Radiographic interpretation
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This document provides definitions for various defects that may appear on radiographic images of welds, including: - Excessive root penetration appears as a light irregular band within the weld image. - Root concavity appears as dark areas along the weld center varying in density by imperfection depth. - Incomplete filled groove appears as a dark area at the weld center with diffuse edges. - Cracks appear as dark, fine lines that are usually diffuse or discontinuous.
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Radiographic interpretation
- 1. RADIOGRAPHS REFERENCE NO.1 EXCESSIVE ROOT PENETRATION ROOT CONCAVITY INCOMPLETE FILLED GROOVE CAP UNDERCUT ROOT UNDERCUT SPATTER LONGITUDINAL CRACK TRANSVERSE CRACK CRATER CRACK Excessive Root Penetration: a continuous or intermittent light irregular band within the image of the weld. Root Concavity: a series of dark areas along the centre of the weld varying in density according to the depth of imperfection. Incomplete Filled Groove: a dark area towards the centre of the weld which has diffuse edges. Undercut: a dark / irregular/ intermittent band in a position adjacent to either the cap or root weld toe or between adjacent capping runs. Spatter: small light/white spots. Crack: dark, fine often branching lines which are usually diffuse or discontinuous. Copyright2013:KAOriginal Prepared by Kamarul Ariffin, (PCFSSB)
- 2. RADIOGRAPHS REFERENCE NO.2 LACK OF ROOT FUSION INCOMPLETE ROOT PENETRATION LINEAR SLAG INCLUSION COPPER INCLUSION SILICA INCLUSION CLUSTER POROSITY Lack of Root Fusion: lack of fusion with the parent material will appear in the radiograph as a fine dark straight line which may be continuous or intermittent Incomplete Root Penetration: as a dark continuous or intermittent linear shadow, the edges of which will usually be straight Linear Slag Inclusion: a straight edge often indicate lack of fusion. Sometimes linear slag will appear on the radiograph as two parallel lines Tungsten inclusion: appear as bright - light images which tend to be angular. They are usually quite small - typically around 0.5 mm Copper Inclusion: light rounded images with extremely diffuse edges Silica Inclusion: irregular dark image normally for MIG welding process. Cluster Porosity: sharply defined dark circular spots, may be isolated, grouped or evenly distributed. Linear Misalignment + LACK OF ROOT FUSION: noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The dark, straight line is caused by the failure of the weld metal to fuse with parent material. Prepared by Kamarul Ariffin, (PCFSSB) TUNGSTEN INCLUSION MISALIGNMENT + LACK OF ROOT FUSION LINEAR MISALIGNMENT Copyright2013:KAOriginal
- 3. RADIOGRAPHS REFERENCE NO.3 SLAG INCLUSION ROOT PASS ALIGNED POROSITY HERRINGBONE POROSITY DEBRIS WORMHOLE LACK OF SIDEWALL FUSION Burn Through: dark spots, which are often surrounded by light globular areas . Slag Inclusion: slag may appear in various shapes, from long narrow indications to short wide indications, and in various densities, from grey to very dark Root Aligned Porosity, Herringbone Porosity : a series of rounded gas pockets or voids in the weld metal, and is generally cylindrical or elliptical in shape. Arc Strike: dark, sometimes white indication from a localized heat-affected zone or a change in surface contour of a finished weld or adjacent base metal Debris: white image scattered normally by foreign material inside pipe Wormholes: a dark shadow the shape of which depends on the orientation of the defect. If the wormhole is end on to the radiation a very dark rounded shadow is formed. If the wormhole is side on then the appearance is somewhat like a tadpole Lack of Sidewall Fusion: lack of fusion with the parent material will appear in the radiograph as a fine dark straight line which may be continuous or intermittent Copyright2013:KAOriginal ARC STRIKEBURN THROUGH INTERPASS SLAG INCLUSION PreparedbyKamarulAriffin,(PCFSSB)