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Stages of Acquisition of first LanguageJoel Acosta
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign. The human language capacity is represented in the brain.
Hi There, please kindly use my PPT for powering your learning, please let me know if you want to discuss more. Email : silviananda.putrierito@gmail.com
Stages of Acquisition of first LanguageJoel Acosta
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign. The human language capacity is represented in the brain.
The Acculturation Model is a model of second language acquisition designed by John H. Schumann (1978) and it is based on the social-psychology of acculturation
Can bilingualism cause problems for children? Which language should parents speak? Should parents avoid mixing languages? This slideshare accompanies a RALLI film by Dr Vicky Murphy providing some basic information about bilingualism based on the research evidence. http://youtu.be/p9iWG0M5z40
For an index of the RALLI films and slides see: http://ralliindex.blogspot.co.uk
The Acculturation Model is a model of second language acquisition designed by John H. Schumann (1978) and it is based on the social-psychology of acculturation
Can bilingualism cause problems for children? Which language should parents speak? Should parents avoid mixing languages? This slideshare accompanies a RALLI film by Dr Vicky Murphy providing some basic information about bilingualism based on the research evidence. http://youtu.be/p9iWG0M5z40
For an index of the RALLI films and slides see: http://ralliindex.blogspot.co.uk
Bingualism refers to the phenomenon of competence and communication in two languages. A bilingual individual is someone who has the ability to communicate in two languages alternately. Such an ability or psychological state in the individual has been referred to as bilinguality (Hamers and Blanc 2000). A bilingual society is one in which two languages are used for communication. In a bilingual society, it is possible to have a large number of monolinguals (those who speak only one of the two languages used in that society), provided that there are enough bilinguals to perform the functions requiring bilingual competence in that society. There is therefore a distinction between individual bilingualism and societal bilingualism.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
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2. Introduction of Pidginization or
Acculturation
• Schumann first proposed his pidginization or acculturation model in
the late 1970s (Schumann, 1978a, 1978b, 1978c).
• On the basis of naturalistic studies of untutored learners, he noticed
that early interlanguage resembled pidgin languages (i.e. simplified
trading languages which lack native speakers; Sebba, 1997), with
characteristic features such as fixed word order and lack of inflections.
• Second language acquisition was compared to the complexification of
pidgins, and this process was linked to degree of acculturation of the
learners.
3. Pidgin language
• Pidgin languages are contact varieties without native speakers, which arise in
settings of military or trade contact, slavery or plantation labour (Sebba, 1997;
Mesthrie et al 2000).
• The closer they feel to the target language speech community, the better learners
will 'acculturate', and the more successful their SLL will be. The more alienated
from that community they perceive themselves to be, the more pidgin-like their
second language will remain.
• One can notice other overlaps between the grammatical characteristics of pidgins,
with the 'Basic Variety' stage of interlanguage development (Perdue and Klein)
4. • Some researchers suggested that pidgins themselves
developed as a result of SLL in circumstances of very limited
and/or multilingual input (Bickerton, 1977; DeGraff, 1999).
• This encouraged investigations that showed 'how the early
stages of SLA shared features with pidgins' (Romaine, 2003,
p. 418).
• . By comparison with other natural languages, pidgins appear
simplified in characteristic ways, having the following cluster
of grammatical features:
5. Features of pidgin
• no definite or indefinite article
• no copula to be (at least in present tense)
• tense, aspect, modality and negation marked externally to the verb
• often by a content word like an adverb
• no complex sentences (therefore e.g. no relative clauses)
• no passive forms
• very few or no inflections for number, case, tense, etc.
• analytic constructions used to mark possessive, for example X of Y rather thanY's
X (Sebba, 1997, p. 39).
6. Contd..
• Such resemblances led Schumann (1978, p. 110) to make the more
general claim that 'pidginisation may be a universal first stage in
second language acquisition , a view maintained by, DeGraff (1999, p.
493) at least with reference to adult SLL.
• Second language acquisition is second language culture acquisition
• Language is visible form of expressing a culture
7. Acculturation
• Acculturation means the process by which a human being (untutored)
acquires the culture of a particular society in native settings. Schuman
(1979)
• Social and psychological integration of learner (native environment)
with TL target language/group is also called acculturation
(Schumann)
• Sometimes, a third language may even be created out of the blend of
the two cultures. Consider the prevalence of Denglisch, for instance, a
blend of English and German, or the varieties of Creole.
8. Accuturation theory
• Acculturation most commonly occurs with a member of a minority
culture being exposed to a majority culture, such as the situation with
an immigrant moving into a new country.
• For language, this means there are two things to consider:
• the degree to which person learns the language of new country, and
• the degree to which the old language is retained.
9. Effect on Secondary Language Acquisition
• The process of acculturation often leads to a second language
acquisition. This may occur through a variety of mechanisms,
including both formal classroom education as well as through
informal social networks, media and other mediums of
culture.
• The more that the individual is thrown into the other culture,
the faster s/he generally learns the language. This is
especially true in situations where the individual comes from
a minority culture and is acculturating to the dominant
culture.
10. Second langauge acquisition
• This is complicated somewhat by the feelings of the individual
regarding the dominant culture. Many immigrants and other
individuals who are put into an acculturation scenario still cling to
their former cultural backgrounds, often maintaining their preference
for their native language.
• Some will even outright reject the dominant culture, perhaps only
gaining a minimal functional use of the dominant language. Others
will do the opposite and instead assimilate entirely into the dominant
culture, learning the language and taking it for their own.
11. Acculturation and young people
• Acculturation’s effects are usually more successful with the young,
because
• they are less at risk for ‘fossilization effects’ (incorrect language
becomes a habit) e.g. learners having Spanish as L1 could not
distinguish between he and she.
• they are often introduced into education programs where they are
formally taught the language, and
• youth is an incredibly formative period when self-identity is quite
malleable, including language preferences
12. Schumann’s acculturation model Psychological
factors
• Schumann’s model was influential in opening up alternative lines of
research comparing SLL with pidginization and creolization, and in
bringing to the fore social and psychological variables and their role in
SLL and SLA
• 1) Psychological/Affective factors 2) Social Factors
• Motivation—integrative or instrumental
• Language shock—learner confusion when learning L2
• Culture shock—feeling of disorientation
• Ego permeability—overcome the differences
13. Social Factors
• Social dominance /distance=language difficulty
• Assimilation –adapt the culture
• Enclosure—sharing social institution
• Cohesiveness -–tending to stick together
• Size—large or small
• Congruence—similarities and differences of culture
• Attitude—positive or negative
• Intended length of residence—short or long
14. Conclusion
• Acculturation is defined as “the process of cultural change that occurs
when individuals from different cultural backgrounds come into
prolonged, continuous, first-hand contact with each other” (Redfield,
Linton, & Herskovits, 1936, p. 146).
• This first-hand contact results in changes at both individual (i.e.,
values, attitudes, beliefs and identities) as well as group level (i.e.
social and cultural systems) (Berry, 2003).
• Salient forms of the acculturation process are composed of antecedent
factors (acculturation conditions), strategies (acculturation
orientations), and consequences (acculturation outcomes)
16. References
• Arends-Tóth, J.V., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2006b). Issues in
conceptualization and assessment of acculturation. In M. H. Bornstein
& L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and parent-child relationships:
Measurement and development (pp. 33-62). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum
• Mitchell, R., Myles, F., & Marsden, E. (2019). Second language
learning theories. Routledge.