Primary brain tumours are a diverse group of neoplasm arising from different cells of the central nervous system.
It accounts for about 2% of all cancers with an overall annual incidence of 22 per 1,00,000 population.
Most common brain tumour in adults is Brain Metastasis.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
Gliomas are the commonest tumor of brain arising from the supportive cells of the brain with diverse form and presentation the treatment of which is surgical and demands adjuvant therapy for most of circumstances.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
This presentation reviews the current neurosurgical management of patients with medulloblastoma, including the data on molecular subtyping; uses “medulloblastoma” as a springboard to discuss other topics / tumor cell biology in general; and formulates research questions to further advance neurosurgical basic science.
all about brain tumors. clinical presentation of brain tumors also CT scan MRI of different tumors available to interpret the tumors of brain and spinal cord.
Brain metastasis is an advance diseases with poor overall prognosis management of which is full of controversies. This slide aims to make metastasis simplified.
This presentation reviews the current neurosurgical management of patients with medulloblastoma, including the data on molecular subtyping; uses “medulloblastoma” as a springboard to discuss other topics / tumor cell biology in general; and formulates research questions to further advance neurosurgical basic science.
all about brain tumors. clinical presentation of brain tumors also CT scan MRI of different tumors available to interpret the tumors of brain and spinal cord.
Very beggining of my post graduation journey I prepared it for weekly presentation in my oncology department RAJSHAHI MEDICAL COLLEGE. sharing here if anyone get any help who r begginer in this field. Thank you.
diffuse midline gliomas are high grade gliomas and typically involve pediatric population, carry poor prognosis and limited treatment options. this powerpoint carries detailed description of clinical features, diagnosis, management of diffuse pontine gliomas.
CONCEPT OF NODOPATHIES AND PARANODOPATHIES.pptxNeurologyKota
emergence of autoimmune neuropathies and role of nodal and paranodal regions in their pathophysiology.
Peripheral neuropathies are traditionally categorized into demyelinating or axonal.
dysfunction at nodal/paranodal region key for better understanding of patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
antibodies targeting node and paranode of myelinated nerves have been increasingly detected in patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
have clinical phenotype similar common inflammatory neuropathies like Guillain Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
they respond poorly to conventional first line immunotherapies like IVIG
This presentation briefs out the approach of dementia assessment in line with consideration of recent advances. Now the pattern of assessment has evolved towards examining each individual domain rather than lobar assessment.
This presentation contains information about Dementia in Young onset. Also it describes the etiologies, clinical feature of common YOD & their management.
Entrapment Syndromes of Lower Limb.pptxNeurologyKota
This presentation contains information about the various Entrapment syndromes of Lower limb in descending order of topography. It also contains information about etiology, clinical features and management of each of these entrapment syndromes with special emphasis on electrodiagnostic confirmation.
This presentation consist information about Brain death with special emphasis to differences between Indian and Western Guidelines. Also consist information about Organ transplantation and related act.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
2. INTRODUCTION
• Primary brain tumours are a diverse group of neoplasm arising from
different cells of the central nervous system.
• It accounts for about 2% of all cancers with an overall annual
incidence of 22 per 1,00,000 population.
• Most common brain tumour in adults is Brain Metastasis.
• Meningiomas are the most common non-maliganant primary brain
tumour f/b Pituitary and nerve sheath tumours.
• Gliomas accounts for 75% of malignant brain tumours, in which more
than half are glioblastomas.
7. ADULTS (20 + YEARS OLD)
• Metastatic,50%
• Primary,50%
• Meningioma,18%
• Glioblastoma,7%
• Pituitary, 7%
• Nerve sheath tumour,4%
• Other astrocytoma, 3%
• Lymphoma ,2%
• Oligodendroglioma, 2%
• All other, 7%
• Most brain tumours have male predominance except meningioma and low grade astrocytoma.
8. RISK FACTORS
Established
• Ionizing radiation
• Genetic predisposition
Not established
• Head trauma
• Electromagnetic field radiation
• Radiofrequency and cellular phones
• N-nitroso compounds
• Vitamin C and E
• Allergies/infection association
• Tea and coffee
• Occupational
• Tobacco, alcohol consumption.
9. CLASSIFICATION
• Brain tumors are classified according to the WHO CNS tumours
grading system.
• Previously, primary CNS tumours were defined on the basis of
histological criteria & assigned a grade ( from I to Iꓦ)
• In 2016, the classification was revised from the 2007 classification to
incorporate signature molecular genetic alterations to the classic
histology.
10. WHO Gradings:-only for Glioma
• WHO grade I – low proliferative potential. possible care with surgery
alone.
• WHO grade II- infiltrating but low in mitotic activity. Can recur and
progress to other grades.
• WHO grade III- Histologic evidence of malignancy( mitotic
activity),infiltrative,anaplastic.
• WHO gradeIꓦ- mitotically active, necrosis,rapid pre and post surgical
progression.
11. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Generalized
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Syncope
Mental status and behavioral
changes
Seizure
• Focal
Focal motor weakness
Ataxia
Seizure
Aphasia
Visual dysfunction
12. HEADACHE
• 50-70% patients
• Bifrontal and tension-like, with constant, dull pressure type
• Classic brain tumour headache occur in the early morning with
nausea and vomiting and improve over the course of the day
• Only occur in 5-17% of all brain tumour patients, 42% of whom have
posterior fossa tumour
• More common in brain metastases and glioblastomas (90%).
13. Diagnostic investigations
• MRI Brain with Contrast is the investigation of choice.
• Diffusion-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, MR perfusion &
MR spectroscopy are used to better characterize the tumour
cellularity, vascularity and metabolism respectively.
• Can distinguish tumour, from non neoplastic processes,including
treatment effect.
• Surgical biopsy
14. CT HEAD:-
Intra axial tumours- usually low attenuation
high attenuation areas within a tumour
calcification, hemorrhage and lymphoma
Extra axial: bone erosion and hyperostosis
MRI Brain:-
TIWI: low signal intensity
T2WI/ FLAIR: High signal intensity
15. LOW SIGNAL INTENSITY IN T2WI:
1.CNS Lymphoma
2.PNET
3.Metastasis( melanoma)
4.GBM (less common)
5.Meningioma( less common)
ENHANCEMENT: Almost all tumors except
Low grade glioma (WHO II & III)
CYSTIC NON-tumoral lesions:
1. Dermoid cyst
2. Epidermoid cyst
3. Arachnoid cyst
16. Homogeneous enhancement seen in:
1.Metastases
2.Lymphoma
3.Germinoma And Other Pineal Gland Tumours
4.Pituitary Astrocytoma And Hemangioblastoma
5.Ganglioglioma
6.Meningioma and schwannoma
Patchy enhancement seen in:
1.Metastases
2.Glioblastoma multiforme
3.Radiation necrosis
39. Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumours-
Ganglioglioma
• Sezure are the most common manifestation.
• MC location-supratentorial(temporal>frontal)
• Children and young adults
• 30-50% calcification
• Presenting as cyst-mural enhancing nodule
• Gross total resection results in survival ranging from 7 to 17 years.
• Adjuvant irradiation for incompletely resected or anaplastic progression (survival
of 3years or less)
40.
41. CHOROID PLEXUS TUMOUR :
• Includes papilloma and carcinoma
• Tumour of childhood
• In adults it account for only 0.2% of all intracranial neoplasm.
• Located in
1. Lateral ventricle(mc)
2. the cerebello-pontine angle
3. fourth ventricles.
42.
43. Meningeal tumours- Meningioma
• Most common primary intracranial tumours
• Older adult
• Incidentally found asymptomatic meningiomas( lacking mass effect or
compression of a venous sinus)
• When seizure occur ,tumour grow or focal signs emerge
• Surgical can be curative ,especially in meningioma overlying the
hemisphere.
44.
45.
46.
47. PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA
• An uncommon variant of Extranodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
• Involves the Brain (periventricular), leptomeninges, eyes or spinal
cord without evidence of systemic disease.
• Most cases are diagnosed in patients between 45 and 65 year of age,
median age( fifth decade) ( non-HIV related PCNSL)
• Homogenous enhancement and diffusion restriction.
• The most notable risk factor is immunodeficiency
• Highly aggressive tumour.
• Left untreated, most patients succumb within 6 months.
48.
49. • Methotrexate- based chemotherapy given in high doses (HD MTX
,above 3.5g/m2 )
• F/b Leucovorin rescue has been shown to be the single most effective
treatment for PCNSL.
• For PCNSL in AIDS patients, WBRT has been the standard treatment
resulting in poor and non durable response.
50.
51.
52.
53. Conclusion
• Primary brain tumors remain difficult and challenging disease to
manage despite substantial progress in understanding their genesis.
• Treatments and better outcomes for primary brain tumors have long
lagged behind those of other tumours.
• Combinational regimens will be required to achieve a broad and
durable antitumor benefit.
• New advances in cell engineering technologies and infusion of exvivo
prepared immune cells are promising strategies.
• The present challenge is to translate this better understanding of the
pathophysiology into effective therapies.
54. REFERENCES
• Bradely′s Neurology in clinical practice, 8th edition.
• Osborn′s Diagnostic Brain Imaging, 3rd edition.
• Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD CW.(2016) WHO classification of Tumours
of the central nervous system( revised 4th edition).WHO Lyon ,2016
• Ostrom QT , Gittleman H,LiaoP, et al.CBTRUS stastical report.
• Primary brain and other central nervous system tumours diagnosed in the
united states in 2010-2014.neuro Oncol 2017;19:1-8
• Weller M, van den Bent M, Tonn jc,et al.European Association for Neuro-
oncology(EANO) guideline on the diangnosis and treatment of adult
astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas.Rev Lancet Oncol 2017;18:315-29.
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