The document provides an overview of global warming and climate change topics, including:
- The causes and dangers of global warming from greenhouse gas emissions
- International efforts to address climate change through the UNFCCC, IPCC, Kyoto Protocol, and other agreements
- Market-based mechanisms to reduce emissions like carbon credits, carbon trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation projects
- Examples of emissions trading programs and their effectiveness in reducing pollution
The document provides an overview of global warming and climate change topics, including:
- Discussing the causes and evidence of rising global temperatures and melting ice sheets.
- Explaining key organizations and agreements related to addressing climate change, such as the IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Marrakech Accords.
- Describing flexible mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions, including emissions trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation.
- Providing details on carbon credits and how they are generated by emission reduction projects.
Climate focal point and the montreal protocolUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses the relationship between the Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol. It states that the Montreal Protocol, which regulates ozone-depleting substances, has helped reduce global warming because many of these substances are also powerful greenhouse gases. It also notes that one of the first projects under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol involved destroying HFC-23, a greenhouse gas that is a byproduct of HCFC-22 production which is being phased out under Montreal. The document outlines Serbia's climate policies and emissions projections, and possibilities for increased cooperation between the two agreements.
Kyoto and Beyond: The Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate ChangeISCIENCES, L.L.C.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of multilateral agreements on climate change from the 1970s to present day, with a focus on the Kyoto Protocol. It describes several important early agreements and conventions in the 1970s-1980s that helped bring international attention to environmental issues. It then outlines the key developments in the 1990s that led to the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol period from 2005-2008 and challenges faced by countries in meeting emissions targets. It concludes by looking at climate change discussions and agreements after 2009, including negotiations on the future of the Protocol.
Montreal protocol, Kyoto protocol & Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Nethravathi Siri
The document discusses several major international environmental agreements:
1) The Montreal Protocol aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances. It has achieved universal ratification and has put the ozone layer on a path to recovery.
2) The Kyoto Protocol, under the UNFCCC, sets binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gases. Its goals are to lower emissions of six key gases and establish the Clean Development Mechanism.
3) The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use and sharing of genetic resources. It includes programs on forests, islands, inland waters and more.
The Copenhagen Climate Summit will be held from December 7-18, 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. 192 countries have signed the climate change convention. The summit will aim to negotiate a successor to the Kyoto Protocol and thrash out agreements on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, have increased since the industrial revolution and are contributing to global warming. Countries like China and the US are now the top emitters of carbon dioxide.
The document discusses global warming and the Kyoto Protocol. It provides background on global warming, its causes from greenhouse gas emissions, and its effects. It then summarizes the Kyoto Protocol, which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. The Protocol established legally binding emissions targets for industrialized countries and flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their reduction targets cost-effectively. However, the US withdrew from the agreement and it faced criticism for not including developing countries.
This document contains a question bank on global environmental concerns for energy managers and auditors. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions covering topics like the ozone layer, greenhouse gases, global warming, the Kyoto Protocol, and climate change negotiations. Long answer questions explore the implications of global warming in more depth and discuss international agreements and initiatives like the Conference of Parties, Prototype Carbon Fund, and India's involvement in the clean development mechanism.
The document summarizes the evolution of international accords and agreements around reducing carbon emissions, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Copenhagen Accord. It discusses goals and mechanisms of these agreements, such as emissions targets and market-based mechanisms. It also provides context on current atmospheric CO2 levels, global emissions, and the potential consequences of failure to reduce emissions.
The document provides an overview of global warming and climate change topics, including:
- Discussing the causes and evidence of rising global temperatures and melting ice sheets.
- Explaining key organizations and agreements related to addressing climate change, such as the IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Marrakech Accords.
- Describing flexible mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions, including emissions trading, clean development mechanism, and joint implementation.
- Providing details on carbon credits and how they are generated by emission reduction projects.
Climate focal point and the montreal protocolUNEP OzonAction
The document discusses the relationship between the Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol. It states that the Montreal Protocol, which regulates ozone-depleting substances, has helped reduce global warming because many of these substances are also powerful greenhouse gases. It also notes that one of the first projects under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol involved destroying HFC-23, a greenhouse gas that is a byproduct of HCFC-22 production which is being phased out under Montreal. The document outlines Serbia's climate policies and emissions projections, and possibilities for increased cooperation between the two agreements.
Kyoto and Beyond: The Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate ChangeISCIENCES, L.L.C.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of multilateral agreements on climate change from the 1970s to present day, with a focus on the Kyoto Protocol. It describes several important early agreements and conventions in the 1970s-1980s that helped bring international attention to environmental issues. It then outlines the key developments in the 1990s that led to the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol period from 2005-2008 and challenges faced by countries in meeting emissions targets. It concludes by looking at climate change discussions and agreements after 2009, including negotiations on the future of the Protocol.
Montreal protocol, Kyoto protocol & Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Nethravathi Siri
The document discusses several major international environmental agreements:
1) The Montreal Protocol aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances. It has achieved universal ratification and has put the ozone layer on a path to recovery.
2) The Kyoto Protocol, under the UNFCCC, sets binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gases. Its goals are to lower emissions of six key gases and establish the Clean Development Mechanism.
3) The Convention on Biological Diversity aims to conserve biodiversity and promote sustainable use and sharing of genetic resources. It includes programs on forests, islands, inland waters and more.
The Copenhagen Climate Summit will be held from December 7-18, 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. 192 countries have signed the climate change convention. The summit will aim to negotiate a successor to the Kyoto Protocol and thrash out agreements on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, have increased since the industrial revolution and are contributing to global warming. Countries like China and the US are now the top emitters of carbon dioxide.
The document discusses global warming and the Kyoto Protocol. It provides background on global warming, its causes from greenhouse gas emissions, and its effects. It then summarizes the Kyoto Protocol, which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008-2012. The Protocol established legally binding emissions targets for industrialized countries and flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their reduction targets cost-effectively. However, the US withdrew from the agreement and it faced criticism for not including developing countries.
This document contains a question bank on global environmental concerns for energy managers and auditors. It includes multiple choice and short answer questions covering topics like the ozone layer, greenhouse gases, global warming, the Kyoto Protocol, and climate change negotiations. Long answer questions explore the implications of global warming in more depth and discuss international agreements and initiatives like the Conference of Parties, Prototype Carbon Fund, and India's involvement in the clean development mechanism.
The document summarizes the evolution of international accords and agreements around reducing carbon emissions, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Copenhagen Accord. It discusses goals and mechanisms of these agreements, such as emissions targets and market-based mechanisms. It also provides context on current atmospheric CO2 levels, global emissions, and the potential consequences of failure to reduce emissions.
The document discusses global warming, its causes and effects, and the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a solution. It defines global warming and lists greenhouse gases and their effects. It then explains the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM concept and process, including baseline setting, additionality, methodologies, and registration. The CDM aims to assist developing countries' sustainable development through emissions reduction projects financed by developed countries.
The Montreal Protocol defines measures to limit production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Developed in 1987 under the UN Environment Programme, it came into force in 1989 as the first global agreement to protect the atmosphere. The protocol regulates substances like CFCs and halons that damage the ozone layer based on their ozone depletion potential. Developing countries faced special difficulties in phasing out substances and received financial and technical support, with a 10-year preparation period ending in 1999 before entering the compliance period.
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
Presentaion on carbon credits and kyoto protocolAnkit Agrawal
To combat these changes globally, Kyoto Protocol was created and has been
agreed upon by 170 countries so far, committing themselves to reduce Green
House Gas Emissions and improve Energy Efficiency.
• The Kyoto Protocol envisages reduction of Green House Gases by 5.2% in the
period 2008-12.
• New System of Carbon Credits is Introduced in the texts of Kyoto Protocol is
being formalised to bring more awareness in Industries to reduce their annual
carbon emission by awarding monetary value to reduced emission taking us
towards eco-friendly future
•Through this Presentation we are going to bring into focus
these two main International steps on combating the new evil
“Global Warming”.
The document summarizes the evolution and key aspects of the Montreal Protocol, an international environmental treaty signed in 1987 that aimed to reduce production and consumption of ozone depleting substances to protect the ozone layer. It describes how the Montreal Protocol has been strengthened over time through adjustments and amendments as new scientific evidence emerged, with over 190 countries ratifying it. Additional meetings have led to over 720 decisions to help effective implementation of this important legal agreement to address ozone depletion.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that the Convention encouraged emissions reductions while the Protocol commits countries to do so. The Protocol was negotiated in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 after Russia ratified it. It sets emissions reduction targets for 37 Annex I countries and allows flexible mechanisms like emissions trading to lower costs of achieving targets.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It set targets for industrialized countries to cut emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Each country agreed to its own target, such as an 8% cut for EU countries. The protocol went into legal effect in 2005 after Russia ratified it. However, countries are not on track to meet targets and the US withdrawal was a major setback. The Copenhagen Summit in 2009 aimed to forge a new agreement to replace Kyoto but only produced the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, continuing pressure for countries like the US to pass emissions legislation.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.
The document discusses Canada's obligations and challenges in meeting the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. It notes that Canada ratified the protocol in 2002 but has failed to meet its emissions reduction targets. Emissions have risen significantly since 1990 due largely to growth in the oil, gas and mining industries. While some provinces have their own climate policies, Canada's withdrawal from its Kyoto commitments has faced criticism from environmental and political groups.
Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution, international conventio...Rushell Rousseau
The document summarizes the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Protocol. The UNFCCC is a 1992 treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It lacks enforcement but established a framework for negotiating protocols like Kyoto. Kyoto set binding emissions reduction targets for developed nations from 2008-2012. The Montreal Protocol is a 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and reduce global warming.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community but did not include binding targets for developing countries like China and India. While some parties achieved their targets, overall global emissions continued to rise significantly during the Protocol's first commitment period from 2008-2012. The Protocol has faced criticisms around its flexibility mechanisms, lack of participation from major emitters, and difficulty enforcing compliance. In 2012, an amendment extended the Protocol with a second commitment period through 2020 but with fewer participating parties.
The document provides an overview of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. It discusses the background of climate change and the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement linked to the UNFCCC that sets binding emissions reduction targets. It details the main elements of the Kyoto Protocol including commitments, implementation mechanisms, compliance provisions, and sectors covered. Signatories must ratify the Kyoto Protocol for it to enter into force.
The document summarizes how the Montreal Protocol affects companies that use HCFC refrigerants like R22 for HVAC systems. It outlines the phase-out timelines for developed and developing countries. For companies in developing countries, it describes alternatives like retrofitting existing systems or proper maintenance to avoid premature replacement. The company Clearafin offers training, retrofitting, and consultancy services to help companies comply with the Montreal Protocol in a cost-effective way.
Carbon finance for beginners (Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms; Current stat...UNDP Eurasia
The document provides an overview of the Kyoto Protocol and its carbon market mechanisms. It discusses how the Kyoto Protocol established mandatory greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for developed countries and introduced market-based mechanisms, including emissions trading, clean development mechanism (CDM), and joint implementation. It also summarizes the CDM project cycle and eligibility requirements, highlighting that CDM projects must demonstrate emission reductions are additional and result in sustainable development benefits.
After represented Indonesian Youth in COP15 Climate Change Conference, Yangki Suara give a presentation in Padjadjaran University about Copenhagen Accord.
The document discusses environmental protection movements and international conventions related to the environment. It describes how environmentalism covers broad areas like consumption of natural resources, pollution, and exposure to toxins. The movement focuses on environmental science, activism, advocacy, and justice. International conventions establish standards for preserving natural resources and protecting the environment. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change through systems like carbon trading between countries.
The document discusses the relationship between climate change and public health. It notes that climate change is expected to cause 250,000 additional deaths per year between 2030-2050 due to issues like malnutrition, malaria and heat stress. Areas with weak health infrastructure will be hardest hit. Reducing emissions through changes to transportation, food systems and energy use can improve health by reducing air pollution. Adaptation strategies highlighted include rebuilding health infrastructure and implementing measures at the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. Megacity Bangkok is also discussed as being at high risk from sea level rise and flooding due to climate change.
The Montreal Protocol of 1987 is a global agreement to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals and protect the ozone layer. It established a plan to reduce production and consumption of these substances. The parties meet annually to ensure successful implementation, having amended the agreement six times, most recently in 2016 to phase down hydrofluorocarbons. Through collaborative international efforts, the Montreal Protocol has successfully met its goals of repairing the ozone layer.
This document describes a project called ZoneIDAProc that aims to provide an interface for accessing internal process states. It discusses related work, the problem statement, design, implementation details, examples, and conclusions. The key points are that ZoneIDAProc will export a Linux proc-like interface to allow querying and manipulating a process's internal states through code instrumentation and a virtual file system without requiring debug symbols. It provides examples of basic read/write access, monitoring a main thread with a spy thread, exploring process symbols, and fully instrumenting and accessing a target program.
The document discusses global warming, its causes and effects, and the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a solution. It defines global warming and lists greenhouse gases and their effects. It then explains the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM concept and process, including baseline setting, additionality, methodologies, and registration. The CDM aims to assist developing countries' sustainable development through emissions reduction projects financed by developed countries.
The Montreal Protocol defines measures to limit production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Developed in 1987 under the UN Environment Programme, it came into force in 1989 as the first global agreement to protect the atmosphere. The protocol regulates substances like CFCs and halons that damage the ozone layer based on their ozone depletion potential. Developing countries faced special difficulties in phasing out substances and received financial and technical support, with a 10-year preparation period ending in 1999 before entering the compliance period.
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
Presentaion on carbon credits and kyoto protocolAnkit Agrawal
To combat these changes globally, Kyoto Protocol was created and has been
agreed upon by 170 countries so far, committing themselves to reduce Green
House Gas Emissions and improve Energy Efficiency.
• The Kyoto Protocol envisages reduction of Green House Gases by 5.2% in the
period 2008-12.
• New System of Carbon Credits is Introduced in the texts of Kyoto Protocol is
being formalised to bring more awareness in Industries to reduce their annual
carbon emission by awarding monetary value to reduced emission taking us
towards eco-friendly future
•Through this Presentation we are going to bring into focus
these two main International steps on combating the new evil
“Global Warming”.
The document summarizes the evolution and key aspects of the Montreal Protocol, an international environmental treaty signed in 1987 that aimed to reduce production and consumption of ozone depleting substances to protect the ozone layer. It describes how the Montreal Protocol has been strengthened over time through adjustments and amendments as new scientific evidence emerged, with over 190 countries ratifying it. Additional meetings have led to over 720 decisions to help effective implementation of this important legal agreement to address ozone depletion.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that the Convention encouraged emissions reductions while the Protocol commits countries to do so. The Protocol was negotiated in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 after Russia ratified it. It sets emissions reduction targets for 37 Annex I countries and allows flexible mechanisms like emissions trading to lower costs of achieving targets.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It set targets for industrialized countries to cut emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Each country agreed to its own target, such as an 8% cut for EU countries. The protocol went into legal effect in 2005 after Russia ratified it. However, countries are not on track to meet targets and the US withdrawal was a major setback. The Copenhagen Summit in 2009 aimed to forge a new agreement to replace Kyoto but only produced the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, continuing pressure for countries like the US to pass emissions legislation.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.
The document discusses Canada's obligations and challenges in meeting the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. It notes that Canada ratified the protocol in 2002 but has failed to meet its emissions reduction targets. Emissions have risen significantly since 1990 due largely to growth in the oil, gas and mining industries. While some provinces have their own climate policies, Canada's withdrawal from its Kyoto commitments has faced criticism from environmental and political groups.
Unfccc, kyoto protocol, montreal protocol, pollution, international conventio...Rushell Rousseau
The document summarizes the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Montreal Protocol. The UNFCCC is a 1992 treaty aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It lacks enforcement but established a framework for negotiating protocols like Kyoto. Kyoto set binding emissions reduction targets for developed nations from 2008-2012. The Montreal Protocol is a 1987 agreement to phase out ozone-depleting substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and reduce global warming.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community but did not include binding targets for developing countries like China and India. While some parties achieved their targets, overall global emissions continued to rise significantly during the Protocol's first commitment period from 2008-2012. The Protocol has faced criticisms around its flexibility mechanisms, lack of participation from major emitters, and difficulty enforcing compliance. In 2012, an amendment extended the Protocol with a second commitment period through 2020 but with fewer participating parties.
The document provides an overview of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. It discusses the background of climate change and the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement linked to the UNFCCC that sets binding emissions reduction targets. It details the main elements of the Kyoto Protocol including commitments, implementation mechanisms, compliance provisions, and sectors covered. Signatories must ratify the Kyoto Protocol for it to enter into force.
The document summarizes how the Montreal Protocol affects companies that use HCFC refrigerants like R22 for HVAC systems. It outlines the phase-out timelines for developed and developing countries. For companies in developing countries, it describes alternatives like retrofitting existing systems or proper maintenance to avoid premature replacement. The company Clearafin offers training, retrofitting, and consultancy services to help companies comply with the Montreal Protocol in a cost-effective way.
Carbon finance for beginners (Kyoto Protocol and its mechanisms; Current stat...UNDP Eurasia
The document provides an overview of the Kyoto Protocol and its carbon market mechanisms. It discusses how the Kyoto Protocol established mandatory greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for developed countries and introduced market-based mechanisms, including emissions trading, clean development mechanism (CDM), and joint implementation. It also summarizes the CDM project cycle and eligibility requirements, highlighting that CDM projects must demonstrate emission reductions are additional and result in sustainable development benefits.
After represented Indonesian Youth in COP15 Climate Change Conference, Yangki Suara give a presentation in Padjadjaran University about Copenhagen Accord.
The document discusses environmental protection movements and international conventions related to the environment. It describes how environmentalism covers broad areas like consumption of natural resources, pollution, and exposure to toxins. The movement focuses on environmental science, activism, advocacy, and justice. International conventions establish standards for preserving natural resources and protecting the environment. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change through systems like carbon trading between countries.
The document discusses the relationship between climate change and public health. It notes that climate change is expected to cause 250,000 additional deaths per year between 2030-2050 due to issues like malnutrition, malaria and heat stress. Areas with weak health infrastructure will be hardest hit. Reducing emissions through changes to transportation, food systems and energy use can improve health by reducing air pollution. Adaptation strategies highlighted include rebuilding health infrastructure and implementing measures at the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. Megacity Bangkok is also discussed as being at high risk from sea level rise and flooding due to climate change.
The Montreal Protocol of 1987 is a global agreement to phase out ozone-depleting chemicals and protect the ozone layer. It established a plan to reduce production and consumption of these substances. The parties meet annually to ensure successful implementation, having amended the agreement six times, most recently in 2016 to phase down hydrofluorocarbons. Through collaborative international efforts, the Montreal Protocol has successfully met its goals of repairing the ozone layer.
This document describes a project called ZoneIDAProc that aims to provide an interface for accessing internal process states. It discusses related work, the problem statement, design, implementation details, examples, and conclusions. The key points are that ZoneIDAProc will export a Linux proc-like interface to allow querying and manipulating a process's internal states through code instrumentation and a virtual file system without requiring debug symbols. It provides examples of basic read/write access, monitoring a main thread with a spy thread, exploring process symbols, and fully instrumenting and accessing a target program.
We Are Museums 2016 workshop: Introduction to usability testingTiana Tasich
This document discusses usability testing and provides guidance on how to conduct usability tests. It defines usability testing as a method to assess the usability of user interfaces with real users. The document outlines the steps to conduct usability testing, including defining target users, writing a research brief, planning test sessions and tasks, conducting testing, analyzing findings, and making changes. It emphasizes the importance of testing with real users and observing how they interact rather than just what they say. The overall goal of usability testing is to improve the interface based on user feedback.
Liz Dalton is an architect located in Oakland, CA. Her MA thesis project was a mixed-use building of micro-apartments and retail shops celebrating small spaces. It received an excellence award and was a semi-finalist for another award. Her goal for a flagship store design was to reflect the client's identity through custom lighting solutions like color-changing displays. She also designed a jazz club incorporating Art Deco forms and artifacts into contemporary geometric planes. Additionally, she designed an academic building for a university including classrooms and a cafe, using flexible learning spaces and Steelcase furnishings as part of a student design competition.
El documento describe cómo un joven llamado Caleth Martínez aprendió a descargar música de Internet gracias a la ayuda de su amigo Neider Mora. Neider le mostró a Caleth cómo encontrar música en la página web Redvolución y cómo descargarla desde youtube-mp3.org. Caleth expresó su agradecimiento a Neider por enseñarle estas habilidades que ahora puede usar de forma independiente.
The document provides 13 tips for giving a terrible presentation, suggesting behaviors to avoid such as overusing text and data without images, wearing inappropriate costumes, excessive and distracting movements, not preparing in advance, and not seeking help from a presentation coach. The tips are intended to scare the audience rather than engage or inform them.
Lookout iOS developer Stephanie Shupe presented at the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing on October 10, 2014. She explains the processes that Lookout has used to successfully scale its mobile app.
This document provides information about Agustín F. Carbó Lugo, including his role as Chairman of the Puerto Rico Energy Commission. It outlines his educational and professional background working in environmental engineering and law. It also describes some of his accomplishments in establishing climate change policies while at the Solid Waste Management Authority and his work on energy projects in Puerto Rico.
The top 5 international tourism markets for Australia in 2013-14 were China, the UK, New Zealand, Japan, and the US, with China contributing the most total spend. Domestically, there were 165.2 million day trips and $18.2 billion in domestic tourism spend. Tourism contributed $42.3 billion to Australia's GDP and supported 543,600 jobs directly and 4.7% of total employment.
Branding Bootcamp: Developing an Authentic Brand That Connects With Your Cust...Stone Soup Creative
The document appears to be from a branding bootcamp presentation. It includes a brand awareness quiz, discussions of what makes branding work, defining brand values and personality, and a case study on branding a fitness studio called O'Day Studios. The case study walks through assessing the current situation, defining the studio's values and personality, developing positioning and messaging, and providing customer feedback to help strengthen the brand.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the 2016 US elections that were held on November 8, 2016. It summarizes the key races and metrics heading into election day. For the presidency, national polls showed Hillary Clinton with a small lead over Donald Trump. For control of Congress, Republicans led in the House while races for the Senate were very close with some key battleground states that could determine party control. Overall voter dissatisfaction with the direction of the country was high according to polls.
Carbon markets 101 introduces the market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and related initiatives. It helps executives and managers understand emerging business issues around carbon trading, emission reduction projects and carbon monitoring.
The document discusses several topics related to global environmental politics and climate change, including:
1) It provides background on climate change science and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
2) It examines the impacts of climate change such as increased hurricane intensity and risks to health, as well as potential economic costs of climate change impacts.
3) It reviews two major international agreements - the Montreal Protocol which regulated ozone depleting substances and the Kyoto Protocol which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key aspects of these agreements and their relative success are summarized.
The document discusses global warming and mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions, including the Kyoto Protocol. It describes Kyoto's emission reduction targets for different countries and introduces mechanisms for carbon trading, including the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, and international emissions trading. These allow countries to meet emissions targets by purchasing carbon credits from emissions reduction projects in other countries.
This ppt file is make for the study purpose on the topic of "Major Protocol & Treaties to save the environment". All of the data of this slide were collected from online resources. This slide shows the impact & results of some protocols & Treaties that is used to save our Ozone Layer, Our Environment.
TOO4TO Module 3 / Climate Change and Sustainability: Part 1TOO4TO
This presentation is part of the Sustainable Management: Tools for Tomorrow (TOO4TO) learning materials. It covers the following topic: Climate Change and Sustainability (Module 3). The material consists of 3 parts. This presentation covers Part 1.
You can find all TOO4TO Modules and their presentations here: https://too4to.eu/e-learning-course/
TOO4TO was a 35-month EU-funded Erasmus+ project, running until August 2023 in co-operation with European strategic partner institutions of the Gdańsk University of Technology (Poland), the Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Turku University of Applied Sciences (Finland) and Global Impact Grid (Germany).
TOO4TO aims to increase the skills, competencies and awareness of future managers and employees with available tools and methods that can provide sustainable management and, as a result, support sustainable development in the EU and beyond.
Read more about the project here: https://too4to.eu/
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. Its whole content reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. PROJECT NUMBER 2020-1-PL01-KA203-082076
This document discusses carbon credits and their role in addressing climate change. It begins by explaining the causes and impacts of climate change. It then defines carbon credits as certificates issued for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Countries can trade carbon credits on the international market under the Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading mechanism. The document provides details on how carbon credits are generated and traded, and the role of the Clean Development Mechanism and other frameworks in facilitating emissions reductions between developed and developing countries. It concludes by emphasizing the social and economic benefits of participating in carbon credit markets.
The document summarizes a seminar on carbon trading to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change. Dr. V. Nepalia from the Department of Agronomy at RCA, Udaipur is the seminar in-charge. Mohammed Mohsin, a PhD scholar from the same department, will be the speaker. The seminar will cover global practices to reduce emissions, carbon trading through mechanisms like carbon markets and the Kyoto Protocol, carbon sellers and buyers, benefits of carbon trading, and India's carbon trading scenario. Carbon trading allows countries and companies to offset emissions by purchasing carbon credits from other entities with excess credits.
The document discusses recent advances in pollution control, focusing on air pollution control. It describes several international agreements and protocols related to air pollution, including the Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, and policies such as carbon taxes and carbon credits. It also discusses initiatives in India related to air pollution monitoring and control, including the National Air Quality Index, action plans by states in the National Capital Region to reduce air pollution, and air quality monitoring programs run by the Central Pollution Control Board and in the state of Maharashtra.
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Air Pollution can be FixedCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Air Pollution can be Fixed
presented by Mr Anders Wijkman (European Parliament and Tällberg Foundation)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
The document summarizes key climate change agreements including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. It provides overviews of each agreement, including their goals, mechanisms, and significance. The UNFCCC established a framework for international cooperation on climate change. The Kyoto Protocol set binding emissions reductions targets for developed countries. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5-2°C through Nationally Determined Contributions from countries that are intended to become more ambitious over time. Overall, the document examines the evolution and importance of international agreements in coordinating global climate action.
The document provides a quick guide to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for audiences in developing countries. It introduces the CDM, which allows developed countries to offset emissions by implementing projects in developing countries that sequester carbon. Afforestation and reforestation projects are eligible under the CDM. The guide explains the rules and regulations surrounding the CDM, how countries and project developers can prepare for participating, and what the future may hold as the carbon market develops. It aims to help land managers understand opportunities for forest and agricultural sequestration projects under the CDM.
The document discusses global environmental problems with a focus on global warming. It defines global warming and the greenhouse effect, listing the main greenhouse gases and their sources. The impacts of global warming are described including effects on physical, biological and human systems. The document outlines international agreements on climate change like the Kyoto Protocol and its flexible mechanisms. Recommendations for abating global warming include increasing carbon sinks, decreasing emissions, shifting to renewable energy, and international cooperation on technology and population growth.
Carbon footprint is a measure of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from carbon dioxide. Understanding one's carbon footprint allows grasping environmental impacts and relevance to climate change concerns. Carbon footprints include emissions from energy use, transportation, production, and waste. Measuring footprints quantifies effects and informs mitigation efforts. Reducing footprints requires assessing individual and corporate emissions and pursuing energy efficiency and renewable energy.
This chapter discusses strategies for slowing and stabilizing climate change, including international agreements like the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Montreal Protocol. It emphasizes the need to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially of carbon dioxide and methane, through measures like improving energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy, reducing deforestation, and increasing forest growth. An ideal target range of stabilization is identified as 400-550 parts per million of carbon dioxide.
The document summarizes the Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries to protect the ozone layer, while the Montreal Protocol protects the ozone layer by reducing production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. Both protocols require commitments from world leaders and industries to implement emission reduction targets and transition to more sustainable practices and technologies. The summaries emphasize the complementary goals and coordinated global efforts of the two agreements to address climate change and ozone depletion.
This document provides an overview of the atmosphere and atmospheric composition. It discusses the layers of the atmosphere and their properties. It also covers major air pollutants like greenhouse gases and their health impacts. Finally, it outlines the four main steps in developing an air pollution control strategy and summarizes several key international agreements related to atmospheric protection.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 and entered into force in 2005. The protocol classified countries as Annex I (developed) and non-Annex I (developing) and set binding emissions reduction targets for Annex I countries. It utilizes flexibility mechanisms like emissions trading between countries, clean development in developing countries, and joint projects between countries to help meet reduction obligations. The protocol's goals are to reduce the top six greenhouse gases and be based on common but differentiated responsibilities of nations.
The document discusses the history and key elements of international efforts to combat climate change through the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. It provides details on:
- The establishment of the IPCC and its role in assessing climate science and influencing climate policy.
- The UNFCCC framework for international cooperation on climate change and its principles of common but differentiated responsibilities.
- The Kyoto Protocol which set binding emission reduction targets for developed countries and introduced flexible mechanisms like emissions trading, joint implementation, and the Clean Development Mechanism.
- The operation of the flexible mechanisms to help countries meet their targets in a cost-effective manner while promoting sustainable development.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
15. According to the NASA satellite data: - “More than 2 trillion tons of land ice in Greenland, Antarctic and Alaska have melted since 2003″. - “Water melting from Greenland in the past five years would fill about 11 Chesapeake Bays and the Greenland melt seems to be accelerating.”
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17. “ Climate Change 2007”, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), is about to be released, stand by for a tsunami of doom. Source: http://www.anenglishmanscastle.com/archives/004868.html
29. Blackle saves energy because the screen is predominantly black. "Image displayed is primarily a function of the user's color settings and desktop graphics, as well as the color and size of open application windows; a given monitor requires more power to display a white (or light) screen than a black (or dark) screen. " Roberson et al, 2002
37. Size Your Carbon Footprint CALCULATE YOUR PERSONAL CARBON FOOTPRINT Home sq. feet (00) ____ x .6 = _______ You drive kms (000) ____ x .4 = _______ You fly miles (000) ____ x .3 = _______ Your Total Tons ________
38. Question How large is your personal carbon footprint? 1) 15 2) 25 3) 50 4) 100+ tons The danger is real, but WE can control the situation….
47. Acid Rain Acid Rain Declines Because of Successful SO2 Reductions Market www.beckstrom.com
48. The Developments so far 1997: COP-3 -- The Kyoto Protocol Period The paradigm Key outcomes 1: Before 1990 Framing the problem 1979: First World Climate Conference 1988: Toronto Conference; Establishment of IPCC 1989: High level political conferences 1990: Second World Climate Conference; First Assessment Report of IPCC 2: 1991-1996 Leadership articulated 1992: Climate Change Convention 1995: COP-1 -- Berlin Mandate; AIJ 1996: Second Assessment Report of IPCC 3: 1997-2001 Conditional leadership 1997: COP-3 -- The Kyoto Protocol 2000: Third Assessment Report of IPCC 2001: COP-7 -- The Marrakech Accords 2001: US withdraws from Kyoto 4: 2002-2007 Leadership competition … ....: US initiates many agreements 2005: Kyoto enters into force 2007: COP-13-- Bali Roadmap 5: Post 2008 Developing countries taking lead? 2008: Global recession starts 2009: COP-15 -- Copenhagen agreement?
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50. IPCC As an intergovernmental body the IPCC is open to all member countries of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its activities are guided by the mandate given to it by its parent organisations WMO and UNEP and governed by principles agreed by the Panel. The work-programme of the IPCC is decided by the Panel in plenary Sessions.
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56. Generating Carbon Credits GHG emissions Time Project commissioned “ With project” emission level “ Without project” emission level Carbon credits Project based emission reductions need to be calculated and verified 1 reduced Ton of Carbon Dioxide equivalent = 1 Carbon Credit hereafter they can be sold on the open market.
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69. How it works? By selling the emission reductions from a project to a Annex I party additional cash flows can be realised. Emission cap Actual emissions Buyer Carbon Credits Carbon value Annex I party Emission reduction project The CDM project reduces the carbon emissions in the CDM country
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72. Impact on the IRR of The Project IRR Benchmark Project return excluding CDM revenue Project return including CDM revenue CDM cash flow The gap between the project return and the required return on investment threshold The CDM cash flow increases the IRR of the project making it more interesting for investors. (2%-100%, diversification, offshore revenue stream) 12 % 15 % 16 %
Hi friends, today we would like to take this opportunity to help you understand some terms better – like…..GW, GH, CC, Kyoto, IPCC, COP-15 Copenhagen
For that, we would like to talk about…
…… .and ya, when we say talk, we expect participation from you guys too. This not intended to be a speech or lecture, but a discussion.
At times, don’t we feel like Suzie in above cartoon? There’s so much “noise” around all these. But why?
Even as we talk, something somewhere is changing.
human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation result in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Industry, transport, and the commercial sector produce the bulk of our country's emissions, around 75 percent. We individuals have a valid and vital role to play at home and work, and through our personal transport.
The % of CO2 in atmosphere is constantly rising, and is expected to reach .085% by year 2100
If we look at an even longer timeline, we would see that the rise has been quite steep during the last century. Irony is that we have also witnessed most of the technological advancements during the same period.
There are two kinds of GHGs, natural & made. The natural gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane & nitrous oxide. In fact, some warming is essential for earth. Without a natural greenhouse effect, the temperature of the Earth would be about zero degrees F (-18°C) instead of its present 57°F (14°C). So, the concern is not with greenhouse effect or GHGs per se, but whether human activities are substantially enhancing the greenhouse effect.
The six greenhouse gases specified in the Kyoto Protocol are: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N20) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Approximately 25 other gases, such as chloroform and carbon monoxide, qualify as climate-changing greenhouse gases, but only the above mentioned six are released in sufficient quantities to justify regulation under Kyoto. Water vapour is a very important greenhouse gas, but is not controllable by human intervention.
GHGs restrict & re-emit the terrestrial radiation emitted from earth, preventing radiation to escape through atmosphere in outer space. This Green House Effect causes general warming of the earth, which, in higher concentration results in global warming or rising of the temperature to threatening level.
Projections of future warming suggest a global increase of 2.5ºF (1.4ºC) to 10.4ºF (5.8ºC) by 2100.
Due to rise in temperatures, the ice in glacier’s is melting….and the water thus released flows in to oceans &seas thru rivers. This is leading to a rise in sea level. This poses immediate threat to islands & other costal areas. They would get submerged if sea level rises.
This might be good news for some….., but not for us – humans.
This is further substantiated by findings of IPCC. Did I hear IPCC who? Wait for a while, we will tell you in a bit.
And ya, we are not the only ones worried about rise in temperatures.
Apart from GHGs & Temperature rise, we have had other issues with environment being affected due to human acts.
Ozone – is a color less gas which absorbs harmful components of sunlight
Use of CFC’s (found mainly in refrigation units) is depleting ozone in stratosphere. There are some areas where ozone concetration has dipped below historic lows of 220 dobson units.
As we observe from these pictures, the ozone hole has grown unabated during 80’s & 90’s. This continues even today. In fact, the largest ozone hole ever observed occurred on 24 September 2006. The daily maximum ozone hole area for 2009 was 24 million km2 on 17 September . The daily mininum ozone value for 2009 was 94 DU on 26 September .
Acid rain is another man-made problem.
The acidic gases released in atmosphere by polluting industries are carried around by the wind. These gases then dissolve in rainwater to forma acid rain, which kills plantlife, erodes stonework & causes damages to mankind.
Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers.
So what are we doing to tackle these problems?
But before that, we would like to know Climate is whose responsibility.
Most of the organisation are & would be concerned with their bottomline. Even we expect big businesses to act & help us find a way out. But that’s just a myth.
Even an internet powerhouse is under attack for having a white homepage. It is widely believed that a black homepage for google would help save 750 megawatts hous every year. an all white web page uses about 74 watts to display, while an all black page uses only 59 watts.
But lets not forget, 60% of businesses qualify as small. That’s quite a large number. And a force to reckon with when put together.
But they tend to undermine themselves
It is very rightly said that businesses have a key role to play in tackling social problems. But we as managers believe that what is good for environment is not good for business. This not the case in reality. Later in this presentation, we would see how businesses benefit by addressing a social cause.
The businesses need to act responsibly & reduce their carbon foot print. There’s a treasure waiting to be unlocked.
While on carbon footprint, lets talk about geographical diversity in terms of GHG emissions. The redder the area is, more is the concentration of CO2 in that area. And as discussed earlier, that means more severe is the problem of climate change in that area. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GHG_per_capita_2000.svg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Carbon_Emission_by_Region.png To give another perspective, lets study the regional growth of carbon emissions. We would notice that USA & Cananda have the highest emissions. This is in line with the earlier image which had USA in red. Another key point to take note of here is the rise in developing economies like China & India – Orange & Green lines. Notice the steep incline?
Ok, by now we all have a fair idea of what problem is & what harm it can do in future. Now lets try & see what’s our contribution to this.
Here’s a simple exercise. Put in the figures required above. What’s the area of ur house? How many kms do u drive in a year. Aprox how many miles do u fly in a year. Total it up.
What’s d result? Now jst multiply it by 7 billion (~global population). This would give you a rough estimate of amount of damage being done to environment. But don’t worry. Awareness is the key to survival. If we act responsibly, we can undo the damage.
Together, we can prevent the damage. & in the process, earn some financial rewards too.
But the problem is that we would rather wait for our leaders to act, than do something ourselves.
Some early successes like montreal protocol which helped reduce CFC’s boost our faith in our leaders. If they have controlled the ozone hole, they can also deal with climate change.
Under Montreal Protocl, CFCs are to be phased out completely.
This is expected to help increase the concentration of ozone, and bring it to desirable levels.
Another successful govt program we can talk about is US Acid rain program. It helped reduce levels of acidic gases like sulfur dioxide. Also note that this was one of the first “cap-and-trade” program. Its success prompted more such schemes which we will discuss in detail a while later.
Electric power generation = 70% of SO2 emissions. Phase I concerns mostly coal-fired power plants. Beginning of Phase II : bring fossil-fuel electric power plants in the scheme. Annual allocations . Number of allowances related to the share of heat input [=combustion of fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas) for electricity generation] . Bonuses under a variety of provisions. Auction limited to 3% of total allowances (good indication of the value of allowances at the beginning) . Penalty adjusted for inflation (around $3,000 in 2004).
Reduction in emissions of acidic gases would directly reduce the harmful effects on plantation & mankind.
The effectiveness of US Acid rain program is reflected in reduction of red area in the above 2 pics.
Now to talk about what all the political machinary has done as yet for the environment, I would like to invite Neeraj Neeraj – The table given above divides the developments in to 5 continous blocks. 1979 was when the 1 st formal meeting happened to address the climate change on an international level. Thereafter IPCC was formed in 1988 to study on the subject. This was followed by COP-1 in 1995 at Berlin. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the "supreme body" of the Convention, that is, its highest decision-making authority. It is an association of all the countries that are Parties to the Convention. The COP is responsible for keeping international efforts to address climate change on track. It reviews the implementation of the Convention and examines the commitments of Parties in light of the Convention’s objective, new scientific findings and experience gained in implementing climate change policies. As yet, most meaningful of all COPs has been COP-3 which helped in creation of Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. 184 Parties of the Convention have ratified its Protocol to date.
Here’s a list of various agencies working on achieving that much-needed reduction.
The idea behind Kyoto protocol is that by bringing emissions 7% below 1990 levels we can actually manage to reduce emissions by 30% of what it could have been had the growth continued unabated.
The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so.
Note :1: Basically, the real difference between the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol is that the Convention encouraged these countries to stabilize their emissions levels whereas, the Protocol will commit them to reducing their collective emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels. Moreover, unlike the Convention’s non-binding aim for stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol’s commitments are in fact, legally-binding, which implies consequences for non-compliance.
The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”
The carbon offset is a consumer product that you or I could buy, enabling us to mildly compensate for our greenhouse-gas emissions by supporting renewable-energy projects. You know, "I'm sorry I'm repeatedly choosing to break your leg, let me apologize by funding medical training in Zimbabwe."
The carbon credit, on the other hand, is an aspect of the industrial "cap-and-trade" program and works slightly differently than the offset. Very broadly, the concept behind cap-and-trade is this: The government decides upon a "cap," a maximum amount of emissions allowed across an industry or sector. The cap should be lower than the status quo. Said government then issues permits to pollute, either by giving them away or by auctioning them off. Then the "trade" aspect begins. The permits each allow a certain amount of pollution. If a business can reduce its emissions and end up with extra permits, it can sell those permits for a profit to businesses that want to/must pollute more than they are allowed. The polluters, for their part, can choose to pay for permits or find technical innovations that will bring down their emissions. Ideally, the market price of permits -- a desirable but limited resource -- rises and becomes increasingly prohibitive. In this dreamy scenario, buying a permit becomes more expensive than conservation, and businesses spend the money on retrofitting their systems instead.
The "cap-and-trade" system is one of two large-scale greenhouse-gas reduction schemes on the global table, and the more popular. The other is a carbon tax .
Another key point to note here is the increase in prices of offset