This document contains a list of welding techniques including groove, fillet, plug, and spot welding. Groove and fillet welding involve fusing two materials along a seam, while plug and spot welding fuse materials at specific points.
A QA/QC ENGINEER MUST KNOW THESE TABLE IN ASME SEC IXWeld Maniac
This document provides information on qualifying welders and welding procedures according to the ASME Section IX code. It includes tables that specify the base metals and filler metals qualified by different welding tests. The tables indicate which base or filler metals a welder or procedure is considered qualified to weld based on the specific metals tested during qualification. Qualifying a production weld also qualifies the procedure to weld a broader range of materials according to these tables.
This document provides an overview of API 510 exam preparation materials covering service restrictions, joint efficiencies, and radiography requirements in ASME Section VIII. Some key points:
- Welded joints in vessels containing lethal substances must be fully radiographed and the vessel postweld heat treated if carbon/low alloy steel. Category A joints must be Type 1 (double welded) while Categories B-C can be Type 1 or 2.
- Joint categories define joint locations (e.g. longitudinal, circumferential). Type defines joint construction (e.g. double welded, single welded).
- Radiographs must show a minimum penetrameter image and identify unacceptable imperfections over certain size thresholds
This document is a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) that specifies the welding parameters and materials for a gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding process. It lists the base metals, filler metals, welding positions, preheat and interpass temperatures, shielding gases, and electrical characteristics for two processes. Tables provide details on joint design, recorded welding parameters for each weld layer, and guidelines for heat treatment and qualified ranges according to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
This document defines key terms related to welder and procedure qualification including welding procedure specification (WPS), procedure qualification record (PQR), welder performance qualification (WPQ), essential variables, non-essential variables, and supplementary essential variables. It also summarizes requirements for PQR, WPS, and WPQ review and discusses validity, expiration, renewal of welder qualifications, welding repairs, and applicable Aramco engineering procedures.
This document outlines the 8 steps to produce a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) according to the ASME Section IX code. The steps are: 1) identify essential variables for the welding process, 2) add remaining essential variables from construction codes, 3) fill out the PQR format, 4) choose a qualified welder, 5) record welding parameters, 6) perform visual and mechanical tests, 7) record test results on the PQR, and 8) sign and date the completed PQR.
This document provides an overview and introduction to ASME Section VIII Division 1, which establishes rules for the construction of pressure vessels. It discusses the historical context that led to the development of pressure vessel codes, an overview of ASME's codes and standards, key definitions, and the design requirements and considerations specified in Section VIII Division 1. The document covers topics such as material selection, corrosion allowances, minimum thickness requirements, design pressure, and loadings that must be considered in pressure vessel design.
This document provides a list of welding techniques including groove, fillet, plug, and spot welding. No other details are given about these different welding methods or what projects they might be used for. The document simply lists these welding terms without any further context or explanation.
Introduction to ASME VIII Div 1 (ATS).pdfdeckyantony
This document provides an introduction and overview of ASME Section VIII Division 1, which establishes rules for the construction of pressure vessels with pressures above 15 psig up to 3,000 psig. It discusses the scope and applicability of ASME VIII Div. 1, as well as key requirements for materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, and marking of pressure vessels. The document outlines requirements in areas such as material traceability, defect repair, forming, dimensional tolerances, impact testing, heat treatment, hydrostatic testing, and required marking of pressure vessels.
A QA/QC ENGINEER MUST KNOW THESE TABLE IN ASME SEC IXWeld Maniac
This document provides information on qualifying welders and welding procedures according to the ASME Section IX code. It includes tables that specify the base metals and filler metals qualified by different welding tests. The tables indicate which base or filler metals a welder or procedure is considered qualified to weld based on the specific metals tested during qualification. Qualifying a production weld also qualifies the procedure to weld a broader range of materials according to these tables.
This document provides an overview of API 510 exam preparation materials covering service restrictions, joint efficiencies, and radiography requirements in ASME Section VIII. Some key points:
- Welded joints in vessels containing lethal substances must be fully radiographed and the vessel postweld heat treated if carbon/low alloy steel. Category A joints must be Type 1 (double welded) while Categories B-C can be Type 1 or 2.
- Joint categories define joint locations (e.g. longitudinal, circumferential). Type defines joint construction (e.g. double welded, single welded).
- Radiographs must show a minimum penetrameter image and identify unacceptable imperfections over certain size thresholds
This document is a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) that specifies the welding parameters and materials for a gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding process. It lists the base metals, filler metals, welding positions, preheat and interpass temperatures, shielding gases, and electrical characteristics for two processes. Tables provide details on joint design, recorded welding parameters for each weld layer, and guidelines for heat treatment and qualified ranges according to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
This document defines key terms related to welder and procedure qualification including welding procedure specification (WPS), procedure qualification record (PQR), welder performance qualification (WPQ), essential variables, non-essential variables, and supplementary essential variables. It also summarizes requirements for PQR, WPS, and WPQ review and discusses validity, expiration, renewal of welder qualifications, welding repairs, and applicable Aramco engineering procedures.
This document outlines the 8 steps to produce a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) according to the ASME Section IX code. The steps are: 1) identify essential variables for the welding process, 2) add remaining essential variables from construction codes, 3) fill out the PQR format, 4) choose a qualified welder, 5) record welding parameters, 6) perform visual and mechanical tests, 7) record test results on the PQR, and 8) sign and date the completed PQR.
This document provides an overview and introduction to ASME Section VIII Division 1, which establishes rules for the construction of pressure vessels. It discusses the historical context that led to the development of pressure vessel codes, an overview of ASME's codes and standards, key definitions, and the design requirements and considerations specified in Section VIII Division 1. The document covers topics such as material selection, corrosion allowances, minimum thickness requirements, design pressure, and loadings that must be considered in pressure vessel design.
This document provides a list of welding techniques including groove, fillet, plug, and spot welding. No other details are given about these different welding methods or what projects they might be used for. The document simply lists these welding terms without any further context or explanation.
Introduction to ASME VIII Div 1 (ATS).pdfdeckyantony
This document provides an introduction and overview of ASME Section VIII Division 1, which establishes rules for the construction of pressure vessels with pressures above 15 psig up to 3,000 psig. It discusses the scope and applicability of ASME VIII Div. 1, as well as key requirements for materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, and marking of pressure vessels. The document outlines requirements in areas such as material traceability, defect repair, forming, dimensional tolerances, impact testing, heat treatment, hydrostatic testing, and required marking of pressure vessels.
This document discusses the selection of filler wires. It begins with an objective to learn about filler wires, ASME Section IX Table QW-422 for material grades and chemical compositions, and SFA numbers. It then introduces the differences between filler wires and electrodes, and the nomenclature used for filler wires. Examples are provided for selecting the correct filler wire based on the base metal, welding process, and referring to ASME standards. The conclusion emphasizes that filler wire selection depends on the welding process, base metal, joint type, and referencing ASME codes.
INSPECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS TO ASME Section VIII Div. 1.pdfTeddy Setiady
The document discusses a seminar presentation on inspection of pressure vessels according to ASME Section VIII Division 1. The presentation outline covers what is authorized inspection, an overview of ASME codes, code stamps, inspection responsibilities of manufacturers and authorized inspectors, the scope and organization of ASME Section VIII, and inspection requirements of Section VIII Division 1.
This document provides an introduction to ASME Section IX, which establishes general guidelines for welding procedure and welder performance qualifications. It discusses the requirements for qualifying welding procedures using procedure qualification records (PQRs) and welding procedure specifications (WPSs). The key points covered include:
- ASME Section IX covers the qualification of welding and brazing procedures.
- Welding procedure qualifications demonstrate that a set of welding variables can reliably produce sound welds.
- WPSs and PQRs are used to document and qualify welding procedures. A WPS must be supported by a qualified PQR to be used for production.
It also summarizes the classification of base metals using 'P' numbers,
The document provides information for a piping inspector, including:
1. The duties of a piping inspector are to ensure piping activities such as material receiving, fabrication, erection, testing, and re-instatement comply with Saudi Aramco specifications and procedures.
2. Inspection is to be carried out according to Schedule Q, Saudi Aramco standards and specifications, and approved procedures and ITPs.
3. Piping construction drawings include plans, arrangements, supports, details, hook-ups, schedules, P&IDs, and isometrics.
The document summarizes the key aspects of ASME Section IX (Ed. 2019), which contains requirements for welding procedure and performance qualifications. It discusses the history and timeline of ASME standards development. It also provides an overview of the various articles within ASME Section IX, including Article I on general welding requirements, Article II on welding procedure qualification, Article III on welding performance qualification, and Article IV on welding data. Key terms like essential variables, P-numbers, F-numbers, and A-numbers used for material grouping are also defined in the document.
This document provides an overview of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. It discusses the objectives and benefits of codes and standards, and describes the ASME Code system and some of its key sections. It focuses on introducing ASME Section VIII Division 1, covering the scope and exclusions of this section. Key topics covered include design requirements, material specifications, fabrication methods, weld joint categories, non-destructive examination methods, and hydrostatic and pneumatic testing requirements.
This document provides information about heat treatment of pressure vessels and various heat treatment processes. It discusses the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of metals and alloys. Various heat treatment processes like normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, solution annealing, hardening, tempering and aging are described. Parameters for heat treatment of different steel grades are listed. The document also covers thermocouples, recorders, furnace layout and calibration procedures for heat treatment furnaces.
ASME Section IX relates to welding qualifications and welding procedure specifications (WPS). It has requirements for qualifying welders and welding procedures. A WPS defines the welding variables for a procedure, while procedure qualification records (PQR) document the testing of welds made according to the WPS to ensure they meet mechanical property requirements. ASME Section IX specifies the welding positions, types of tests including tension tests and bend tests, acceptance criteria for test results, and classification of welding variables as essential or non-essential to determine whether requalification is needed if variables change.
1) The document discusses how to read, understand, and use a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). It provides definitions for key terms like WPS, PQR, essential variables, and non-essential variables.
2) A Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) must be made before a WPS. The PQR documents the variables used to weld a test coupon and the test results.
3) The example WPS provided is written according to ASME code for welding carbon steel designated as P-No. 8 material. It specifies the welding process, filler metal, and other key variables.
The document outlines the sections and subsections contained in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It includes rules for construction of various types of boilers, pressure vessels, and containment systems. The sections cover materials specifications, welding requirements, nondestructive testing, in-service inspection, and rules for ongoing care and operation. The code also provides alternative rules for special construction applications.
Here are the major responsibilities of a project engineer summarized:
- Oversee all construction activities to ensure they are completed as per approved plans, schedule and budget.
- Coordinate with different project departments like safety, procurement, contracts and quality.
- Ensure materials are available on time and resolve any technical or design issues that arise.
- Lead meetings and ensure contractor action plans and schedules are understood.
- Review invoices, punch lists and change orders for approval.
- Oversee commissioning, documentation handover and project closeout.
- Monitor project progress and address any delays by expediting work or investigating causes.
The document summarizes ASME Section VIII Division 1 code requirements for material identification, repair of material defects, Charpy impact testing of production test coupons, weld joint categories, radiographic and ultrasonic examination, welding requirements, and acceptance standards for non-destructive examination. Key points include requirements for original material markings, testing procedures that vary based on joint category and position, examination types based on joint size and material thickness, welder identification, pre-welding surface preparation, and imperfection acceptance criteria.
The document outlines the five step process to qualify a welding procedure according to ASME Section IX. It provides details on developing a draft procedure using 0.75" A36 steel plate welded in the flat position using GTAW and GMAW. Variables such as joint design, base metal and thickness, filler metal type and size, welding position, and electrical parameters are documented. The qualification weld was tested to verify it results in an acceptable weld with proper mechanical properties before the welding procedure specification can be used in construction.
This document contains 73 multiple choice questions related to ASME Section IX practice for welding procedures, welder qualifications, and essential variables. The questions cover topics such as the purpose of welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records, essential variables that must be documented, qualification positions for groove and fillet welds in plate and pipe, and acceptance criteria for guided bend and tensile tests of welder performance qualifications.
This document provides definitions for various defects that may appear on radiographic images of welds, including:
- Excessive root penetration appears as a light irregular band within the weld image.
- Root concavity appears as dark areas along the weld center varying in density by imperfection depth.
- Incomplete filled groove appears as a dark area at the weld center with diffuse edges.
- Cracks appear as dark, fine lines that are usually diffuse or discontinuous.
How to write a Welding Procedure Specification (ISO 15614-1Tiago Pereira
Some key aspects of writing welding procedure specifications. A good learning point for people who have no experience in the field, and a good reference for seasoned engineers
This document provides an overview and summary of API Spec 5L, the 44th edition of the specification for line pipe. It discusses the history and development of Spec 5L, including the adoption of the ISO 3183 standard. Key changes in the 44th edition are outlined, such as the addition of high strength grades and tighter chemical requirements. The scope and applications of Spec 5L are described. Manufacturing processes for line pipe and requirements for ordering to the specification are also summarized.
The document discusses design requirements for a vessel according to ASME VIII Div. 1. It provides information on the applicable sections of the code for design. The main design topics covered include requirements for internal pressure design of shells and heads, external pressure on shells, nozzle compensation, and nozzle weld sizing. The document then gives an example calculation for minimum shell thickness according to the code's internal pressure equations in section UG-27.
Slip on flange welding according TO asme b31.3Amr Soliman
This document discusses slip-on flange welding according to ASME B31.3-2016 standards. It explains that slip-on flange welding uses an equal fillet weld and the weld size is measured by the leg length using a welding gauge. It provides equations for calculating the fillet weld size on both the flange face side and hub end side based on the pipe wall thickness and hub thickness. A practical example is given to demonstrate calculating the weld sizes for a sample stainless steel flange.
Methods of examination of joints(RT) - API 650 TanksRajSamy
This document outlines standards for radiographic examination of welds on storage tanks. It discusses limits for dissimilar thickness consideration, joints that are exempt from radiographic testing, requirements for vertical and horizontal joints of different thicknesses, insert plates, length of radiographs, annular plates, examination of tank bottoms and sumps, repair and penalty guidelines, recommended techniques, weld reinforcement requirements, and documentation standards.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
This document discusses the selection of filler wires. It begins with an objective to learn about filler wires, ASME Section IX Table QW-422 for material grades and chemical compositions, and SFA numbers. It then introduces the differences between filler wires and electrodes, and the nomenclature used for filler wires. Examples are provided for selecting the correct filler wire based on the base metal, welding process, and referring to ASME standards. The conclusion emphasizes that filler wire selection depends on the welding process, base metal, joint type, and referencing ASME codes.
INSPECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS TO ASME Section VIII Div. 1.pdfTeddy Setiady
The document discusses a seminar presentation on inspection of pressure vessels according to ASME Section VIII Division 1. The presentation outline covers what is authorized inspection, an overview of ASME codes, code stamps, inspection responsibilities of manufacturers and authorized inspectors, the scope and organization of ASME Section VIII, and inspection requirements of Section VIII Division 1.
This document provides an introduction to ASME Section IX, which establishes general guidelines for welding procedure and welder performance qualifications. It discusses the requirements for qualifying welding procedures using procedure qualification records (PQRs) and welding procedure specifications (WPSs). The key points covered include:
- ASME Section IX covers the qualification of welding and brazing procedures.
- Welding procedure qualifications demonstrate that a set of welding variables can reliably produce sound welds.
- WPSs and PQRs are used to document and qualify welding procedures. A WPS must be supported by a qualified PQR to be used for production.
It also summarizes the classification of base metals using 'P' numbers,
The document provides information for a piping inspector, including:
1. The duties of a piping inspector are to ensure piping activities such as material receiving, fabrication, erection, testing, and re-instatement comply with Saudi Aramco specifications and procedures.
2. Inspection is to be carried out according to Schedule Q, Saudi Aramco standards and specifications, and approved procedures and ITPs.
3. Piping construction drawings include plans, arrangements, supports, details, hook-ups, schedules, P&IDs, and isometrics.
The document summarizes the key aspects of ASME Section IX (Ed. 2019), which contains requirements for welding procedure and performance qualifications. It discusses the history and timeline of ASME standards development. It also provides an overview of the various articles within ASME Section IX, including Article I on general welding requirements, Article II on welding procedure qualification, Article III on welding performance qualification, and Article IV on welding data. Key terms like essential variables, P-numbers, F-numbers, and A-numbers used for material grouping are also defined in the document.
This document provides an overview of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. It discusses the objectives and benefits of codes and standards, and describes the ASME Code system and some of its key sections. It focuses on introducing ASME Section VIII Division 1, covering the scope and exclusions of this section. Key topics covered include design requirements, material specifications, fabrication methods, weld joint categories, non-destructive examination methods, and hydrostatic and pneumatic testing requirements.
This document provides information about heat treatment of pressure vessels and various heat treatment processes. It discusses the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of metals and alloys. Various heat treatment processes like normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, solution annealing, hardening, tempering and aging are described. Parameters for heat treatment of different steel grades are listed. The document also covers thermocouples, recorders, furnace layout and calibration procedures for heat treatment furnaces.
ASME Section IX relates to welding qualifications and welding procedure specifications (WPS). It has requirements for qualifying welders and welding procedures. A WPS defines the welding variables for a procedure, while procedure qualification records (PQR) document the testing of welds made according to the WPS to ensure they meet mechanical property requirements. ASME Section IX specifies the welding positions, types of tests including tension tests and bend tests, acceptance criteria for test results, and classification of welding variables as essential or non-essential to determine whether requalification is needed if variables change.
1) The document discusses how to read, understand, and use a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). It provides definitions for key terms like WPS, PQR, essential variables, and non-essential variables.
2) A Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) must be made before a WPS. The PQR documents the variables used to weld a test coupon and the test results.
3) The example WPS provided is written according to ASME code for welding carbon steel designated as P-No. 8 material. It specifies the welding process, filler metal, and other key variables.
The document outlines the sections and subsections contained in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It includes rules for construction of various types of boilers, pressure vessels, and containment systems. The sections cover materials specifications, welding requirements, nondestructive testing, in-service inspection, and rules for ongoing care and operation. The code also provides alternative rules for special construction applications.
Here are the major responsibilities of a project engineer summarized:
- Oversee all construction activities to ensure they are completed as per approved plans, schedule and budget.
- Coordinate with different project departments like safety, procurement, contracts and quality.
- Ensure materials are available on time and resolve any technical or design issues that arise.
- Lead meetings and ensure contractor action plans and schedules are understood.
- Review invoices, punch lists and change orders for approval.
- Oversee commissioning, documentation handover and project closeout.
- Monitor project progress and address any delays by expediting work or investigating causes.
The document summarizes ASME Section VIII Division 1 code requirements for material identification, repair of material defects, Charpy impact testing of production test coupons, weld joint categories, radiographic and ultrasonic examination, welding requirements, and acceptance standards for non-destructive examination. Key points include requirements for original material markings, testing procedures that vary based on joint category and position, examination types based on joint size and material thickness, welder identification, pre-welding surface preparation, and imperfection acceptance criteria.
The document outlines the five step process to qualify a welding procedure according to ASME Section IX. It provides details on developing a draft procedure using 0.75" A36 steel plate welded in the flat position using GTAW and GMAW. Variables such as joint design, base metal and thickness, filler metal type and size, welding position, and electrical parameters are documented. The qualification weld was tested to verify it results in an acceptable weld with proper mechanical properties before the welding procedure specification can be used in construction.
This document contains 73 multiple choice questions related to ASME Section IX practice for welding procedures, welder qualifications, and essential variables. The questions cover topics such as the purpose of welding procedure specifications and procedure qualification records, essential variables that must be documented, qualification positions for groove and fillet welds in plate and pipe, and acceptance criteria for guided bend and tensile tests of welder performance qualifications.
This document provides definitions for various defects that may appear on radiographic images of welds, including:
- Excessive root penetration appears as a light irregular band within the weld image.
- Root concavity appears as dark areas along the weld center varying in density by imperfection depth.
- Incomplete filled groove appears as a dark area at the weld center with diffuse edges.
- Cracks appear as dark, fine lines that are usually diffuse or discontinuous.
How to write a Welding Procedure Specification (ISO 15614-1Tiago Pereira
Some key aspects of writing welding procedure specifications. A good learning point for people who have no experience in the field, and a good reference for seasoned engineers
This document provides an overview and summary of API Spec 5L, the 44th edition of the specification for line pipe. It discusses the history and development of Spec 5L, including the adoption of the ISO 3183 standard. Key changes in the 44th edition are outlined, such as the addition of high strength grades and tighter chemical requirements. The scope and applications of Spec 5L are described. Manufacturing processes for line pipe and requirements for ordering to the specification are also summarized.
The document discusses design requirements for a vessel according to ASME VIII Div. 1. It provides information on the applicable sections of the code for design. The main design topics covered include requirements for internal pressure design of shells and heads, external pressure on shells, nozzle compensation, and nozzle weld sizing. The document then gives an example calculation for minimum shell thickness according to the code's internal pressure equations in section UG-27.
Slip on flange welding according TO asme b31.3Amr Soliman
This document discusses slip-on flange welding according to ASME B31.3-2016 standards. It explains that slip-on flange welding uses an equal fillet weld and the weld size is measured by the leg length using a welding gauge. It provides equations for calculating the fillet weld size on both the flange face side and hub end side based on the pipe wall thickness and hub thickness. A practical example is given to demonstrate calculating the weld sizes for a sample stainless steel flange.
Methods of examination of joints(RT) - API 650 TanksRajSamy
This document outlines standards for radiographic examination of welds on storage tanks. It discusses limits for dissimilar thickness consideration, joints that are exempt from radiographic testing, requirements for vertical and horizontal joints of different thicknesses, insert plates, length of radiographs, annular plates, examination of tank bottoms and sumps, repair and penalty guidelines, recommended techniques, weld reinforcement requirements, and documentation standards.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.