The document discusses the relationship between climate change and public health. It notes that climate change is expected to cause 250,000 additional deaths per year between 2030-2050 due to issues like malnutrition, malaria and heat stress. Areas with weak health infrastructure will be hardest hit. Reducing emissions through changes to transportation, food systems and energy use can improve health by reducing air pollution. Adaptation strategies highlighted include rebuilding health infrastructure and implementing measures at the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels. Megacity Bangkok is also discussed as being at high risk from sea level rise and flooding due to climate change.
Carbon markets 101 introduces the market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and related initiatives. It helps executives and managers understand emerging business issues around carbon trading, emission reduction projects and carbon monitoring.
This presenation outlines a CO2 trading framework to that tries to address issues with the current Cap and Trade and emissions taxing solutions.
This is acheived by initiating a carbon reserve that is funded by a tax on carbon credits traded, rather than carbon emissions.
The carbon reserve acts as a powerful tool to drive desired policy outcomes.
Carbon markets 101 introduces the market mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol and related initiatives. It helps executives and managers understand emerging business issues around carbon trading, emission reduction projects and carbon monitoring.
This presenation outlines a CO2 trading framework to that tries to address issues with the current Cap and Trade and emissions taxing solutions.
This is acheived by initiating a carbon reserve that is funded by a tax on carbon credits traded, rather than carbon emissions.
The carbon reserve acts as a powerful tool to drive desired policy outcomes.
its describes Climate change w.r.t. agriculture its causes and effects and carbon trading in emission reduction of co2 , mechanisms, types , advantages and disadvantages.
This webinar will review the various mechanisms agreed in the Kyoto Protocol with a particular focus on Clean Development Mechanism. The value at each stage of the CDM project will be explained, and market prices for carbon credits will be analysed.
In order to illustrate this type of project, real case studies carried out by Deuman will be discussed. Voluntary carbon credits will also be analysed.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar-carbon-market-and-cdm-projects
Negative side“Japan should initiate a Pan-PacificInternational Carbon Trading”
by IKENO Shuma
Japan should initiatea Pan-Pacific Carbon Tax
1. On the model, a carbon tax is superior to a carbon trading.
2. A carbon tax can be expected effective.
3. A carbon tax is familiar to many countries.
Background
Background
A model of a single Polluting Firm.B is government revenue.
A model withTwo Polluting Firm.The shadow square is government revenue.
Both a carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade
will achieve the same level of increased efficiency by achieving the optimal abatement level at the minimum cost.
Japan’s debt against GDPis over 230%.Japan needs tax revenue.And, payment risk is high.
2. A carbon tax can be expected effective.
World carbon dioxide emissions by fossil fuelis 45.4% in 2005
Fossil Fuel Emissions of the world is increasing.
In Japan, coal-fired power generation is increasing.
Fossil fuels are a major cause of global warming.
↓
“China said this week that the country would implement new taxes designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions”
Japan introduced the petroleum coal tax in 2002 .
Japan should initiatea World-Wide Carbon Tax
1. On the model, a carbon tax is superior to a carbon trading.
2. A carbon tax can be expected effective.
3. A carbon tax is familiar to many countries.
In today's milieu we all are facing an issue of global warming. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space—but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. So, To combat with this issue a KYOTO PROTOCOL agrrement signed in 1977.
its describes Climate change w.r.t. agriculture its causes and effects and carbon trading in emission reduction of co2 , mechanisms, types , advantages and disadvantages.
This webinar will review the various mechanisms agreed in the Kyoto Protocol with a particular focus on Clean Development Mechanism. The value at each stage of the CDM project will be explained, and market prices for carbon credits will be analysed.
In order to illustrate this type of project, real case studies carried out by Deuman will be discussed. Voluntary carbon credits will also be analysed.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar-carbon-market-and-cdm-projects
Negative side“Japan should initiate a Pan-PacificInternational Carbon Trading”
by IKENO Shuma
Japan should initiatea Pan-Pacific Carbon Tax
1. On the model, a carbon tax is superior to a carbon trading.
2. A carbon tax can be expected effective.
3. A carbon tax is familiar to many countries.
Background
Background
A model of a single Polluting Firm.B is government revenue.
A model withTwo Polluting Firm.The shadow square is government revenue.
Both a carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade
will achieve the same level of increased efficiency by achieving the optimal abatement level at the minimum cost.
Japan’s debt against GDPis over 230%.Japan needs tax revenue.And, payment risk is high.
2. A carbon tax can be expected effective.
World carbon dioxide emissions by fossil fuelis 45.4% in 2005
Fossil Fuel Emissions of the world is increasing.
In Japan, coal-fired power generation is increasing.
Fossil fuels are a major cause of global warming.
↓
“China said this week that the country would implement new taxes designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions”
Japan introduced the petroleum coal tax in 2002 .
Japan should initiatea World-Wide Carbon Tax
1. On the model, a carbon tax is superior to a carbon trading.
2. A carbon tax can be expected effective.
3. A carbon tax is familiar to many countries.
In today's milieu we all are facing an issue of global warming. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space—but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. So, To combat with this issue a KYOTO PROTOCOL agrrement signed in 1977.
In this article, the author describes the concept of carbon trading , its global market ,mechanism of global trading, international organization, EUETS, relationship between REDD and carbon market in relation with agreements of Paris convention. The 10 myths of REDD+ and carbon market are additional features which can explore future research. The paper highlighted India’s roadmap for carbon market potentiality in 2020.
WWF: Policy Expectations for COP 19 WarsawWWF ITALIA
Oggi possiamo salvare il clima e conquistare un futuro di benessere per noi e i nostri figli. Bruciare i combustibili fossili per procurarsi energia e calore ha portato la concentrazione di CO2 in atmosfera ai livelli di 3 milioni di anni fa. Dobbiamo riconquistare l'energia, puntare sulle fonti rinnovabili e l’efficienza energetica. Occorre investire le risorse pubbliche e private nel nostro futuro. E invece i nostri soldi continuano a finanziare il passato fossile. E' ora di cambiare noi, non il clima." Mariagrazia Midulla, Responsabile Clima ed Energia
http://www.wwf.it/riprenditilenergia.cfm
The Parliamentary Yearbook is currently gathering news items for major features on sustainable energy and climate change in the next edition and will be monitoring progress following the Rio+20 conference “towards a greener future”
The Implementation of Carbon Tax for Coal-Fired Steam Power Plant.pdfAHRP Law Firm
The ratification of Paris Convention through Law Number 6 of 2016 shows the readiness of Indonesia to get on board in mitigating climate change. In the early stages of its effort to combat climate change, Indonesia is implementing Carbon Tax in its ‘Cap and Trade’ Mechanism for coal-fire steam power plants. By taxing carbon emissions, the Indonesian government is encouraging the adoption of a cleaner and more sustainable business practices as it places the financial burden on coal-fire steam power plants in the hope of transitioning towards a greener economy and fostering environmental responsibility.
Eco Efficient Economy Resolution Lib Int Congress 2009Centerpartiet
Resolution to the Liberal International Congress in Cairo 2009. Resolution on Eco-Efficient Economy
Resolution till Liberala Internationalens kongressi Kairo 2009. Resolution om Eko-Effektiv ekonomi.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
2. Kyoto Protocol and the Carbon Trade
‘The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding
emission reduction targets’. UNFCCC
The Kyoto Protocol treaty was negotiated in December 1997 at the city of Kyoto, Japan and
came into force February 16th, 2005.
"The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement under which industrialized countries will
reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 (but
note that, compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without the
Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut). The goal is to lower overall emissions from six
greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs, and PFCs
- calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12.National targets range from 8%
reductions for the European Union and some others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for
Russia, and permitted increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland.“ UNEP
3. Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol have accepted targets for limiting or
reducing emissions.
These targets are expressed as levels of allowed emissions, or “assigned amounts,” over the
2008-2012 commitment period.
The allowed emissions are divided into “assigned amount units” (AAUs).
Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17* of the Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have
emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this excess
capacity to countries that are over their targets.
Thus, a new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals.
Since carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in
carbon.
Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the "carbon
market."
4. What is emissions trading?
Emission trading is a policy instrument aimed at managing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission.
This is part encourages operational excellence and provides incentives for use of new
technologies in place of the existing ones.
How does it work?
From the economic point of view, if there is insufficient incentives for firms and households
to reduce emissions and market is left to operate freely without control, greenhouse gas will
be excessive.
As a result it is recommended that applying the polluter pay principle and placing a price in
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
This can be implemented either through a carbon tax, also known as a price instrument or a
cap-and-trade scheme/ quantity instrument.
5. Emissions Trading Schemes
Both schemes discussed in this presentation begin with the setting of emissions targets
for either various industries, or a nation/state as a whole.
Carbon Tax
Works just like any other tax – a percentage is added to every unit of carbon used
E.g. The carbon tax is 15%. Price of gasoline is 110 cents/litre. 15% of 110 cents is 16.5
cents. Added to the initial price of gasoline, now the price is 126.5 cents/litre
Acts as an incentive to emit less
Cap-and-Trade
A baseline amount of emissions, or “cap” is set. Emitters can produce greenhouse
gases up to this point.
If an emitter does not emit to the “cap”, they can sell their leftover emissions to
another emitter, who has gone over the limit.
Trading can occur in a variety of different forms, e.g. auctions, markets, etc.
6. Japan
Japan made a commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce its average annual
GHG emissions 6% below 1990 levels for 2008-2012.
According to the preliminary statistics GHG emissions increased by 0.6% resulting in
an 8.1% increase over 1990s levels.
In the July 2008 “Action Plan for Achieving a Low-carbon Society,” Japan introduced
possible GHG emission reduction goals.
As part of the Copenhagen Accord, Japan pledged to reduce GHG emissions 25%
below 1990 levels by 2020.
The country’s 2030 goal is to reduce CO2 from fossil fuels 30% below 1990 levels.
In 2010, its GHG emissions (including LULUCF) of 1,208 million metric tons of
carbon dioxide equivalent (MMtCO2e) placed it fifth among the world’s countries.
In December 2010, the Japanese Central Environmental Council confirmed that
Japan would commit to reducing its GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by
2050.
7.
8.
9.
10. Issues and Challenges
CHALLENGES:
The deferral of a nation-wide ETS in December 2010 and the subsequent abandonment in November
2012, was quite influential.
Japan’s climate targets were ambitious compared to those of other industrialized countries, but Japan’s
refusal to renew its Kyoto commitment may indicate that political interest in climate action is waning.
ISSUES:
Mixed sentiment over the cap-and-trade in Japan.
At the local level, the Tokyo government, the country’s largest sub-national governing body,
implemented an ETS with absolute, mandatory targets in April 2010.
At the national level, Japanese Verified Emission Reduction (JVER) and the Experimental Integrated
Emission Trading Scheme (EI ETS) have built regulatory and infrastructural capacity for emissions trading.
Despite these promising ETS actions, momentum towards a mandatory, nation-wide ETS with absolute
caps has stagnated since December 2010.
The public backlash against nuclear power after the Fukushima power plant disaster Japan will have to
restructure its plans in order to meet its 2020 climate targets.
11. The Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program
The Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program is the world's first urban cap-and-trade program
targeting urban facilities, including office buildings and commercial and industrial facilities.
The mandatory emission reduction and emissions trading program was launched in April
2010.
It covers approximately 1,400 large facilities that consume energy equivalent to 1,500
kiloliters of crude oil or more per year.
It has an absolute cap of 6% for the first compliance period (FY2010–FY2014) and a 15%
cap (17% for existing buildings) for the second compliance period (FY2015–FY2019).
Facilities can reduce emissions themselves or buy credits to meet their obligations.
Facility owners are required to submit their reduction plans and emissions reports annually
and have them verified by third-party verification agencies registered with the Governor.
12. Initial Results
The program started in April 2010, and so far it has been successful.
In 2011, emissions had been reduced by 23 percent compared to the base-year.
This is a further ten percent reduction from the first year in 2010, which showed a 13
percent reduction.
The main factor behind this drop was significant electricity savings by the covered facilities.
In the aftermath of the severe earthquake in East Japan in March 2011, Tokyo faced a major
power crisis following the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident.
This prompted the business to quickly and effectively take measures to save electricity.
This program also pioneered an effective approach to cooperation between owners and
tenants in multi-tenant buildings.
13. Pros and Cons of Emission Trading
Disadvantages of Emission Trading
The complicated system of law, additional regulations means more work is required by
companies to follow regulations
Low emissions companies will have little incentive to lower their current emissions. Selling their cap
room would provide some income but likely will not cause them to be cleaner.
High emission companies could potentially go to higher emissions with only minor incentives to
reduce emission. As a result, the total emission could actually go up as the big polluters just buy
more pollution space.
With a cumbersome emission regulation systems, cheating could be rampant as income tax
evasion and fraud as in the USA. It requires a lot of police to enforce.
Advantages
Economic driver of emission reduction
Trading pollution cap space could make environmentally friendly in terms of carbon emission only
It create incentives to be clean rather than fine for pollution.
14. Conclusion/Discussion/Way forward
Since emissions trading systems are relatively new, we do not have much
information on how it has impacted climate change
However, we have noticed reductions in emissions!
There are still a number of difficulties with implementing the systems, and
ensuring that they run efficiently
There is no “one-size-fits-all” system – different situations require different
goals/infrastructure/implementation
It is just one of many effective ways to reduce emissions, but there is much
more to be done
16. CC and Health: Key Facts
(WHO 2014)
Climate change affects the social and environmental determinants of health –
clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.
Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause approximately
250 000 additional deaths per year, from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and
heat stress.
The direct damage costs to health (i.e. excluding costs in health-determining
sectors such as agriculture and water and sanitation), is estimated to be
between US$ 2-4 billion/year by 2030.
Areas with weak health infrastructure – mostly in developing countries – will be
the least able to cope without assistance to prepare and respond.
Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases through better transport, food and
energy-use choices can result in improved health, particularly through reduced
air pollution.
17. IPCC WG2: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
‘…..the level of health in a population reflects the quality of social and
natural environments, material standards of living, and the robustness of the
public health and health service infrastructure. Therefore, population health
is an important integrating index of the effects of climate change on
ecosystems, biological processes, physical environmental media, and the
social-economic environment.’
18. (WHO SEAR 2007)
Predominant Climate Change Impact
heat stress/heat waves,
storms,
floods and flash floods
droughts;
Human Health Implications
water- and food-borne diseases (e.g. cholera and other diarrhoeal
diseases)
vector-borne diseases (e.g. dengue and malaria);
respiratory diseases due to air pollution;
aeroallergens, food and water security issues;
malnutrition;
psychosocial concerns from displacement.
… the IPCC urges a drastic reduction in GHG emissions to mitigate global
warming and an urgent implementation of adaptation measures.
19. With a rise in surface temperature and changes in rainfall patterns, the distribution of vectors
such as mosquito species may change (Patz and Martens, 1996; Reiter, 1998).
The changing temperatures and precipitation could also expand the vector-borne diseases
into temperate and arid Asia.
The spread of vector-borne diseases into more northern latitudes may pose a serious threat to
human health.
The epidemic areas of vector-borne diseases would depend on many demographic and
societal factors, as well as environmental hygiene for vector control, available health
infrastructure, and medical facilities.
(IPCC W2, Chapter 9).
20. Vector-borne diseases: Malaria and Dengue
Malaria still is one of the most important Vector–borne diseases in
India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, the Lao
People‘s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
and parts of China.
The IPCC concluded that changes in environmental temperature and
precipitation could expand the geographical range of malaria in the
temperate and arid parts of Asia.
Water-borne diseases such as cholera, and various diarrhoeal diseases
such as giardiasis, salmonellosis and cryptosporidios is, occur commonly
with contamination of drinking water in many south Asian countries.
These diseases could become more frequent in many parts of south Asia
in a warmer climate.
21.
22.
23. Adaptive Strategy (Patra 2013)
IPCC identified rebuilding health infrastructure as the ‘most important, cost
effective and urgently needed’ adaptive strategy.
Adaptive Actions to reduce public training can be considered in terms of the
conventional public health categories:
Primary: Interventions before evidence of disease or injury- (early warning systems,
distribution of mosquito nets, etc.
Secondary: Interventions at early stage of detection- before it progresses
Tertiary: Intervention to minimize the adverse effects
24. Adaptation Policy (Patra 2013)
Climate related adaptation strategies should not be considered in isolation of
broader health concerns such as:
Population Growth and Demographic Change
Public Health Infrastructure
Sanitation
Availability of Healthcare
Nutrition
Dangerous Personal Behavior
Misuse of Anti-biotic
Pesticide Resistance
Environmental Degradation
25.
26.
27.
28. Megacity Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok ranks 7th on the top 10 cities in terms of population exposure
(including all environmental and socio-economic factors) and
10th in terms of the assets exposed to coastal flooding among cities around
the world as a result of climate change and subsidence (OECD, 2007).
Rapid urbanization converted long-exiting watercourses (canal, ditches,
ponds) to roads, buildings and other structures.
Approximately 900,000 people in Bangkok are currently at risk from flood
events, and that number would increase to more than 5 million by 2070
29. Sea level rises by 0 metres above mean
sea level in Bangkok and vicinity
30. Sea level rises by 2 metres above mean sea
level in Bangkok and vicinity
31. Sea level rises by 4 metres above
mean sea level in Bangkok and vicinity