The summary identifies the following key points from the document:
1. The study aimed to identify factors associated with internet use among 282 primary care patients in Makurdi, Nigeria.
2. Younger age, male sex, urban residence, higher education, good health perception, higher income, and being single were significantly associated with greater internet use.
3. The most common reasons for internet use were email, research, and social networks. Google was the most used search engine.
Towards EHR Interoperability in Tanzania Hospitals : Issues, Challenges and O...IJCSEA Journal
This study aimed at identifying the issue, challenges and opportunities from the health consumers in Tanzania towards interoperability of electronic health records. Reaching that level of seamless data sharing among Hospitals needs the cooperation of all stakeholders especially the health consumer whose data are the ones to be shared. Without their acceptance that means there is nothing to share. Recognizing that we conducted a study in Tanzania to identify the challenges, issues and opportunities towards health information exchange through interoperable EHRs. The study was conducted in three major cities of Tanzania to identify the security, privacy and confidentiality issues of information sharing together with related challenges to data sharing. This was in order to come up with a clear picture of how to implement some EHRs that will be trusted by health consumers. The participants (n=240) were surveyed on computer usage, EHRs knowledge, demographics, security and privacy issues. A total of 200 surveys were completed and returned (83.3% response rate). Among them 67.5% were women, 62.6% had not heard of EHRs, 73% were highly concerned about the privacy and security of their information. 75% believed that introduction of various security mechanisms will make EHRs more secure and thus better. We conducted a number of chi-square tests (p<0.05) and we realized that there was a strong relationship among the variable of age, computer use, EHRs knowledge and the concerns for privacy and security. The study also showed that there was just a small difference of 8.5% between those people who think EHRs are safer than paper records and those who think otherwise. The general observation of the study was that in order to make EHRs successful in our Hospitals then the issue of security, and health consumer involvement were they two key towards the road of successful EHRs in our hospitals practices and that will make consumers more willing to allow their records to be shared among different health organizations. So besides the issues identified, this study helped us to identify the key requirements which will be implemented in our proposed framework
This study aimed at identifying the issue, challenges and opportunities from the health consumers in
Tanzania towards interoperability of electronic health records. Reaching that level of seamless data
sharing among Hospitals needs the cooperation of all stakeholders especially the health consumer whose
data are the ones to be shared. Without their acceptance that means there is nothing to share. Recognizing
that we conducted a study in Tanzania to identify the challenges, issues and opportunities towards health
information exchange through interoperable EHRs. The study was conducted in three major cities of
Tanzania to identify the security, privacy and confidentiality issues of information sharing together with
related challenges to data sharing. This was in order to come up with a clear picture of how to implement
some EHRs that will be trusted by health consumers. The participants (n=240) were surveyed on computer
usage, EHRs knowledge, demographics, security and privacy issues. A total of 200 surveys were completed
and returned (83.3% response rate). Among them 67.5% were women, 62.6% had not heard of EHRs, 73%
were highly concerned about the privacy and security of their information. 75% believed that introduction
of various security mechanisms will make EHRs more secure and thus better. We conducted a number of
chi-square tests (p<0.05) and we realized that there was a strong relationship among the variable of age,
computer use, EHRs knowledge and the concerns for privacy and security.The study also showed that there
was just a small difference of 8.5% between those people who think EHRs are safer than paper records and
those who think otherwise. The general observation of the study was that in order to make EHRs successful
in our Hospitals then the issue of security, and health consumer involvement were they two key towards the
road of successful EHRs in our hospitals practices and that will make consumers more willing to allow
their records to be shared among different health organizations. So besides the issues identified, this study
helped us to identify the key requirements which will be implemented in our proposed framework.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Electronic Health Records by Nursepaperpublications3
Abstract: Electronic Health Record has potential to improve patient care by managing patient’s medical and personal information efficiently and effectively. It is easy to maintain patient information electronically compared to paper based records. Many studies have been done in other countries to study the effective use of Electronic Health Record, but a small number of studies exist in Indian situation. This study is a footstep in this route. This study has been done to know the use of electronic health records among nurses in private medium sized hospitals of Tamil Nadu, India. The objective of the study is to explore the use of Electronic Health Records and barriers in using it among nurses. This study also analyzes the factors affecting nurses to adopt electronic health record. Only a third of the nurses (33%) use electronic health record. Lack of training is the major hindrance in use electronic health record among nurses.
Towards EHR Interoperability in Tanzania Hospitals : Issues, Challenges and O...IJCSEA Journal
This study aimed at identifying the issue, challenges and opportunities from the health consumers in Tanzania towards interoperability of electronic health records. Reaching that level of seamless data sharing among Hospitals needs the cooperation of all stakeholders especially the health consumer whose data are the ones to be shared. Without their acceptance that means there is nothing to share. Recognizing that we conducted a study in Tanzania to identify the challenges, issues and opportunities towards health information exchange through interoperable EHRs. The study was conducted in three major cities of Tanzania to identify the security, privacy and confidentiality issues of information sharing together with related challenges to data sharing. This was in order to come up with a clear picture of how to implement some EHRs that will be trusted by health consumers. The participants (n=240) were surveyed on computer usage, EHRs knowledge, demographics, security and privacy issues. A total of 200 surveys were completed and returned (83.3% response rate). Among them 67.5% were women, 62.6% had not heard of EHRs, 73% were highly concerned about the privacy and security of their information. 75% believed that introduction of various security mechanisms will make EHRs more secure and thus better. We conducted a number of chi-square tests (p<0.05) and we realized that there was a strong relationship among the variable of age, computer use, EHRs knowledge and the concerns for privacy and security. The study also showed that there was just a small difference of 8.5% between those people who think EHRs are safer than paper records and those who think otherwise. The general observation of the study was that in order to make EHRs successful in our Hospitals then the issue of security, and health consumer involvement were they two key towards the road of successful EHRs in our hospitals practices and that will make consumers more willing to allow their records to be shared among different health organizations. So besides the issues identified, this study helped us to identify the key requirements which will be implemented in our proposed framework
This study aimed at identifying the issue, challenges and opportunities from the health consumers in
Tanzania towards interoperability of electronic health records. Reaching that level of seamless data
sharing among Hospitals needs the cooperation of all stakeholders especially the health consumer whose
data are the ones to be shared. Without their acceptance that means there is nothing to share. Recognizing
that we conducted a study in Tanzania to identify the challenges, issues and opportunities towards health
information exchange through interoperable EHRs. The study was conducted in three major cities of
Tanzania to identify the security, privacy and confidentiality issues of information sharing together with
related challenges to data sharing. This was in order to come up with a clear picture of how to implement
some EHRs that will be trusted by health consumers. The participants (n=240) were surveyed on computer
usage, EHRs knowledge, demographics, security and privacy issues. A total of 200 surveys were completed
and returned (83.3% response rate). Among them 67.5% were women, 62.6% had not heard of EHRs, 73%
were highly concerned about the privacy and security of their information. 75% believed that introduction
of various security mechanisms will make EHRs more secure and thus better. We conducted a number of
chi-square tests (p<0.05) and we realized that there was a strong relationship among the variable of age,
computer use, EHRs knowledge and the concerns for privacy and security.The study also showed that there
was just a small difference of 8.5% between those people who think EHRs are safer than paper records and
those who think otherwise. The general observation of the study was that in order to make EHRs successful
in our Hospitals then the issue of security, and health consumer involvement were they two key towards the
road of successful EHRs in our hospitals practices and that will make consumers more willing to allow
their records to be shared among different health organizations. So besides the issues identified, this study
helped us to identify the key requirements which will be implemented in our proposed framework.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Electronic Health Records by Nursepaperpublications3
Abstract: Electronic Health Record has potential to improve patient care by managing patient’s medical and personal information efficiently and effectively. It is easy to maintain patient information electronically compared to paper based records. Many studies have been done in other countries to study the effective use of Electronic Health Record, but a small number of studies exist in Indian situation. This study is a footstep in this route. This study has been done to know the use of electronic health records among nurses in private medium sized hospitals of Tamil Nadu, India. The objective of the study is to explore the use of Electronic Health Records and barriers in using it among nurses. This study also analyzes the factors affecting nurses to adopt electronic health record. Only a third of the nurses (33%) use electronic health record. Lack of training is the major hindrance in use electronic health record among nurses.
Cucumber disease recognition using machine learning and transfer learningriyaniaes
Cucumber is grown, as a cash crop besides it is one of the main and popular vegetables in Bangladesh. As Bangladesh's economy is largely dependent on the agricultural sector, cucumber farming could make economic and productivity growth more sustainable. But many diseases diminish the situation of cucumber. Early detection of disease can help to stop disease from spreading to other healthy plants and also accurate identifying the disease will help to reduce crop losses through specific treatments. In this paper, we have presented two approaches namely traditional machine learning (ML) and CNN-based transfer learning. Then we have compared the performance of the applied techniques to find out the most appropriate techniques for recognizing cucumber diseases. In our ML approach, the system involves five steps. After collecting the image, pre-processing is done by resizing, filtering, and contrast-enhancing. Then we have compared various ML algorithms using k-means based image segmentation after extracted 10 relevant features. Random forest gives the best accuracy with 89.93% in the traditional ML approach. We also studied and applied CNN-based transfer learning to investigate the further improvement of recognition performance. Lastly, a comparison among various transfer learning models such as InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, and VGG16 has been performed. Between these two approaches, MobileNetV2 achieves the highest accuracy with 93.23%.
Use of Mobile Phone for Knowledge Update among Nurses in Primary and Secondar...iosrjce
Prior to their professional carrier, nurses pass through a rigorous training in either schools of
nursing or departments of nursing science in Nigerian universities. The basic professional education they
obtained in these institutions is not sufficient for a life time practice. For nursing to be of high quality, the nurse
will need to continuously update him/herself not only in the knowledge specific to nursing but to have vast
knowledge in other related disciplines. Nigerian nurses face numerous challenges in updating their knowledge.
These challenges notwithstanding, the nurses still have a professional obligation for safe practice supported by
up-to-date knowledge which mobile phone has great potentials to provide. This study examined the use of
mobile phone among nurses in primary and secondary healthcare settings in Sokoto State. It is a descriptive
design in which 15 primary and 5 secondary healthcare facilities in Sokoto State were involved. Proportionate
stratified random sampling technique was used to select 251 nurses in Sokoto State. A self-administered pretested
questionnaire with 47 close-ended questions and 2 open-ended questions was used to collect the data. The
Cronbach alpha reliability co-efficient of α=0.73 was achieved for the instrument. There was 84% response
rate. The results showed that the level of nurses’ knowledge in the States was Good ( 33%). There was high
adoption of mobile phone among the nurses in Sokoto State (100%). The nurses’ main driving force for the use
of mobile technology was general knowledge update (51%) and the main factors restricting respondents from
the use of mobile phone were unreliable connection to the network (74%) and too many work demands (70%).
Digital Access to the World's Literature: A Blueprint to Integrate Evidence w...Elaine Martin
Lamar Soutter Library Director Elaine Martin and Consultant Karen Dahlen introduce a digital public health library initiative that supports national and state public health departments. Success stories and next steps to build a sustainable digital library model for all public health department is covered.
Healthcare receivers’ acceptance of telecardiology in MalaysiaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This quantitative study investigates acceptance towards implementation of telecardiology in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to explore and understand the potential factors that could be the key elements in cultivating positive behaviour towards telecardiology adoption in Malaysia. Data was gathered by using survey method from 149 patients and publics who use internet service in their daily lives. The questionnaire was developed by integrating Technology Readiness Index (TRI), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which consists of 42 items. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis and one-way ANOVA were conducted to analyse the data. The analysis reveals that Malaysians generally hold a positive perception towards implementation of telecardiology with some reservations. Besides that, gender and income of the respondents were found to influence the variables in telecardiology readiness, hence suggesting these two variables be taken into considerations in the adoption of telecardiology. It is our hope that the result of this study provides some useful information for the policy makers and implementers to develop effective implementation strategies that could reduce users’ resistance and adoption barriers in telecardiology adoption.
Eysenbach: eHealth: Transforming the dynamics of a complex health systemGunther Eysenbach
Keynote for the Australian 10th Annual Health Care Congress ( http://www.webcitation.org/5Vlz9j0HO ) in Sydney, 27th - 29th February 2008. Keynote contains a run-down of what ehealth is all about, and then focusses a fair bit on Personal Health Records (PHR 2.0) and Personal Health Applications. This is partly because the new Australian government under its new prime minister Kevin Rudd has set a couple of priorities for reforming health care, among them is "focussing on preventative health care and health promotion to help keep Australians healthy and out of hospital", which is a goal that can - in my opinion - be attained or at least greatly supported with Personal Health Records, or more specifically with what I call second generation PHRs or PHR 2.0. Contains screenshots of our Healthbook (TM) project, which was subsequently mentioned mentioned in the preliminary report of the 2020 Summit to the Prime Minister in Australia, see http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.com/search/label/healthbook
Integrative Health Care Shift Benefits and Challenges among Health Care Profe...ijtsrd
Nurses play an important role in supporting patients with any illness who often seek information regarding alternative therapy. Within their scope of practice, it is expected that nurses have sufficient knowledge about the safety and effective use of alternative therapies, and positive attitudes toward supporting patients who wish to use such therapies. An alternative therapy refers to the health treatments which go along with the medical care, and it is based on natural and traditional methods. It includes natural therapies, herbal medicines yoga, aromatherapy, batch flower medicines, spiritual therapies etc. They offer people the chance to try therapies outside of their standard medical care. These treatment methods are totally different from allopathic medical practices. An evaluative approach with one group pre test, post test design was used for this study. The study was conducted in selected rural areas of Tamilnadu. The samples comprised of 600 health professionals. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Data was collected using structured knowledge questionnaire before and after administering the structured health education program. The study proved their knowledge improved remarkably after administering the education. The findings of the study support the need for providing information to improve the knowledge of the health professionals regarding complementary therapies in the perspectives of integrating health care shift towards alternative therapies. So the findings have also proved that the information booklet was effective in terms of gain in knowledge scores. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Sahar Mohammed Aly | Dr. Afnan Abdulltif Albokhary ""Integrative Health Care Shift- Benefits and Challenges among Health Care Professionals"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30044.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30044/integrative-health-care-shift--benefits-and-challenges-among-health-care-professionals/dr-pushpamala-ramaiah
Adoption of Integrated Healthcare Information System in Nairobi County: Kenya...Editor IJCATR
Health care information systems are aimed at facilitating the smooth running and interoperability of the health care
delivery processes to ensure efficiency and effectiveness; however, the complexity, heterogeneity and diversity of the health care
sector especially in Kenya poses serious challenges especially in relation to integration of the systems. There is a large disconnect
between the public and private health care delivery systems characterized by fragmentation of services, locally within hospitals
(among primary, secondary and tertiary health care settings) and across different health care centers. This research is aimed at
examining the adoption of integrated healthcare information system in Nairobi County; Kenyatta National Hospital represents the
public sector and The Mater Hospital the private sector. A sample size of 100 users on information system from the two hospitals
picked from the primary secondary and tertiary levels were selected and questionnaires administered to them. Data was analyzed
through descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS. The results of the study indicated that there was a huge disparity between
healthcare information system adoption in the public and private sectors with the private sector’s adoption being at an advanced
stage. The major barriers to adoption including social political barriers, financial constraints and technical/technological barriers
also presented.
A Dental Transposition: Literature Review and Clinical Managementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Cucumber disease recognition using machine learning and transfer learningriyaniaes
Cucumber is grown, as a cash crop besides it is one of the main and popular vegetables in Bangladesh. As Bangladesh's economy is largely dependent on the agricultural sector, cucumber farming could make economic and productivity growth more sustainable. But many diseases diminish the situation of cucumber. Early detection of disease can help to stop disease from spreading to other healthy plants and also accurate identifying the disease will help to reduce crop losses through specific treatments. In this paper, we have presented two approaches namely traditional machine learning (ML) and CNN-based transfer learning. Then we have compared the performance of the applied techniques to find out the most appropriate techniques for recognizing cucumber diseases. In our ML approach, the system involves five steps. After collecting the image, pre-processing is done by resizing, filtering, and contrast-enhancing. Then we have compared various ML algorithms using k-means based image segmentation after extracted 10 relevant features. Random forest gives the best accuracy with 89.93% in the traditional ML approach. We also studied and applied CNN-based transfer learning to investigate the further improvement of recognition performance. Lastly, a comparison among various transfer learning models such as InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, and VGG16 has been performed. Between these two approaches, MobileNetV2 achieves the highest accuracy with 93.23%.
Use of Mobile Phone for Knowledge Update among Nurses in Primary and Secondar...iosrjce
Prior to their professional carrier, nurses pass through a rigorous training in either schools of
nursing or departments of nursing science in Nigerian universities. The basic professional education they
obtained in these institutions is not sufficient for a life time practice. For nursing to be of high quality, the nurse
will need to continuously update him/herself not only in the knowledge specific to nursing but to have vast
knowledge in other related disciplines. Nigerian nurses face numerous challenges in updating their knowledge.
These challenges notwithstanding, the nurses still have a professional obligation for safe practice supported by
up-to-date knowledge which mobile phone has great potentials to provide. This study examined the use of
mobile phone among nurses in primary and secondary healthcare settings in Sokoto State. It is a descriptive
design in which 15 primary and 5 secondary healthcare facilities in Sokoto State were involved. Proportionate
stratified random sampling technique was used to select 251 nurses in Sokoto State. A self-administered pretested
questionnaire with 47 close-ended questions and 2 open-ended questions was used to collect the data. The
Cronbach alpha reliability co-efficient of α=0.73 was achieved for the instrument. There was 84% response
rate. The results showed that the level of nurses’ knowledge in the States was Good ( 33%). There was high
adoption of mobile phone among the nurses in Sokoto State (100%). The nurses’ main driving force for the use
of mobile technology was general knowledge update (51%) and the main factors restricting respondents from
the use of mobile phone were unreliable connection to the network (74%) and too many work demands (70%).
Digital Access to the World's Literature: A Blueprint to Integrate Evidence w...Elaine Martin
Lamar Soutter Library Director Elaine Martin and Consultant Karen Dahlen introduce a digital public health library initiative that supports national and state public health departments. Success stories and next steps to build a sustainable digital library model for all public health department is covered.
Healthcare receivers’ acceptance of telecardiology in MalaysiaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This quantitative study investigates acceptance towards implementation of telecardiology in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to explore and understand the potential factors that could be the key elements in cultivating positive behaviour towards telecardiology adoption in Malaysia. Data was gathered by using survey method from 149 patients and publics who use internet service in their daily lives. The questionnaire was developed by integrating Technology Readiness Index (TRI), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) which consists of 42 items. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis and one-way ANOVA were conducted to analyse the data. The analysis reveals that Malaysians generally hold a positive perception towards implementation of telecardiology with some reservations. Besides that, gender and income of the respondents were found to influence the variables in telecardiology readiness, hence suggesting these two variables be taken into considerations in the adoption of telecardiology. It is our hope that the result of this study provides some useful information for the policy makers and implementers to develop effective implementation strategies that could reduce users’ resistance and adoption barriers in telecardiology adoption.
Eysenbach: eHealth: Transforming the dynamics of a complex health systemGunther Eysenbach
Keynote for the Australian 10th Annual Health Care Congress ( http://www.webcitation.org/5Vlz9j0HO ) in Sydney, 27th - 29th February 2008. Keynote contains a run-down of what ehealth is all about, and then focusses a fair bit on Personal Health Records (PHR 2.0) and Personal Health Applications. This is partly because the new Australian government under its new prime minister Kevin Rudd has set a couple of priorities for reforming health care, among them is "focussing on preventative health care and health promotion to help keep Australians healthy and out of hospital", which is a goal that can - in my opinion - be attained or at least greatly supported with Personal Health Records, or more specifically with what I call second generation PHRs or PHR 2.0. Contains screenshots of our Healthbook (TM) project, which was subsequently mentioned mentioned in the preliminary report of the 2020 Summit to the Prime Minister in Australia, see http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.com/search/label/healthbook
Integrative Health Care Shift Benefits and Challenges among Health Care Profe...ijtsrd
Nurses play an important role in supporting patients with any illness who often seek information regarding alternative therapy. Within their scope of practice, it is expected that nurses have sufficient knowledge about the safety and effective use of alternative therapies, and positive attitudes toward supporting patients who wish to use such therapies. An alternative therapy refers to the health treatments which go along with the medical care, and it is based on natural and traditional methods. It includes natural therapies, herbal medicines yoga, aromatherapy, batch flower medicines, spiritual therapies etc. They offer people the chance to try therapies outside of their standard medical care. These treatment methods are totally different from allopathic medical practices. An evaluative approach with one group pre test, post test design was used for this study. The study was conducted in selected rural areas of Tamilnadu. The samples comprised of 600 health professionals. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Data was collected using structured knowledge questionnaire before and after administering the structured health education program. The study proved their knowledge improved remarkably after administering the education. The findings of the study support the need for providing information to improve the knowledge of the health professionals regarding complementary therapies in the perspectives of integrating health care shift towards alternative therapies. So the findings have also proved that the information booklet was effective in terms of gain in knowledge scores. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Sahar Mohammed Aly | Dr. Afnan Abdulltif Albokhary ""Integrative Health Care Shift- Benefits and Challenges among Health Care Professionals"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30044.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30044/integrative-health-care-shift--benefits-and-challenges-among-health-care-professionals/dr-pushpamala-ramaiah
Adoption of Integrated Healthcare Information System in Nairobi County: Kenya...Editor IJCATR
Health care information systems are aimed at facilitating the smooth running and interoperability of the health care
delivery processes to ensure efficiency and effectiveness; however, the complexity, heterogeneity and diversity of the health care
sector especially in Kenya poses serious challenges especially in relation to integration of the systems. There is a large disconnect
between the public and private health care delivery systems characterized by fragmentation of services, locally within hospitals
(among primary, secondary and tertiary health care settings) and across different health care centers. This research is aimed at
examining the adoption of integrated healthcare information system in Nairobi County; Kenyatta National Hospital represents the
public sector and The Mater Hospital the private sector. A sample size of 100 users on information system from the two hospitals
picked from the primary secondary and tertiary levels were selected and questionnaires administered to them. Data was analyzed
through descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS. The results of the study indicated that there was a huge disparity between
healthcare information system adoption in the public and private sectors with the private sector’s adoption being at an advanced
stage. The major barriers to adoption including social political barriers, financial constraints and technical/technological barriers
also presented.
A Dental Transposition: Literature Review and Clinical Managementiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Root Resection – A Dark Horse in Management Offurcation Involved Maxillary Mo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIVPositive Patients in Central Hos...Efe Clement Abel
Abstract: Adherence is the quantified level to which an individual follows a prescribed treatment and a low level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART) adversely affects a patient’s treatment outcome and results in a rebound of plasma viraemia, development of resistant strains of HIV, more rapid immune deterioration, development of AIDS and death. This study is aimed at assessing the level of adherence to ART among HIV-positive patients assessing care in Central Hospital, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were obtained using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 23. A total of 303 persons were recruited for the study. The mean age of respondents was 36.2±10.8years. Less than half of the subjects (45.5%) were adherent to their ART. Among the non-adherent subjects, the common reasons reported for missing doses of ART were forgetfulness (50.9%), too busy with other things (43.6%) and away from home (35.8%). This study showed that adherence to ART among the study population was poor. Forgetfulness, too busy with other things and being away from home were the most common reason for non-adherence. It is, therefore, recommended that; regular health education should be organised for HIV patients on ART on the importance of being adherent to their ART, regular assessment of adherence to ART should be carried out and a method of reminding patients who are non-adherent to ART on the need to take their ART as at when due should be considered as part of the routine services provided by ART centres.
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
Determinants Of Nurse-Midwives Related Factors On Computer Technology Utilization In Nursing Practice Among Nurse - Midwives In Kwale County, Kenya
DOI Number: 10.29322/IJSRP.10.04.2020.p10078
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
An IT Approach to Improve the Compilation of Clinical Access Indicators and D...Editor IJCATR
The proportion of persons visiting a health facility reflects the level of access of that centre to its catchment area in terms of
Out-Patient Department (OPD) per capita. These attendances come with diagnoses which give an indication of the diseases pattern and
prevalence within the catchment area as well as patients who are insured and not insured. Though data of this nature are undisputedly crucial
to public health processes, morbidity returns from most health facilities, particularly public health facilities are generated manually making
it cumbersome and stressful. In addition, this method is error-prone and as such poses a strong threat to disease prevention, control and
information management. This research therefore uses an Information Technology approach to improve the process achieving over 90% time
gain. The Gambaga Health Centre in the East Mamprusi District was selected for the simulation
Background: Cell phones have advanced to the degree of becoming a necessary piece of individuals' lives. Cell phones are utilised for correspondence, diversion, efficiency, interpersonal interaction, and gaming. In addition to supplanting the conventional cells, cell phones have likewise supplanted personal computers and numerous other comparative gadgets. Individuals these days feel indistinguishable from their cell phones. In lined with the rising improvement of innovation and excessive utilisation of cell phones, one of the significant issues that scientists have noticed and are chipping away at is cell phone addiction. Methods: It was a graphic study directed among 100 nursing students aged 19-22 in B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot. Information was gathered utilising a structured knowledge questionnaire to survey socio-demographic information. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Alertness Test) was utilised to evaluate the classroom alertness of the nursing students and the Cell phone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was utilised to assess the cell addiction of the nursing students. Results: An association was found between the year of studying and the classroom alertness of students (χ2 =3.9102) p<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between cell phone addiction and classroom alertness of the nursing students, p<0.05. The r-value obtained was 0.80. Thus, the correlation between the two factors is seen as statistically significant. Conclusion In the wake of acquiring the consequences of the current work the scientist s saw a negati ve relationship between cell
pho ne addiction and the class room alertness of the students.
Key-words: Addiction, Alertness, Cell phone, Classroom, Phone addiction
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
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Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
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A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
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Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
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Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
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Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
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A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
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A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 11 Ver. V (Nov. 2015), PP 86-93
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care
Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
1
EgwudaLivinus, 2
IgbuduTerhemen Joseph, 3
Omokhua, Osarieme Enahoro,
4
Uchendu, Tochukwu
1,2,3,4
Department of Family Medicine, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 102131, Makurdi,
Nigeria.
Abstract:
Background: The advent of Internet has brought to the fore new approach to healthcare delivery. Even though
studies on the prevalence of internet use by primary care patients are available, only few reports have attempted
to identify the factors that are associated with its use by primary care patients.
Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the factors that are associated with internet use among primary care
patients in Makurdi, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was carried out at Makurdi. A total
of 282 primary care patients were recruitedfor the study.
Results: The patients were aged 18-80years with the mean age of 40.3 years. The majority of the participants
The majority of the participants were females 163(57.8%), while the males were 119(42.2%). variables that
were significantly associated with internet use wereyounger age(X2
= 73.360,df=5,p<0.0001).The male
sex(X2
=8.170,df=1,p=0.004).Urban residence (X2
=50.941,df=1,p<0.0001). Being a civil
servant(X2
=75.147,df=4,p<0.0001), having tertiary education (X2
=119.511,df=4,P<0.0001), good health
perception (X2
=12.875,df=1,p<0.0001), absence of chronic disease(s)(X2
=22.707,df=2,p<0.0001), higher
monthly income(X2
=10.753,df=1,p=0.001), single marital status(X2
=50.201,df=4,p<0.001). There was no
associated between internet use and the ethnic group of the patients(X2
=3.151,df=3,p=0.369).
Conclusion: The factors identified in this study to be significantly associated with internet use by primary care
patients were: younger age , male sex, urban residence, tertiary education, good perception of health, absence
of chronic disease(s), higher monthly income and being single. These factors should be considered by
institutions that are planning to offer consumer health information technology.
Key words: Factors associate, Family Physicians, Internet use, Teaching Hospital.
I. Introduction
Information is the key to any sustainable development.The advent of Internet has brought about a
change in the modes of operation and how information about different subjects is obtained. In Nigeria, there has
been a steady increase in the number of people that have access to the Internet. According to the latest report of
Internet World Stats, Nigeria has joined the top 20 Internet users in the world and is the first in Africa.1,2
To
buttress this giant stride, the Nigerian Communications Commission(NCC) reported that the number of internet
users on the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) networks has increased from 76,322, 802 in
2014 to 81,892,840 in January 2015.3
While this report was been commended and celebrated by critical stake-
holders in telecommunication, the Nigerian Communication Commission issued fresh report in February 2015.
The report indicated that the number of internet users had increased to 83,362,814.4
It has been observed that the Internet has become an imperative tool for disseminating health
information.5
The level of any preventive and promotive measure to be imbibed by any individual or patient
largely depends on the level of information at the patient’s disposal. Studies have shown that the use of internet
by patients is a common practice in the developed world. For instance, in a study on Internet use by Primary
Care Patients in Columbia, Robin et al., found that 78% of the studied populations were internet users6
. This
figure is comparable with a 2010 Pew survey in which 77% of American adults reported internet use.7
Similarly
Fashner and Drye8
found higher internet access(80.6%) in a Family Medicine clinic that serves mostly patient
with low income. Furthermore, a related cross-sectional study from the waiting room of 13 primary care officers
affiliated with the MetroNet Practice based research network in Detroit area reported the percentage of 65%
.20
However, the above report could be said to be in conflict with the few studies from Nigeria. For example, In
the Southern part of Nigeria Etukumanaet. al., reported the percentage of internet use by primary care patients to
be as low as 40.3%.10
In the study, less than a third of the participants used the internet to access health
information.10
A related cross-sectional study conducted in the middle-belt region of Nigeria showed a similar
2. Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
trend.11
In the study, 54.6% of the primary care patients reported using the internet resource, and about a third of
the studied population indicated that they used the internet to obtain health information.11
In an attempt to fashion out measures to address this low percentage of internet use among primary
care patients in some parts of the world, experts in primary care research are currently exploring the possibility
of identifying factors that are associated with internet use among primary care patients. For instance, Robin et.
al., approached 713 patients in a cross-sectional survey, the authors observed that lack of computer access and
not knowing how to use email or the internet were the most common barriers to internet use. The study also
revealed that younger age, higher education and income, better health, and absence of a chronic illness were
associated with internet use. Other related studies have identified similar factors to be associated with internet
use by patients.9,12
Considering the abysmally low rate of internet use by primary care patients in Nigeria; and the fact that
a gap has been identified in knowledge on factors associated with internet use among primary care patients, the
present study will attempt to address this gap and lay the foundation for future research in this direction. The
current study therefore set out to identify the factors that are associated with internet use among primary care
patients in Makurdi, Nigeria.
II. Materials And Methods
The study area is Makurdi. Makurdi, the state capital of Benue State is located in middle-belt region
of Nigeria. It lies between latitude 7.730
and 8.320.
It has a population of about 300,377 people (NPC
2006).13
The study was conducted in Benue State University Teaching Hospital, which is a 300-bed hospital
located in Makurdi. It was commissioned in March 2012 and commenced clinical activities in May 2012. The
hospital has 15 clinical departments with over seven hundred healthcare workers. It currently serves a
population of over four million people in the middle-belt region of Nigeria.
The present study was a cross-sectional study designed to identifyfactors associated with internet use
among primary care patients in Makurdi, Nigeria. The study was carried out between November 2014 and April
2014. The primary care patients were recruited on work days using a well-structured interviewer-administered
questionnaire after a signed consent had been obtained from them. The instrument (questionnaire) was validated
through a pretest conducted on 10 subjects. To avoid the error of multiple recruitments of subjects, the folders of
the recruited subjects were tagged with the word “internet”.
A minimum sample size of 263 subjects was calculated using the best estimate of population
prevalence obtained from literature review, which is 78%6
; however, A total of 296 questionnaires were
administered through simple random sampling technique. Out of this number, 282 were completely filled, 14
were incompletely filled. The incompletely filled questionnaires were excluded from the study. The
questionnaire evaluated theirsocio-demographic characteristics (such as age, maritalstatus, residence,
educational level, occupation, income per month ) and other variables like health status assessment, presence of
chronic illness, what the internet resource was used for, as well as the type of internet search engine(s) explored.
In this study, primary care patient was defined as the patient that is seen at General Out Patient Clinic (GOPC)
of Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria. The patients are often seen by the primary care
physicians (the Family Physicians). The inclusion criteria for the participants include being a primary care
patient at Benue State University Teaching hospital and consenting to participate in the study. Approval for the
study was obtained from the Research and Ethical Committee of Benue State University Teaching Hospital,
Makurdi. Collated data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 18.0
(SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois).
Sample size estimation
The sample size was determined using the formula below14
.
2
2
1
1
d
PPa
n z
where:
n = Minimum sample size
z1-a = Constant at 95% confidence interval from two tables which is 1.96 for two-tailed study.
P = Best estimate of population prevalence obtained from literature review, which is 78%9
.
d = Precision which at 95% confidence interval is 5%.
263
)05.0(
)78.01(78.096.1
2
2
n
However, 282 primary care patients were recruited for the study
3. Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
III. Results
A total of 282 primary care patients were recruited for the study. These were aged 18-80years with the
mean age of 40.3 years and a standard deviation of 14.3. The majority of the participants were below the of 30
years. Few of the participants were aged 70 years and above. TABLE 1: Shows the age distribution of the
subjects.
The socio-demographic profile of participants showed that the majority of the participants were
females 163(57.8%), while the males were 119(42.2%). The married participants were the majority 196(69.5%),
while separated accounted for only1(1.4%). Almost all the participants 277(98.2%) were Christians, while
Muslims were 5(1.8). The Tiv accounted for the majority of the ethnic group 209(74.1%) while the Igede were
only 11(3.9%).The occupation of the majority of the participants was civil service 119(42.2%), while those that
were applicants were 13(4.6%). On the educational attainment of participants, those with primary education
were the least 23(8.2%), while those with tertiary education were the majority 172(61.0%), secondary education
accounted for 61(21.8%), and those that had no formal education were 26(9.2%). Table 2: Shows the socio-
demographic characteristics of primary care patients.
On the reason for the use of internet resource, majority of the respondents 124(30.7%) indicated that
they used the service to send e-mail, while others used it for research 101(25.1%), social network 85(21.1%),
entertainment 25(6.2%), and business transactions 15(3.7%). Table 5 and Figure 1: shows the distribution of
reasons for using internet by primary care patients.
The respondents that had used internet services utilized different search engines; google was used by
more than half 144(55%) of the respondents, while others used yahoo 92(35.1%), hinari 10(3.8%), pubmed
09(3.4%), and only 7(2.7%) used AJOL. Table 6 and Figure 2: shows the distribution of internet search engines
used by the primary care patients.
The variables that were significantly associated with internet use include age, sex, residence,
religion,,occupation, and education. Others were perception of health, monthly income and chronic illness.
Primary care patients that wee aged less than 30 years were more likely to use internet when compared to other
age groups(X2
= 73.360,df=5,p<0.0001).The male participants were more likely to use the internet than the
females(X2
=8.170,df=1,p=0.004) . The participants the resided in urban centers were more likely to use the
internet when compared to those in rural centers(X2
=50.941,df=1,p<0.0001). Primary care patients that were of
Christian faith were much more likely to use the internet than those that were of Islam
faith(X2
=50.94,df=1p<0.0001). Similarly, the participants that were civil servant more likely to use the internet
when compared to others that were not (X2
=75.147,df=4,p<0.0001). The participants that had tertiary education
qualifications were much more likely to use internet when compared to others that had other forms of
qualifications(X2
=119.511,df=4,P<0.0001).Similarly, participants that perceived their health to be good were
more likely to use internet when compared to those that perceived their health to be
poor(X2
=12.875,df=1,p<0.0001). Furthermore, the participants that indicated not to have chronic illness were
more likely to use the internet more than those that indicated to have chronic illness(X2
=22.707,df=2,p<0.0001).
The participants that their monthly income was above 5,000 naira were more likely to use internet than those
that their monthly income was less than 5,000 naira(X2
=10.753,df=1,p=0.001). The participants that were single
were more likely to use internet when compared to others that were no single(X2
=50.201,df=4,p<0.001).
However, the study did not find any strong associated between internet use and the ethnic group of the
participants(X2
=3.151,df=3,p=0.369).
Table 1: Distribution of age(years) group of primary care patients
Variables Frequency Percentage
<30
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 and above
Total
78
61
67
43
22
11
282
27.7
21.6
23.8
15.2
7.8
3.9
100
4. Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
Table 2: Socio-demographic distribution of primary care patients
Variables Frequency Percentage
Sex:
Males
Females
Total
Marital status:
Married
Single
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
Total
Religion:
Christianity
Islam
Others
Total
Residence:
Urban
Rural
Total
Ethnic groups:
Tiv
Idoma
Igede
Others
Total
Occupation:
Civil servants
Self employed
Applicants
Students
Total
Education:
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
No formal education
Total
Income:
<5,000 naira
>5,000 naira
Total
Perception of health:
Good
Poor
Total
Chronic illness
Yes
No
Do not know
Total
119
163
282
196
65
1
4
16
282
277
5
0
282
231
51
282
209
24
11
38
282
119
103
13
47
282
172
61
23
26
282
82
200
282
216
66
282
122
151
9
282
42.2
57.8
100
69.5
23.0
0.4
1.4
5.7
100
98.2
1.8
0
100
81.2
1.8
100
74.1
8.5
3.9
13.5
100
42.2
36.5
4.6
16.7
100
61.0
21.8
8.2
9.2
100
29.0
71.0
100
76.6
23.4
100
43.3
53.5
3.2
100
Table 5: Reasons for using internet resource
Variables Frequency Percentage
E-mail
Research
Health information
Social network
Entertainment
Business transactions
Total
124
101
53
85
25
15
403
30.7
25.1
13.2
21.1
6.2
3.7
100
5. Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
Figure 1: Reasons for using internet resource
Table 6: Distribution of Internet search engine used by the primary care patients
Variables Frequency Percentage
Google
Yahoo
Hinari
PubMed
AJOL
Total
144
92
10
9
7
262
55
35.1
3.8
3.4
2.7
100
Figure 2: Distribution of Internet search engine used by the primary care patients
Table 7: Comparison Demographic Characteristics for Internet Users and Non-users
Variables Internet use
YES n (%) NO n(%)
Totaln(%) X2
df P-value
Age:
<30
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 and above
Sex:
Male
Female
Residence
Urban
65(83.3) 13(16.7)
43(70.5) 18(29.5)
29(43.3) 38(56.7)
15(35.7) 27(64.3)
2(9.1) 20(90.9) 0(0.0)
11(100)
77(64.7) 42(35.3)
77(47.5) 85(52.5)
149(64.8) 81(35.2)
78(27.8)
61(21.7)
68(23.8)
42(15.0)
22(7.8)
11(3.9)
119(42.3)
163(57.7)
230(81.9)
73.360
8.170
5
1
<0.0000
0.004
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Email
Research
Health
Socail ntwk
entertaimt
Business
Column1
Percent
Fruency
Percent
Google
Yahoo
Hinari
PubMed
AJOL
6. Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
Rural
Religion:
Christianity
Islam
Occupation:
Civil servant
Self employed
Applicant
Student
Others
Education:
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
No formal
Ethnic group:
Tiv
Idoma
Igede
Others
Perception of
health:
Good
Poor
Have chronic
Illness?
Yes
No
Do not
knowMonthly
ncome:
<5,000 naira
>5,000 naira
Marital status:
Married
Single
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
5(9.8) 46(90.2)
153(55.4) 123(44.6)
1(20.0) 4(80.0)
81(68.6) 37(31.4)
16(29.6) 38(70.4)
11(84.6) 2(15.4)
39(83.0) 8(17.0)
7(14.3) 42(85.7)
137(80.1) 34(19.9)
16(26.2) 45(73.8)
1(4.3) 22(95.7)
0(0.0) 26(100)
111(53.4) 97(46.6)
11(45.8) 54(54.2)
7(63.6) 4(36.4)
25(65.8) 13(34.2)
131(60.6) 85(39.4)
23(35.4) 42(64.6)
48(39.3) 4(60.7)
102(68.0) 48(32.0)
4(44.4) 5(55.6)
32(39.5) 49(60.5)
122(61.0) 78(39.0)
91(46.7)104(53.3)
59(90.8) 6(9.2)
0(0.0) 1(100)
1(25) 3(25)
3(18.8) 13(81.3)
52(57.7)
277(98.2)
5(1.8)
116(41.3)
54(19.2)
13(4.6)
48(16.7)
49(17.4)
171(60.9)
61(21.7)
24(8.2)
26(9.3)
208(74.0)
24(8.5)
11(3.9)
37(13.6)
217(76.9)
65(23.1)
123(43.4)
150(53.4)
9(3.2)
81(28.8)
200(71.2)
195(69.1)
65(23.4)
1(0.4)
4(1.4)
16(5.7)
50.941
50.94
75.147
119.511
3.151
12.875
22.707
10.753
50.201
1
1
4
4
3
1
2
1
4
<0.0000
<0.0000
<0.0000
<0.0000
0.369
<0.0000
<0.0000
0.001
<0.0001
IV. Discussion
Even though studies on the prevalence of internet use by primary care patients is attracting the attention
of researchers in primary care patients, only few reports have attempted to identify the factors that are associated
with internet use by primary care patients. Identifying these factors has become relevant because it is thought to
enable public health awareness and intervention programs to be directed appropriately. In the present study,
some factors have been linked to internet use in our environment. The study found that patients that were less
than 30 years of age used the internet more than any other age bracket. From the age of 50 years and above,
there was a remarkable decrease in internet use among the participants studied. This finding is similar to what
Robin et. al., noted among primary care patients in Columbia, and it has been described by expertsas a well-
known phenomenon.16
The implication of this is that the older patients, may now be exposed to the risk of losing
the potential benefits of increased access to the Internet resouce.15
In Makurdi, Nigeria, where this study was
conducted, local evidence has shown that many people aged 30 years and below are very active in academic
activities, social networking as well as research. As a result they explore the internet resource much more.
On the sex of the patients and internet use, the current study revealed a strong association between the
two. The male gender used the internet much more than the females. This observation is in conflict with what
was reported among primary care patients in the developed country.6
In the part of the world where this current
study was carried out, female education is still a major challenge, while their male counterparts are encouraged
to pursue their education to any level they are comfortable with. As a result, they are much more exposed to
modernization including the internet revolution. Furthermore, majority of Nigerians reside in rural areas and
nothing much has been done by the Nigerian government to improve their quality of life. It is therefore not
surprising to observe in the current study that only 9.8% out of the 57.7% residing in the rural areas use the
internet. There is need to continue to advocate for improve education and infrastructure in our rural areas so that
they can also reap the benefits of internet-based support for managing their health. In addition, the current study
has identified a strong link between the occupation of the participants and the internet use. The participants that
were civil servants used the internet more than others who were involved in other occupation. Local evidence
has proved this finding to be correct. This is because being employed by government provides some level of
7. Factors Associated With Internet Use among Primary Care Patients in Makurdi, Nigeria
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141158693 www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
financial security and most of these workers reside in the city where facilities for accessing the internet are
readily available.
Education prepares an individual for global sustainable development. The current study found a strong
association between internet use and education of participants. The participants that had tertiary education
qualification accessed the internet more than others who had other levels of education. Robin et. al., agreed with
this report.6
This has brought to the fore the need for government to invest in the education of her populace.
Race/ ethnicity played a part in a study conducted in the western country.6
The study noted that the non-Hispanic
white patients used the internet more than the non-Hispanic black. In the current study, there was no strong
association between ethnicity and internet use. This might be because the challenge of accepting the new
technology cuts across tribes/ethnic groups in Makurdi, Nigeria. In addition, the present study discovered a
strong association between health perception and internet use. Those patients that perceived their health to be
good made use of internet resource than those that perceived it to be poor. This finding is similar to what was
reported by Robins et al., in Columbia.6
Those that perceived their health to be good are more likely to cope
with life and may further encourage themselves to perform more tasks including the use of internet resource.
The challenge of chronic diseases is a major set-back for any patient, and their knowledge of the
disease may help to improve their quality of life. This information can easily be accessed via internet resource.
However, the current study has revealed that patients that do not have chronic disease accessed the internet more
than those that have chronic disease(s) and those that were not aware if they had chronic disease(s). This finding
is consistent with the report obtain from primary care study.6
The patients that do not have chronic disease(s)
might cope better with life than those that have it. Previous study has established a strong link between monthly
income and internet use by primary care patients. In the current study a similar trend has been observed. The
patients that were earning 5,000 naira or more per month used the internet more than the patients that were
earning less. The possible explanation for this finding might be that former group had the advantage of having
more to spend than the latter. Furthermore, on the marital status and the internet use, the current study revealed
that the patients who were single used internet more than the others. Unfortunately, previous study has not
looked in this direction. In Makurdi, Nigeria, where the current study was carried out, being single confers
“freedom” to the individual and the individual has a lot of time to explore many activities including the internet.
Further study is however, advised in this direction.
Limitation: The current study is hospital based; the results obtained may not be an accurate representation of
the people of Makurdi, Nigeria.
V. Conclusion
The factors identified in this study to be significantly associated with internet use by primary care
patients in Makurdi, Nigeria were younger age, male sex, urban residence, tertiary education, good perception of
health, absence of chronic disease(s), higher monthly incomeand being single. These factors should be
considered by institutions that are planning to offer consumer health information technology.
Acknowledgement
We wish to under-line the priceless effort of the residents in Family Medicine, Benue State University
Teaching Hospital in ensuring a successful data collection. I want to appreciate Mr. Lucky Egwuda for
undertaking accurate data entry. I want to also put on record the immeasurable commitment of all my colleagues
in the Benue State University Teaching Hospital for their moral support. My heart-felt thanks go to the
participants who willingly participated in this work. The authors are totally responsible for the funding of this
research work.
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