The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It set targets for industrialized countries to cut emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012. Each country agreed to its own target, such as an 8% cut for EU countries. The protocol went into legal effect in 2005 after Russia ratified it. However, countries are not on track to meet targets and the US withdrawal was a major setback. The Copenhagen Summit in 2009 aimed to forge a new agreement to replace Kyoto but only produced the non-binding Copenhagen Accord, continuing pressure for countries like the US to pass emissions legislation.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit , Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
Environmental conventions and protocols.
. Introduction to the Terms.
⢠Contrast between the Terms.
⢠Principal Global initiatives and Participations.
⢠Significance.
⢠Results.
⢠Core locations.
⢠Implementing Organisations.
⢠Major Conventions and;
⢠Major Protocols.
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe giving an introduction to the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programmeâs Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
After represented Indonesian Youth in COP15 Climate Change Conference, Yangki Suara give a presentation in Padjadjaran University about Copenhagen Accord.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit , Rio Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.
Environmental conventions and protocols.
. Introduction to the Terms.
⢠Contrast between the Terms.
⢠Principal Global initiatives and Participations.
⢠Significance.
⢠Results.
⢠Core locations.
⢠Implementing Organisations.
⢠Major Conventions and;
⢠Major Protocols.
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe giving an introduction to the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programmeâs Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
After represented Indonesian Youth in COP15 Climate Change Conference, Yangki Suara give a presentation in Padjadjaran University about Copenhagen Accord.
Report on Copenhagen COP15 is a summary of events that transpired in Dec. 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP15) including drafting of the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public discourse.
Include important information on many conventions organized internationally towards the objective of having a better environment and society. Also covers various protocols on environment issues
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
Concept of Sustainable Development: Strategies, opportunities and implementat...PETER NAIBEI
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The presentation highlights the concept of Sustainable Development contemporary issues in environmental policy in the global and Kenya context (strategies, opportunities and implementation).
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
Report on Copenhagen COP15 is a summary of events that transpired in Dec. 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP15) including drafting of the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public discourse.
Include important information on many conventions organized internationally towards the objective of having a better environment and society. Also covers various protocols on environment issues
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
Concept of Sustainable Development: Strategies, opportunities and implementat...PETER NAIBEI
Â
The presentation highlights the concept of Sustainable Development contemporary issues in environmental policy in the global and Kenya context (strategies, opportunities and implementation).
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
An overview of the key stats, and the issues behind the soon to expire protocol. There are more detailed discussions on the blog and for you to read about as part of you own research. You should also form an opinion on the effectiveness of the protocol and subsequent COP's especially the COP15 at Copenhagan and the associated Copenhagan Accord
An Inconvenient TruthAIT - Kyoto Treaty.pdfTHeBiGSixU.docxgreg1eden90113
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An Inconvenient Truth/AIT - Kyoto Treaty.pdf
THe BiG Six
United States
⢠The treaty called for 55% global reduction of carbon dioxide, based on 1990 levels.
⢠The United States is responsible for more than one-third (36%) of the entire worldâs CO2 emissions â far more than any other country.
⢠As one of the original signatories of the Kyoto treaty, the United States agreed to reduce emissions by 6% from its 1990 levels.
⢠In 2001 President George W. Bush refused to ratify the treaty, citing these reasons:
o The US economy could suffer an estimated $400 billion in losses as a result of emissions restrictions on industry and transportation, and the US
could lose almost 5 million jobs.
o Many developing nations that have extremely high emissions are not bound by the emissions limits set in the treaty.
⢠Since pulling out of the treaty, U.S. emissions have increased 15% above 1990 levelsâ21% above our initial objective.
⢠However, several recent events may foreshadow a change in the US position:
o Americaâs unique political structure gives each of the 50 states the autonomy to legislate Kyoto-like reforms on their own. Environmental leaders in
some states are already promoting legislation that supports the objectives of the Kyoto Treaty.
o The California Air Resources Board has set tough emissions standards and is well known for its strict emissions regulations.
o The Chicago Climate Exchange is a group of North American municipalities, companies and organizations that have agreed to reduce their emissions
over the next several years.
o Massachusetts, New York, and New Hampshire are creating emission reduction and trading systems.
⢠The recent 2006 elections have placed many in office who are sympathetic to environmental and global warming issues. This may lead to revisions in the
US position on Kyoto.
Reproducible # 1 - page 1
Six Countries and Their Positions on the Kyoto Treaty
THe LeGAL PrOCeSS LeADiNG TO THe KyOTO PrOTOCOLS
1988
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change established.
Environmental
concerns growing.
UN General
Assembly held first
debate on climate
change; adopted
43/53 on the
âProtection of the
global climate for
present and future
generations of
mankind (IPCC).â
1992
UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
(UNFCC) opened
for signing at the
Earth Summit in
Rio de Janeiro.
Also referred
to as the UN
Conference on
Environment and
Development
(UNCED).
1994
Convention
came into force
March 21. 186
governments
are party to
the convention;
it is close to
achieving universal
membership.
1995
In March and
April, the Berlin
Conference
of the Parties
(COP) sought to
determine the
commitments
required by
industrialized
countries.
1997
These talks led
to the Kyoto
Protocol being
adopted on
December 11. 87
countries signed
the Protocol.
1998
Talks to determine
the Protocolâs
rulebook were
discussed in
November in
Buenos Aires and
later in Bonn .
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aims to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases.
The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.Â
Aim: Commits the parties to reduce GHGs emission
The Protocol was linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Seeds of actions on Climate Change, Is it now Indiaâs moment? TERRE Policy Centre
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Secretary of State John Kerry will be in India this week and India should lend its support on priority for HFC phase down under the Montreal Protocol. Indian Prime Ministerâs visit to Washington DC later this year can seal the deal to demonstrate that three largest economies of the world working shoulder to shoulder to take action on climate change would be good omen and a strong signal.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. What is the Kyoto Protocol?
ďThe Kyoto Protocol is an international
agreement setting targets for industrialised
countries to cut their greenhouse gas
emissions.
ďThese gases are considered at least
partly responsible for global warming - the
rise in global temperature which may have
catastrophic consequences for life on
Earth.
ďThe protocol was agreed in 1997, based on
principles set out in a framework convention
signed in 1992.
4. What are the targets?
Industrialised countries have committed to cut their combined
emissions to 5% below 1990 levels by 2008 - 2012.
Each country that signed the protocol agreed to its own specific target. EU
countries are expected to cut their present emissions by 8% and Japan by
5%. Some countries with low emissions were permitted to increase them.
Russia initially wavered over signing the protocol, amid
speculation that it was jockeying for more favourable terms. But
the country's cabinet agreed to back Kyoto in September 2004.
5. When did the Kyoto Protocol come
into force?
The Kyoto Protocol became a legally binding
treaty on 16 February 2005. It could only come
into force after two conditions had been fulfilled:
â˘It had been ratified by at least 55 countries,
â˘It had been ratified by nations accounting for
at least 55% of emissions from what the Treaty
calls "Annex 1" countries - 38 industrialised
countries given targets for reducing emissions,
plus Belarus, Turkey and now Kazakhstan.
6. ďThe first target was met in 2002. But
following the decision of the United States
and Australia not to ratify, Russia's position
became crucial for the fulfilment of the
second condition. After 90 days it did, and
the treaty came into being.
ďThe targets for reducing emissions then
become binding on all countries which have
ratified. The two main countries which have
not are Australia and the USA.
7. Why did Russia back out of the
treaty?
ďThe deciding factor appears to have been the
political benefits Russia stands to gain. In
particular, there has been talk of stronger
European Union support for Russia's bid to join
the World Trade Organization, when it ratifies
the protocol.
ďFears still persist in Russia that Kyoto could
badly affect the country's economic growth.
8. However, Russia will be able to make a lot of
money selling credits when emissions
trading (see below) gets under way, because
its economy collapsed after 1990. The
protocol does not require Russia to decrease
its emissions from their 1990 level at all, but
its output of greenhouse gases has shrunk by
nearly 40%.
Good decision or bad decision?
9. Have the targets been achieved?
ďIndustrialised countries cut their overall emissions by about
3% from 1990 to 2000. But this was largely because a sharp
decrease in emissions from the collapsing economies of former
Soviet countries masked an 8% rise among rich countries.
ďThe UN says industrialised countries are now well off target
for the end of the decade and predicts emissions 10% above 1990
levels .
ďThe treaty suffered a massive blow in 2001 when the US,
responsible for about quarter of the world's emissions, pulled out.
ďThere is not even any certainty that the 15 countries that were
members of the EU in 1997 will meet their collective target of an
8% reduction on 1990 levels. France, Sweden and the UK have
already done so, but others - such as Spain, Portugal and Ireland
- have made no progress at all.
10. Why did the US pull out?
ďUS President George W Bush pulled out of the Kyoto
Protocol in 2001, saying implementing it would gravely
damage the US economy.
ďHis administration dubbed the treaty "fatally flawed",
partly because it does not require developing countries to
commit to emissions reductions.
ďChina and India fall into this category, although they are
two of the world's biggest producers of greenhouse
gases.
ďMr Bush said he backs emissions reductions through
voluntary action and new energy technologies.
12. How much difference will Kyoto make?
ďMost climate scientists say that the targets set in the Kyoto
Protocol are merely scratching the surface of the problem.
ďThe agreement aims to reduce emissions from industrialised
nations only by around 5%, whereas the consensus among many
climate scientists is that in order to avoid the worst consequences
of global warming, emissions cuts in the order of 60% across the
board are needed.
ďThis has led to criticisms that the agreement virtually obsolete
without US support.
ďBut others say its failure would be a disaster as, despite its flaws,
it sets out a framework for future negotiations which could take
another decade to rebuild.
ďKyoto commitments have been signed into law in some countries,
US states and in the EU, and will stay in place regardless of the fate
of the protocol itself.
13. What about poor countries?
ďThe agreement acknowledges that developing
countries contribute least to climate change but will
quite likely suffer most from its effects.
ďMany have signed it. They do not have to commit to
specific targets, but have to report their emissions
levels and develop national climate change mitigation
programmes.
ďChina and India, potential major polluters with huge
populations and growing economies, have both ratified
the protocol.
14. What is emissions trading?
ďEmissions trading works by allowing countries to buy
and sell their agreed allowances of greenhouse gas
emissions.
ďHighly polluting countries can buy unused "credits"
from those which are allowed to emit more than they
actually do.
ďCountries are also able to gain credits for activities
which boost the environment's capacity to absorb
carbon.
ďThese include tree planting and soil conservation, and
can be carried out in the country itself, or by that
country working in a developing country.
15. Are there alternatives?
ďOne approach gaining increasing support is based
on the principle that an equal quota of greenhouse
gas emissions should be allocated for every person
on the planet.
ďOriginated by the Global Commons Institute, the
proposal, dubbed "contraction and convergence",
states that rich countries should "contract" their
emissions with the aim that global emissions
"converge" at equal levels based on the amount of
pollution scientists think the planet can take.
ďAlthough many commentators say it is not
realistic, its supporters include the United Nations
Environment Programme and the European
Parliament.
16. Copenhagen Climate Council
ďThe Copenhagen Climate Council is a global
collaboration between international business and
science founded by the leading independent think
tank in Scandinavia, Monday Morning, based
in Copenhagen.
ďThe councilors of the Copenhagen Climate Council
had come together to:
⢠Create global awareness of the importance of
the UN Climate Summit in Copenhagen, December
2009,
⢠Ensure technical and public support and
assistance to global decision makers when agreeing on
a new climate treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol from
1997.
17. ďThe purpose is to create global awareness of the
importance of the UN Climate Summit in Copenhagen,
December 2009. Before this UN meeting, the Copenhagen
Climate Council works on presenting innovative yet
achievable solutions to climate change, as well as assess
what is required to make a new global treaty effective.
ďThe Council will seek to promote constructive dialogue
between government and business at the meeting.
ďBy promoting and demonstrating innovative, positive, and
meaningful business leadership and ideas, the Copenhagen
Climate Council aims to demonstrate that achieving an
effective global climate treaty is not only possible, but
necessary.
Purpose and Aim
18. ďCreating international awareness of the
importance of the Copenhagen UN Climate Summit and
the successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol.
ďPromoting constructive dialogue between
government, business, and science.
ďInspiring global business leaders by demonstrating
that tackling climate change also has the potential to
create huge opportunities for innovation and economic
growth.
Strategy Adopted
19. Copenhagen Climate Council comprises 30 global climate
leaders representing business, science, and public policy from
all parts of the world.
ďBusiness leaders are selected to represent global
companies and innovative entrepreneurs, who, through their
actions, reveal that sustainable, climate-responsible business
is both necessary and profitable.
ďScientists are gathered to ensure that the work of the
Council is underpinned by rigorous analysis.
ďPolicy makers with experience in public policy are
included in the Council to ensure that the work is informed
by knowledge of what is required to assist high-level,
complex policy negotiations.
Members
20. The international negotiations on climate change
wrapped up Dec. 19 in Copenhagen. The conference
achieved an interim agreement, known as the
Copenhagen Accord, which could put the major
polluting nations on a pathway to reducing global
warming pollution, and it continues to set the
expectation for U.S. domestic action on climate
change.
Much work remains, but there were also numerous
notable achievements and meaningful insights into
how the United States can gain from leading the
world toward a new international clean-energy
agreement.
Result of the Summit
21. As the Washington Post editorial board observed,
the Copenhagen Accord âshould prod the U.S.
Senate to take up climate-change legislation.â
President Obama said that we should meet our
commitment to reduce pollution, not only because
the science demands it, but because it offers
enormous economic opportunity to build new
clean-energy companies. This first step in
Copenhagen committed the United States to
passing legislation to make way for an international
binding agreement.
Impact on USA