context of the 4.0 revolution, technology applications, especially cloud computing will have strong impacts on all areas, including accounting systems of enterprises. Cloud computing contributes to helping the enterprise accounting apparatus become compact, help automate the input process, improve the accuracy of the input data. Besides, the issur of accounting, reporting, risk control and information security also became better, contributing to improving the effectiveness of accounting. However, besides the positive impacts, businesses also face many difficulties in deploying and applying cloud computing. However, this application requirement will become an inevitable trend contributing to improving the operational efficiency of enterprises. To promote this process requires from the State as well as businesses themselves must have awareness and appropriate decisions. Breakthroughs in information technology have dramatically changed the accounting industry and the creation of financial statements. The Internet and the technologies that use the power of the Internet are playing an important role in the management and accounting activities of businesses - who always tend to be ready to receive and use public innovations technology in collecting, storing, processing and reporting information.
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 17, Issue 6, Ver. VI (Nov – Dec. 2015), PP 08-13
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17660813 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Privacy Issues In Cloud Computing
Leela Krishna Ganapavarapu1
, Sireesha Prathigadapa2 ,
Kiranmayi Bodapati3
1,2,3
Malaysia
Abstract: Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product. It provides shared
resources, software, and information to computers and other devices over a network. The increasing network
bandwidth and reliable yet flexible network connections make it even possible that users can now subscribe high
quality services from data and software that reside solely on remote data centres. We can store and retrieve the
data as we like using cloud computing. The cloud computing paradigm changes the way in which information is
managed, especially where personal data processing is concerned. End-users can access cloud services without
the need for any expert knowledge of the underlying technology. This is a key characteristic of cloud computing,
which offers the advantage of reducing cost through the sharing of computing and storage resources, combined
with an on-demand provisioning mechanism based on a pay-per-use business model. These new features have a
direct impact on the IT budget and cost of ownership, but also bring up issues of traditional security, trust and
privacy mechanisms.Privacy, in this Article, refers to the right to self-determination, that is, the right of
individuals to ‘know what is known about them’, be aware of stored information about them, control how that
information is communicated and prevent its abuse. In other words, it refers to more than just confidentiality of
information. Protection of personal information (or data protection) derives from the right to privacy via the
associated right to self-determination. Every individual has the right to control his or her own data, whether
private, public or professional. Privacy issues are increasingly important in the online world. It is generally
accepted that due consideration of privacy issues promotes user confidence and economic development.
However, the secure release, management and control of personal information into the cloud represent a huge
challenge for all stakeholders, involving pressures both legal and commercial. This study analyses the
challenges posed by cloud computing and the standardization work being done by various standards
development organizations (SDOs) to mitigate privacy risks in the cloud, including the role of privacy-
enhancing technologies (PETs).
Key Words: Cloud Storage Services, data integrity, dependable distributed storage, data dynamics, Cloud
Computing, Privacy.
I. Introduction
Few years ago, people used to carry their documents around on disks. Then, more recently, many
people switched to memory sticks. Cloud computing refers to the ability to access and manipulate information
stored on remote servers, using any Internet-enabled platform, including smart phones. Computing facilities and
applications will increasingly be delivered as a service, over the Internet. We are already making use of cloud
computing when, for example, we use applications such as Google Mail, Microsoft Office365 1 or Google
Docs. In the future, governments, companies and individuals will increasingly turn to the cloud.
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.”
2. PRIVACY ISSUES IN CLOUD COMPUTING
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17660813 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
This definition, the cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics,
three delivery models and four deployment models.
The five key characteristics of cloud computing are on-demand self service, ubiquitous network access,
location-independent resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured service, all of which are geared towards
seamless and transparent cloud use. Rapid elasticity enables the scaling up (or down) of resources. Measured
services are primarily derived from business model properties whereby cloud service providers control and
optimize the use of computing resources through automated resource allocation, load balancing and metering
tools.
As per the definition provided by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) (Badger etal.,
2011), “cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction”. It represents
a paradigm shift in information technology many of us are likely to see in our lifetime. While the customers are
excited by the opportunities to reduce the capital costs, and the chance to divest themselves of infrastructure
management and focus on core competencies, and above all the agility offered by the on-demand provisioning
of computing, there are issues and challenges which need to be addressed before a ubiquitous adoption may
happen.
Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and
systems software in the data centers that provide those services. There are four basic cloud delivery models, as
outlined by NIST (Badger et al., 2011), based on who provides the cloud services.
The agencies may employ one model or a combination of different models for efficient and optimized delivery
of applications and business services. These four delivery models are: (i) Private cloud in which cloud services
are provided solely for an organization and are managed by the organization or a third party. These services may
exist off-site. (ii) Public cloud in which cloud services are available to the public and owned by an organization
selling the cloud services, for example, Amazon cloud service. (iii) Community cloud in which cloud services
are shared by several organizations for supporting a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission,
security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). These services may be managed by the
organizations or a third party and may exist offsite. A special case of community cloud is the Government or G-
Cloud. This type of cloud computing is provided by one or more agencies (service provider role), for use by all,
or most, government agencies (user role). (iv) Hybrid cloud which is a composition of different cloud
computing infrastructure (public, private or community). An example for hybrid cloud is the data stored in
private cloud of a travel agency that is manipulated by a program running in the public cloud.
From the perspective of service delivery, NIST has identified three basic types of cloud service
offerings. These models are: (i) Software as a service (SaaS) which offers renting application functionality from
a service provider rather than buying, installing and running software by the user. (ii) Platform as a service
(PaaS) which provides a platform in the cloud, upon which applications can be developed and executed. (iii)
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) in which the vendors offer computing power and storage space on demand.
From a hardware point of view, three aspects are new in the paradigm of cloud computing (Armbrust etal.,
2009). These aspects of cloud computing are: (i) The illusion of infinite computing resources available on
demand, thereby eliminating the need for cloud computing users to plan far ahead for provisioning. (ii)The
elimination of an up-front commitment by cloud users, thereby allowing companies to start small and increase
hardware resources only when there is an increase in their needs. (iii) The ability to pay for use of computing
resources on a short-term basis as needed and release them when the resources are not
needed, thereby rewarding conservation by letting machines and storage go when they are no longer useful. In a
nutshell, cloud computing has enabled operations of large-scale data centers which has led to significant
decrease in operational costs of those data centers. On the consumer side, there are some obvious benefits
provided by cloud computing. A painful reality of running IT services is the fact that in most of the times, peak
demand is significantly higher than the average demand. The resultant massive over-provisioning that the
companies usually do is extremely capital-intensive and wasteful. Cloud computing has allowed and will allow
even more seamless scaling of resources as the demand changes. In spite of the several advantages that cloud
computing brings along with it, there are several concern sand issues which need to be solved before ubiquitous
adoption of this computing paradigm happens. First in cloud computing, the user may not have the kind of
control over his/her data or the performance of his/her applications that he/she may need, or the ability to audit
or change the processes and policies under which he/she must work. Different parts of an application might be
in different place in the cloud that can have an adverse impact on the performance of the application. Complying
with regulations may be difficult especially when talking about cross-border issues – it should also be noted that
regulations still need to be developed to take all aspects of cloud computing into account. It is quite natural that
monitoring and maintenance is not as simple a task as compared to what it is for PCs sitting in the Intranet.
3. PRIVACY ISSUES IN CLOUD COMPUTING
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17660813 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Second, the cloud customers may risk losing data by having them locked into proprietary formats and may lose
control over their data since the tools for monitoring who is using them or who can view them are not always
provided to the customers. Data loss is, therefore, a potentially real risk in some specific deployments. Third, it
may not be easy to tailor service-level agreements (SLAs) to the specific needs of a business. Compensation for
downtime may be inadequate and SLAs are unlikely to cover the concomitant damages. It is sensible to balance
the cost of guaranteeing internal uptime against the advantages of opting for the cloud. Fourth, leveraging cost
advantages may not always be possible always. From the perspective of the organizations, having little or no
capital investment may actually have tax disadvantages. Finally, the standards are immature and insufficient for
handling the rapidly changing and evolving technologies of cloud computing. Therefore, one cannot just move
applications to the cloud and expect them to run efficiently. Finally, there are latency and performance issues
since the Internet connections and the network links may add to latency or may put constraint on the available
bandwidth.
II. ARCHICTECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
In this section, we present a top-level architecture of cloud computing that depicts various cloud
service delivery models. Cloud computing enhances collaboration, agility, scale, availability and provides the
potential for cost reduction through optimized and efficient computing. More specifically, cloud describes the
use of a collection of distributed services, applications, information and infrastructure comprised of pools of
compute, network, information and storage resources (CSA Security Guidance, 2009). These components can be
rapidly orchestrated, provisioned, implemented and decommissioned using an on demand utility-like model of
allocation and consumption. Cloud services are most often, but not always, utilized in conjunction with an
enabled by virtualization technologies to provide dynamic integration, provisioning, orchestration, mobility and
scale. While the very definition of cloud suggests the decoupling of resources from the physical affinity to and
location of the infrastructure that delivers them, many descriptions of cloud go to one extreme or another by
either exaggerating or artificially limiting the many attributes of cloud. This is often purposely done in an
attempt to inflate or marginalize its scope. Some examples include the suggestions that for a service to be cloud-
based, that the Internet must be used as a transport, a web browser must be used as an access modality or that
the resources are always shared in a multi-tenant environment outside of the “perimeter.” What is missing in
these definitions is context.
From an architectural perspective, given this abstracted evolution of technology, there is much confusion
surrounding how cloud is both similar and different from existing models and how these similarities and
differences might impact the organizational, operational and technological approaches to cloud adoption as it
relates to traditional network and information security practices. There are those who say cloud is a novel sea-
change and technical revolution while other suggests it is a natural evolution and coalescence of technology,
economy and culture. The real truth is somewhere in between.
There are many models available today which attempt to address cloud from the perspective of academicians,
architects, engineers, developers, managers and even consumers. The architecture that we will focus on this
chapter is specifically tailored to the unique perspectives of IT network deployment and service delivery.
Cloud services are based upon five principal characteristics that demonstrate their relation to, and differences
from, traditional computing approaches (CSA Security Guidance, 2009). These characteristics are: (i)
abstraction of infrastructure, (ii) resource democratization, (iii) service oriented architecture, (iv)
elasticity/dynamism, (v) utility model of consumption and allocation.
Abstraction of infrastructure: The computation, network and storage infrastructure resources are abstracted
from the application and information resources as a function of service delivery. Where and by what physical
resource that data is processed, transmitted and stored on becomes largely opaque from the perspective of an
application or services’ ability to deliver it. Infrastructure resources are generally pooled in order to deliver
service regardless of the tenancy model employed – shared or dedicated. This abstraction is generally provided
by means of high levels of virtualization at the chipset and operating system levels or enabled at the higher
levels by heavily customized file systems, operating systems or communication protocols.
Resource democratization: The abstraction of infrastructure yields the notion of resource democratization-
whether infrastructure, applications, or information – and provides the capability for pooled resources to be
made available and accessible to anyone or anything authorized to utilize them using standardized methods for
doing so.
Service-oriented architecture: As the abstraction of infrastructure from application and information yields
well-defined and loosely-coupled resource democratization, the notion of utilizing these components in whole or
part, alone or with integration, provides a services oriented architecture where resources may be accessed and
utilized in a standard way. In this model, the focus is on the delivery of service and not the management of
infrastructure.
4. PRIVACY ISSUES IN CLOUD COMPUTING
DOI: 10.9790/0661-17660813 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
Elasticity/dynamism: The on-demand model of cloud provisioning coupled with high levels of automation,
virtualization, and ubiquitous, reliable and high-speed connectivity provides for the capability to rapidly expand
or contract resource allocation to service definition and requirements using a self service model that scales to as-
needed capacity. Since resources are pooled, better utilization and service levels can be achieved.
Utility model of consumption and allocation: The abstracted, democratized, service-oriented and elastic
nature of cloud combined with tight automation, orchestration, provisioning and self-service then allows for
dynamic allocation of resources based on any number of governing input parameters. Given the visibility at an
atomic level, the consumption of resources can then be used to provide a metered utility cost and usage model.
This facilitates greater cost efficacies and scale as well as manageable and predictive costs.
Cloud Service Delivery Models
Three archetypal models and the derivative combinations thereof generally describe cloud service delivery. The
three individual models are often referred to as the “SPI MODEL”, where “SPI” refers to Software, Platform
and Infrastructure (as a service) respectively (CSA Security Guidance, 2009).
Software as a Service (SaaS): The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications
running on a cloud infrastructure and accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such
as web browser. In other words, in this model, a complete application is offered to the customer as a service on
demand. A single instance of the service runs on the cloud and multiple end users are services. On the
customers’ side, there is no need for upfront investment in servers or software licenses, while for the provider,
the costs are lowered, since only a single application needs to be hoste and maintained. In summary, in this
model, the customers do not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers, operating
systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific
application configuration settings. Currently, SaaS is offered by companies such as Google, Sales force,
Microsoft, Zoho etc.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): In this model, a layer of software or development environment is encapsulated
and offered as a service, upon which other higher levels of service are built. The customer has the freedom to
build his own applications, which run on the provider’s infrastructure. Hence, a capability is provided to the
customer to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure customer-created applications using programming languages
and tools supported by the provider (e.g., Java, Python, .Net etc.). Although the customer does not manage or
control the underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but he/she has the
control over the deployed applications and possibly over the application hosting environment configurations. To
meet manageability and scalability requirements of the applications, PaaS providers offer a predefined
combination of operating systems and application servers, such as LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySql and PHP)
platform, restricted J2EE, Ruby etc.
Some examples of PaaS are: Google’s App Engine, Force.com, etc.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This model provides basic storage and computing capabilities as
standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, networking equipment, data center space etc.
are pooled and made available to handle workloads. The capability provided to the customer is to rent
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the customer is able to deploy
and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The customer does not
manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has the control over operating systems, storage,
deployed applications, and possibly select networking components (e.g., firewalls, load balancers etc.). Some
examples of IaaS are: Amazon, GoGrid, 3 Tera etc. Understanding the relationship and dependencies between
these models is critical. IaaS is the foundation of all cloud services with PaaS building upon IaaS, and SaaS-in
turn – building upon PaaS. Architecture of cloud layer model is depicted in Figure 1.
Challenges to privacy in cloud computing:
The promise to deliver IT as a service is addressed a large range of consumers, from small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) and public administrations to end-users. According to industry analysts, the ICT sector is
poised for strong growth of cloud services. Users are creating an ever-growing quantity of personal data. IDC
predicts that the "digital universe" – the amount of information and content created and stored digitally – will
grow from 1.8 zeta bytes (ZB) in 2011 to over 7 ZB by 2015.
This expanding quantity of personal data will drive demand for cloud services, particularly if cloud computing
delivers on the promises of lower costs for customers and the emergence of new business models for providers.
Among the main privacy challenges for cloud computing is:
a) Complexity of risk assessment in a cloud environment
b) Emergence of new business models and their implications for consumer privacy
c) Achieving regulatory compliance.
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DOI: 10.9790/0661-17660813 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Complexity of risk assessment
The complexity of cloud services introduces a number of unknown parameters. Service providers and
consumers are cautious, respectively, about offering guarantees for compliance-ready services and adopting the
services. With service providers promoting a simple way to flow personal data irrespective of national
boundaries, a real challenge arises in terms of checking the data processing life cycle and its compliance with
legal frameworks.
In a cloud service, there are many questions needing to be addressed in order to determine the risks to
information privacy and security:
• Who are the stakeholders involved in the operation?
• What are their roles and responsibilities?
• Where is the data kept?
• How is the data replicated?
• What are the relevant legal rules for data processing?
• How will the service provider meet the expected level of security and privacy?
To address these issues, the Madrid Resolution states that every responsible person shall have transparent
policies with regard to the processing of personal data. Stakeholders need to specify requirements for cloud
computing that meet the expected level of security and privacy. In Europe, the European Network and
Information Security Agency (ENISA) provides recommendations to facilitate understanding of the shift in the
balance of responsibility and accountability for key functions such as governance and control over data and IT
operations and compliance with laws and regulations.
Emergence of new business models and implications for consumer privacy
A report by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on "Protecting consumer privacy in an era of rapid change"
analyses the implications for consumer privacy of technological advances in the IT sphere. According to FTC,
users are able to collect, store, manipulate and share vast amounts of consumer data for very little cost.
These technological advances have led to an explosion of new business models that depend on
capturing consumer data at a specific and individual level and over time, including profiling, online behavioural
advertising (OBA), social media services and location-based mobile services.
III. Conclusion
Cloud computing is still in its infancy. This is an emerging technology which will bring about innovations
in terms of business models and applications. The widespread penetration of smart phones will be a major
factor in driving the adoption of cloud computing. However, cloud computing faces challenges related to
privacy and security.
The global dimension of cloud computing requires standardized methodologies and technical solutions to
enable stakeholders to assess privacy risks and establish adequate protection levels. From a business point
of view, privacy should represent an opportunity for cloud providers to promote brand image and
differentiate services. However, privacy challenges require the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders
to cover multidisciplinary approaches benefiting all areas of society. Robust privacy protection needs
interoperable built-in privacy components capable of ensuring compliance with principles such as data
minimization in complex architectures. Privacy standards will play an important role in fostering the
adoption of cloud services by promoting social responsibility and addressing privacy challenges. The
implementation of PETs is seen as a good mechanism by data protection authorities to protect the data
subject's rights and meet privacy principle objectives. In cloud services, the implementation of PETs will
depend on the availability of standards to assess privacy risks and describe means of ensuring data
protection compliance. PETs can ensure that breaches of the data protection rules and violations of
individuals’ rights are not only forbidden and subject to sanctions, but are also a technically daunting
undertaking. The embedding of privacy by design features when designing technologies is increasingly
supported by regulators and is also being included in the reform of the EU Data Protection Directive.
Cybercriminal activities impacting cloud computing environments −for example, fraud and malicious
hacking are threats that can undermine user confidence in the cloud. Cloud computing providers face
multiple, and potentially conflicting, laws concerning disclosure of information. Achieving a better
understanding of jurisdictional issues is critical and should be tackled through enhanced dialogue.
ITU could have an enabling role to play in developing technical standards, guidelines and methodologies
for implementing privacy by design principles, including assessment of risks to personal information in the
cloud. These can be used as best practices by service providers in order to ensure compliance with legal
frameworks for personal information protection. ITU could consider organizing an event on this topic to
promote the standards work being done in this area. ITU-T SG 17 has taken the initiative, through a number
of study Questions, to work on specific topics related to cloud security. However, a good deal of work
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DOI: 10.9790/0661-17660813 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
remains to be done in the area of cloud privacy. Cloud security is set to form a major part of SG 17’s future
work, while extensive collaboration with other standardization bodies and industry groups would help to
expedite progress and avoid duplication of effort.
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