The document discusses environmental protection movements and international conventions related to the environment. It describes how environmentalism covers broad areas like consumption of natural resources, pollution, and exposure to toxins. The movement focuses on environmental science, activism, advocacy, and justice. International conventions establish standards for preserving natural resources and protecting the environment. The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change through systems like carbon trading between countries.

1. EMERGING DIMENSIONS
OF
INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS
MADE BY:
AKSHI GUPTA
GURSIMARPREET SINGH
MAITRI RASTOGI
NEHA SHARMA

2. Environmental protection
movement
The environmental movement (a term that sometimes includes
The conservation and green movements) is a diverse
scientific, social, And political movement. in general
terms, environmentalists advocate The sustainable management of
resources, and the protection (and Restoration, when necessary) of
the natural environment through Changes in public policy and
individual behavior

3. COUNTINUED……
. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in
ecosystems, the movement is centered
around ecology, health, and human rights. Though the
movement is represented by a range of
organizations, because of the inclusion of
environmentalism in the classroom curriculum, the
environmental movement has a younger demographic
than is common in other social movements (see green
seniors).

4. Environmentalism
• Environmentalism as a movement covers broad areas of
institutional oppression. Examples of these oppressions
are: consumption of ecosystems and natural resources
into waste, dumping waste into disadvantaged
communities, air pollution, water pollution, weak
infrastructure, exposure of organic life to toxins, mono
culture, anti-polythene drive (jhola movement) and
various other focuses. Because of these divisions, the
environmental movement can be categorized into these
primary focuses: Environmental Science, Environmental
Activism, Environmental Advocacy, and Environmental
Justice.

5. Preservation and conservation
Environmental preservation in the United States
and other parts of the world, including Australia, is
viewed as the setting aside of natural resources to
prevent damage caused by contact with humans or by
certain human activities, such as
logging, mining, hunting, and fishing, often to replace
them with new human activities such as tourism and
recreation. Regulations and laws may be enacted for
the preservation of natural resources.

6. International Conventions
• A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally
accepted standards, norms, social norms or criteria, often
taking the form of a custom.
• Certain types of rules or customs may become law and
regulatory legislation may be introduced to formalize or
enforce the convention . In a social context, a convention
may retain the character of an "unwritten" law of custom

7. Examples…
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
CITES-Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species
Convention on combating desertification
The Basel convention of e-waste
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

8. Important IMO Conventions
 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS), 1974, as amended
 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978
relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997(MARPOL)
 International Convention on Standards of
Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers
( STCW ) as amended, including the 1995 and 2010 Manila
Amendments

9. TREATY
 A treaty is an express agreement under international
law entered into by actors in international
law, namely sovereign states and international
organizations.
 A treaty may also be know as
an (international)agreement, protocol, covenant, conve
ntion or exchange of letters, among other terms.
Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of
agreements are, under international law, equally
considered treaties and the rules are the same.

10. INTERNATIONAL LAW OF
TREATY
 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice, considered by some as the "Bible of the Poor" of those who
seek quick answers despite of the complexity of international
relations, constitutes nevertheless a good starting point for the
understanding of the sources of international law. According to this
article, international law finds its origin in the following three sources:
 International conventions of general or particular nature;
 International custom, as evidence of a general practice
accepted as law;
 The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

11.  As in the case of bilateral treaties, the very general term
"Agreement" is also frequently used for multilateral conventions. It
has been used in the following examples:
 The European Agreement on continued Payment of
Scholarships for Students Studying Abroad of 1969,
 The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and
Other Celestial Bodies (1979) or
 The North American Free Trade Agreement (1992).

12.  In most cases, multilateral treaties are called "Conventions". This
is the most general designation which is also used by Article 38
of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. They are often
concluded under the auspices of an international organization
such as:
 The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
 Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 (so-called
European Human Rights Convention concluded under the
auspices of the Council of Europe),
 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)

13. YEAR TREATY DESCRIPTION
2005 Energy community treaty Establishes the energy community
2006 St Andews agreement Resolves outstanding grievances in
the Northern Ireland peace process,
enabling devolved power-sharing
government to resume.
2007 ASEAN Charter New constitution making the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations a legal entity.
2008 Treaty establishing the Union of South
Constitutive Treaty
American Nations.
2009
Extradition Treaty between the Government
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Extradition treaty
Northern Ireland and the Government of
the Republic of the Philippines.
2010 Treaty signed 15 September
in Murmansk between the Government of
Barents Sea border treaty
the Russian Federation and the Government
of the Kingdom of Norway.

14. What is carbon trading
Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that
specifically targets carbon dioxide and it currently constitutes the
bulk of emissions trading.
 This form of permit trading is a common method countries utilize
in order to meet their obligations specified by the Kyoto Protocol;
namely the reduction of carbon emissions in an attempt to
reduce (mitigate) future climate change.
international agreements are not enough. Interlinked national and
regional tools are also needed to reduce carbon emissions

15. Participation of countries in kyoto protocol:
•Green indicates those countries who have signed and ratified.
•Grey indicates those who have not yet decided.
•Red indicates those who have no intention to ratify it.

16. Kyoto Protocol
 The protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in
Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February.
 A protocol to the United nations framework convention on climate
change (UNFCCC) aimed at fighting global warming.
 UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of
achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations” in the
atmosphere.
 As on August 2011,191 countries have signed and ratified the
protocol.

17. Continued……
Under the protocol 37 countries ( called „Annex I
countries”) commit themselves to reduction of four
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydro
fluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons).
US is the only nation which has not ratified it as they believe
that 5% reduction will “wreck the American economy”.
The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2%
from 1990 levels by the year 2012.
Kyoto Protocol provides „Cap and Trade‟ system.

18. Overall impacts of Carbon Trading:
 By reducing carbon emissions, greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere will be reduced slowing heat entrapment.
 Companies that emit excess carbon dioxide will be
penalized and forced into taking more care.
 Wide ranging and comprehensive carbon trading
will result in overall reduction in greenhouse gases and
hence a reduction in global warming.
 Carbon credits are measured in tones of carbon dioxide.
 1 credit = 1tonne of CO2

19. Carbon credit
• The companies in the developed world are required to
meet certain carbon emission target set by their respective
government. However if these companies are not able to
meet their emission targets, they have an alternative of
purchasing these carbon credits from the market i.e. from
someone who is successful in meeting these targets and
who has a surplus of these credits. This process is known
as carbon trading.

20.  Carbon trading is also very advantageous for the
companies of the developing world as it provides
monetary gains in exchange of carbon credits which help
these companies to purchase or change their technology.
This change in technology eventually helps the
companies to reduce carbon emission.

21. Need for Carbon Trading and Clean
Development Mechanism
 India is the 2nd largest seller of Carbon credits in
the world (6% share) While China tops the chart
73% share.
 The need for carbon trading was felt when it was
realized that the industries have been the biggest
polluter of green house gases which has resulted in
global warming.

22.  A lot of effort was put in by the NGOs and other institutions to
bring the attention of the world towards the problem of global
warming. But this issue was not taken very seriously so in order to
get the attention of the world towards these problems was by
attaching some financial incentive to it. As a result the concept of
Carbon trading was introduced.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined
in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an
emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment
under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement
an emission-reduction project in developing countries.

23. Also, India has huge number of carbon credits sellers but under
the present Indian law, the buyers based in European market
are not permitted to enter the market. To increase the market
for carbon trading Forward Contracts (Regulation)
Amendment Bill has been introduced in the Parliament.

24. • India is expected to capture between 20 and
30 per cent of the CDM market, bringing in up
to $300 million in revenue.
• The Ministry of Environment and Forests deals
with the climate change and CDM issues in
India.
• from January 2004 to June 2005, 80 projects
were approved by the National CDM Authority

25. Examples of Carbon trading in India
 Jindal Vijaynagar Steel
 Powerguda in Andhra Pradesh
 Handia Forest in Madhya Pradesh

26. FACTS
 India is the 2nd largest seller of Carbon credits in the
world (6% share) While China tops the chart with 73%
share.
 Carbon is also now being traded on India‟s Multi
Commodity Exchange.
 The National Commodity and Derivative Exchange by a
notification and with due approval from Forward Market
Commission (FMC) launched Carbon Credit future
contact whose aim was to provide transparency to
markets and help the producers to earn remuneration out
of the environment projects.
 Carbon credit in India is traded on NCDEX only as a
future contract.

27. Importance of Technology in
International Business

28. Why technology in international
business???
There are many things to consider when
approaching information technology from an
international business perspective.
A study at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology suggests three ways a business worker
can view this technology:
as he makes the decision of whether to enter an
industry,
he considers how to improve his business,
he considers how to get ahead of the competition.

29.  The Internet is the most important as information is stored
and shared globally.
 Smartphones like the BlackBerry and iPhone, as well as tablet
computers and laptops, keep workers connected in any
location, making their jobs more flexible and giving them
access to information instantly.
 Software and applications like Skype, give businesses a
faster, easier way to connect with others and organize their
information.

30.  The most important modes of technology in
international business include electronic
communication such as emails, texts, faxes and virtual
conferences.
 Tracking methods for shipping and purchasing is
another huge technological innovation, as it allows
businesses to verify the delivery of goods and the
quantity of inventory purchased.
 Electronic spreadsheets and databases are other
inventions that allow international companies to
manage and store their information with greater ease.

31. Consideration: Communication
The ease of communication allows companies to outsource their
operations with greater assurance:
Video monitoring of factory and working
conditions, inexpensive conference calls to consultants
working in different countries, emailed reports to foreign
vendors, and cheap long-distance phone calls are just a few of
the ways technology has facilitated international business trade
and operations.

32. Consideration:Logistics
International companies often have
vendors, factories, customers and consultants in
different parts of the globe. Keeping track of how a
product is developed, manufactured, shipped and
purchased can involve hundreds of steps in several
countries. Technological innovations streamline the
supply chain.

33. Benefits OF Technology
 Technology allows companies to produce products for
less money. The cost of shipping goods can account for
25 percent of production costs; thus, the reduction in the
cost of shipping significantly decreases the cost of
producing goods.
 Companies have a wider selection of vendors from
which to choose which lowers the cost as well.
Ex, technological innovations enable a clothing company
to choose from textile plants in Vietnam, Singapore and
several other locations.
 The increased selection lowers the cost and makes
selection easy as these foreign companies bid against the
others for contracts.

34. • Nepal is set to fetch income worth Rs.43.4 million
(US$967,000) from two biogas projects, which have been
approved by the executive board of Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto convention on
Climate change.
• The CDM allows developed countries to meet part of
their emission-reduction requirements by investing in
emission reduction in developing countries, where the
economic costs of doing so are lower.
• Nepal has signed onto "a carbon emissions reduction"
agreement with the World Bank whereby it will trade
surplus carbon for biogas plants.

35. • The Nepal Biogas Project (NBP) thus becomes the
first project for carbon trading under the Clean
Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol on
climate change.
• NBP can now sell to developed countries the
volume equivalent of carbon emissions it contains
and prevents from being released into the
environment.
• Nepal will receive yearly Rs.40.34 million
($568,000) from selling carbon.
• The Alternative Energy Promotion Center
(AEPC), under which NBP is running, submitted
two proposals for saving carbon from 9,708 and
9,688 biogas plants, respectively, last year.

36. • The revenue received from carbon selling would be
invested to install 25,000 plants annually and such
trading will further lift the standards of living among
rural people.
• Ken Ohasi, the residential representative of the World
Bank, said the organization has been giving high priority
to alternative energy projects, including biogas, since
they are helpful to improve
economic, social, health, and agricultural development
of rural people.
• Previously, the World Bank agreed to purchase one
million tons of green house gas reductions under the
Community Development Carbon Fund.
• It is also the first large-scale carbon purchase made by
the World Bank.

37. • So far, Nepal has installed 150,000 biogas plants, while
experts say up to 1.9 million would viable in the country.
• Biogas has been used for lighting and cooking food.
Biogas can be produced by the organic material of
animals or human beings where it is mixed with water
and becomes carbon dioxide through bacteria.
• Nepal has continued to promote alternative energy
projects, such as solar home systems, wind
energy, micro-hydro, biomass, and biogas projects.
(World Bank agreement first carbon trading deal under
Kyoto protocol, Nepal signs carbon trading deal. Ohmy
news, International global watch, 2006)