This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The project investigates the optimal location of Interline Power Flow Controllers (IPFC) in power transmission systems. The objectives are to maintain voltage profiles and real and reactive power flows. The scope involves improving voltage profiles and power transfer capabilities using IPFCs. Recently, FACTS devices like IPFCs have attracted interest for applications like congestion management and cost reduction. The problem is that few publications have investigated IPFC locations in power systems and their effects. The report is organized into chapters covering theory, location determination methods, IPFC performance simulation and results.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
impact of renewable energy sources on power system opeartionVipin Pandey
this presentation is brief description of power system operation with renewable energy sources and their effects on various power system operation and how can they be accessible in system.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Swapnil Kumar Gupta for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report provides an overview of Swapnil's 2-week industrial training at the 220kV substation in Rewa Road, Allahabad, which is operated by Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. The report includes details about the equipment and processes at the substation, as well as declarations, acknowledgements, and chapters covering topics like the selection of substation sites, common equipment used in 220kV substations, and descriptions of the transformer and other components.
The document discusses the basic types of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers, including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-shunt controllers. FACTS controllers are used to control power flow and improve voltage profiles by injecting currents and voltages. The choice of controller depends on the desired control over current, power flow, damping of oscillations, and improvement of voltage.
This document provides an introduction to solar energy, including its basic principles and uses. It discusses how solar energy works, the components of a solar energy system (collectors and storage), and current applications such as heating, cooling, transportation, and electricity generation. Solar energy can be used directly for heating applications and converted to electricity via photovoltaic cells. Inverters are required to convert the DC electricity from solar panels to the AC electricity used in homes and buildings. There are different types of solar inverters depending on the application. The document also discusses solar energy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels that does not pollute and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of a 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, India. It includes a single line diagram showing the incoming and outgoing sections. The substation has three main parts: a panel section containing control and relay panels, a yard section with 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV sections, and a battery room powering the station. It describes the various components used in the substation like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators etc. The training program helped broaden the author's knowledge of power transmission and distribution.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
impact of renewable energy sources on power system opeartionVipin Pandey
this presentation is brief description of power system operation with renewable energy sources and their effects on various power system operation and how can they be accessible in system.
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Swapnil Kumar Gupta for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report provides an overview of Swapnil's 2-week industrial training at the 220kV substation in Rewa Road, Allahabad, which is operated by Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited. The report includes details about the equipment and processes at the substation, as well as declarations, acknowledgements, and chapters covering topics like the selection of substation sites, common equipment used in 220kV substations, and descriptions of the transformer and other components.
The document discusses the basic types of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers, including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-shunt controllers. FACTS controllers are used to control power flow and improve voltage profiles by injecting currents and voltages. The choice of controller depends on the desired control over current, power flow, damping of oscillations, and improvement of voltage.
This document provides an introduction to solar energy, including its basic principles and uses. It discusses how solar energy works, the components of a solar energy system (collectors and storage), and current applications such as heating, cooling, transportation, and electricity generation. Solar energy can be used directly for heating applications and converted to electricity via photovoltaic cells. Inverters are required to convert the DC electricity from solar panels to the AC electricity used in homes and buildings. There are different types of solar inverters depending on the application. The document also discusses solar energy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels that does not pollute and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of a 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, India. It includes a single line diagram showing the incoming and outgoing sections. The substation has three main parts: a panel section containing control and relay panels, a yard section with 220 kV, 132 kV and 33 kV sections, and a battery room powering the station. It describes the various components used in the substation like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators etc. The training program helped broaden the author's knowledge of power transmission and distribution.
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
FACTS DEVICES AND POWER SYSTEM STABILITY pptMamta Bagoria
This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and power system stability. It defines FACTS as using power electronics to control power flow and enhance transmission system capacity and stability. The document outlines different types of FACTS controllers including series compensation and shunt compensation. It also classifies power system stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability and discusses factors that can lead to losses of each type of stability.
Wide area network in smart grid kundanKundan Kumar
The document discusses the need for a wide area network (WAN) in a smart grid. It describes the roles of the WAN in connecting utilities across regional grids and allowing communication with customers and distributed energy sources. The document evaluates both public and private network options for a smart grid WAN and determines that a private wireless WAN is the most suitable approach. It outlines critical requirements for a private wireless WAN, including coverage, capacity, cost, range, supporting real-time two-way communication, security, and reliability.
High Voltage Direct Current technology has certain characteristics which
make it especially attractive for transmission system applications. HVDC
transmission system is useful for long-distance transmission, bulk power delivery and
long submarine cable crossings and asynchronous interconnections. The study of
faults is essential for reasonable protection design because the faults will induce a
significant influence on operation of HVDC transmission system. This paper provides
the most dominant and frequent faults on the HVDC systems such as DC Line-to-
Ground fault and Line-to-Line fault on DC link and some common types of AC faults
occurs in overhead transmission system such as Line-to-Ground fault, Line-to-Line
fault and L-L-L fault. In HVDC system, faults on rectifier side or inverter side have
major affects on system stability. The various types of faults are considered in the
HVDC system which causes due to malfunctions of valves and controllers, misfire
and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover and three phase short circuit.
The various faults occurs at the converter station of a HVDC system and
Controlling action for those faults. Most of the studies have been conducted on line
faults. But faults on rectifier or inverter side of a HVDC system have great impact on
system stability. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across
the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These
investigations are studied using matlab simulink models and the result represented in
the form of typical time responses.
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
This document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. It begins with an introduction stating that MTDC systems have more than two converter stations that can operate as either rectifiers or inverters. It then describes the two types of MTDC systems - series and parallel (including radial and mesh configurations). The document outlines some applications of MTDC systems, as well as typical problems. It notes advantages like reversible power flow and lack of commutation failures, and disadvantages such as need for large smoothing reactors. Finally, it discusses future aspects like microgrids and renewable integration, and concludes that VSC-HVDC technology may help address challenges and enable more MTDC system implementation.
The document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. MTDC systems are used when there are multiple terminals in an HVDC transmission system. There are two main types of MTDC configurations: series and parallel. Series MTDC connects terminals in series, while parallel MTDC allows terminals to adjust currents independently and keep voltages constant. Radial and mesh are examples of parallel MTDC network topologies. MTDC systems provide benefits over multiple two-terminal HVDC links such as reduced costs and losses as well as increased transmission capacity and flexibility.
Gcsc gto thyristor controlled series capacitorLEOPAUL23
The document discusses the GTO Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC), which consists of a fixed capacitor in parallel with an anti-parallel GTO pair. The GCSC can continuously vary the voltage across the capacitor between zero and its maximum value by controlling the turn-off delay angle of the thyristor valve. It works by closing and opening the thyristor valve in synchronism with the supply frequency. The GCSC can operate in either voltage compensating mode, to maintain a rated compensating voltage over a range of line currents, or in reactance compensating mode, to maintain a maximum rated compensating reactance at any line current.
This document discusses types of faults that can occur in electrical distribution systems and the importance of protection systems. It provides definitions for key terms like feeders, faults, and protection requirements. The summary describes the different types of protection schemes including unit and non-unit schemes. Unit schemes protect a specific area using principles like Kirchhoff's current law, while non-unit schemes have overlapping zones and use techniques like time-graded overcurrent protection to isolate faults.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
Detection of power grid synchronization failure on sensing of frequency and v...bharath nidumolu
In an alternating current electric power system, synchronization is the process of matching the speed and frequency of
a generator or other source to a running network. An AC generator cannot deliver power to an electrical grid unless it is
running at the same frequency as the network. There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydra,
thermal, solar etc., to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid.
These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable
limit of the grid, it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is
termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So, it is preferable to have a system
which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure. In this
paper hardware controller based system to identify the abnormalities and to disconnect the faulted part from the grid is proposed
This document discusses FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It defines FACTS as using static power electronics controllers to control reactive power and enhance AC transmission system controllability. The document outlines the necessity of FACTS devices to compensate for reactive power and improve power transmission efficiency. It describes different types of FACTS controllers including shunt controllers like STATCOM, TCR, TSR, and TSC. The benefits of FACTS in providing fast, flexible control of transmission parameters and improving power flow capability are also summarized.
This document describes an automatic phase changer circuit that can shift the load to an alternate power phase if the voltage drops below a certain level in one of the phases. The circuit uses three identical sets that each correspond to one of the three phases (R, Y, B). Each set includes a transformer, comparator, transistor and relay. The transformer steps down the voltage which is then rectified and used as input for the comparator. The comparator compares this voltage to a reference voltage and triggers the transistor and relay if the phase voltage is low, shifting the load to another phase with sufficient voltage. This automatic switching prevents equipment downtime if one phase loses power.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and their development. It discusses:
1) How today's power grids originated in the late 19th/early 20th century as local grids that grew over time and interconnected for reliability. By the 1960s, grids in developed nations were large, mature networks delivering power from thousands of central power plants.
2) The definition of a smart grid as a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information from all participants to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services.
3) Some key components of smart grids including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, super conducting cables, integrated communications networks, and phasor measurement units
Distributed generation of electric energy has become part of the current electric power system. In this context, a recent research study is arising on a new scenario in which small energy sources make up a new supply system : The Microgrid. The most recent projects show the technical difficulty of controlling the operation of Microgrids, because they are complex systems in which several subsystems interact: energy sources, power electronics converters, energy systems, linear and non-linear loads and of course, the utility grid.In next years, the electric grid will evolve from the current very centralized model toward a more distributed one.
A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
The concept of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) refers to a family of power electronics-based devices able to enhance AC system controllability and stability and to increase power transfer capability.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
FACTS DEVICES AND POWER SYSTEM STABILITY pptMamta Bagoria
This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and power system stability. It defines FACTS as using power electronics to control power flow and enhance transmission system capacity and stability. The document outlines different types of FACTS controllers including series compensation and shunt compensation. It also classifies power system stability into rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability and discusses factors that can lead to losses of each type of stability.
Wide area network in smart grid kundanKundan Kumar
The document discusses the need for a wide area network (WAN) in a smart grid. It describes the roles of the WAN in connecting utilities across regional grids and allowing communication with customers and distributed energy sources. The document evaluates both public and private network options for a smart grid WAN and determines that a private wireless WAN is the most suitable approach. It outlines critical requirements for a private wireless WAN, including coverage, capacity, cost, range, supporting real-time two-way communication, security, and reliability.
High Voltage Direct Current technology has certain characteristics which
make it especially attractive for transmission system applications. HVDC
transmission system is useful for long-distance transmission, bulk power delivery and
long submarine cable crossings and asynchronous interconnections. The study of
faults is essential for reasonable protection design because the faults will induce a
significant influence on operation of HVDC transmission system. This paper provides
the most dominant and frequent faults on the HVDC systems such as DC Line-to-
Ground fault and Line-to-Line fault on DC link and some common types of AC faults
occurs in overhead transmission system such as Line-to-Ground fault, Line-to-Line
fault and L-L-L fault. In HVDC system, faults on rectifier side or inverter side have
major affects on system stability. The various types of faults are considered in the
HVDC system which causes due to malfunctions of valves and controllers, misfire
and short circuit across the inverter station, flashover and three phase short circuit.
The various faults occurs at the converter station of a HVDC system and
Controlling action for those faults. Most of the studies have been conducted on line
faults. But faults on rectifier or inverter side of a HVDC system have great impact on
system stability. Faults considered are fire-through, misfire, and short circuit across
the inverter station, flashover, and a three-phase short circuit in the ac system. These
investigations are studied using matlab simulink models and the result represented in
the form of typical time responses.
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
This document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. It begins with an introduction stating that MTDC systems have more than two converter stations that can operate as either rectifiers or inverters. It then describes the two types of MTDC systems - series and parallel (including radial and mesh configurations). The document outlines some applications of MTDC systems, as well as typical problems. It notes advantages like reversible power flow and lack of commutation failures, and disadvantages such as need for large smoothing reactors. Finally, it discusses future aspects like microgrids and renewable integration, and concludes that VSC-HVDC technology may help address challenges and enable more MTDC system implementation.
The document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. MTDC systems are used when there are multiple terminals in an HVDC transmission system. There are two main types of MTDC configurations: series and parallel. Series MTDC connects terminals in series, while parallel MTDC allows terminals to adjust currents independently and keep voltages constant. Radial and mesh are examples of parallel MTDC network topologies. MTDC systems provide benefits over multiple two-terminal HVDC links such as reduced costs and losses as well as increased transmission capacity and flexibility.
Gcsc gto thyristor controlled series capacitorLEOPAUL23
The document discusses the GTO Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC), which consists of a fixed capacitor in parallel with an anti-parallel GTO pair. The GCSC can continuously vary the voltage across the capacitor between zero and its maximum value by controlling the turn-off delay angle of the thyristor valve. It works by closing and opening the thyristor valve in synchronism with the supply frequency. The GCSC can operate in either voltage compensating mode, to maintain a rated compensating voltage over a range of line currents, or in reactance compensating mode, to maintain a maximum rated compensating reactance at any line current.
This document discusses types of faults that can occur in electrical distribution systems and the importance of protection systems. It provides definitions for key terms like feeders, faults, and protection requirements. The summary describes the different types of protection schemes including unit and non-unit schemes. Unit schemes protect a specific area using principles like Kirchhoff's current law, while non-unit schemes have overlapping zones and use techniques like time-graded overcurrent protection to isolate faults.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
Detection of power grid synchronization failure on sensing of frequency and v...bharath nidumolu
In an alternating current electric power system, synchronization is the process of matching the speed and frequency of
a generator or other source to a running network. An AC generator cannot deliver power to an electrical grid unless it is
running at the same frequency as the network. There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydra,
thermal, solar etc., to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid.
These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable
limit of the grid, it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is
termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So, it is preferable to have a system
which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure. In this
paper hardware controller based system to identify the abnormalities and to disconnect the faulted part from the grid is proposed
This document discusses FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It defines FACTS as using static power electronics controllers to control reactive power and enhance AC transmission system controllability. The document outlines the necessity of FACTS devices to compensate for reactive power and improve power transmission efficiency. It describes different types of FACTS controllers including shunt controllers like STATCOM, TCR, TSR, and TSC. The benefits of FACTS in providing fast, flexible control of transmission parameters and improving power flow capability are also summarized.
This document describes an automatic phase changer circuit that can shift the load to an alternate power phase if the voltage drops below a certain level in one of the phases. The circuit uses three identical sets that each correspond to one of the three phases (R, Y, B). Each set includes a transformer, comparator, transistor and relay. The transformer steps down the voltage which is then rectified and used as input for the comparator. The comparator compares this voltage to a reference voltage and triggers the transistor and relay if the phase voltage is low, shifting the load to another phase with sufficient voltage. This automatic switching prevents equipment downtime if one phase loses power.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and their development. It discusses:
1) How today's power grids originated in the late 19th/early 20th century as local grids that grew over time and interconnected for reliability. By the 1960s, grids in developed nations were large, mature networks delivering power from thousands of central power plants.
2) The definition of a smart grid as a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes, and acts on information from all participants to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity services.
3) Some key components of smart grids including intelligent appliances, smart meters, smart substations, super conducting cables, integrated communications networks, and phasor measurement units
Distributed generation of electric energy has become part of the current electric power system. In this context, a recent research study is arising on a new scenario in which small energy sources make up a new supply system : The Microgrid. The most recent projects show the technical difficulty of controlling the operation of Microgrids, because they are complex systems in which several subsystems interact: energy sources, power electronics converters, energy systems, linear and non-linear loads and of course, the utility grid.In next years, the electric grid will evolve from the current very centralized model toward a more distributed one.
A New approach for controlling the power flow in a transmission system using ...IJMER
Electrical power systems is a large interconnected network that requires a careful design to maintain the system with continuous power flow operation without any limitation. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) is an application of a power electronics device to control the power flow and to improve the system stability of a power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a new concept for the compensation and effective power flow control in a transmission system.Through common DC link, any inverters within the UPFC is able to transfer real power to any other and there by facilitate real power transfer among the line. In this paper a test system is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results of the network with and without UPFC are compared and when the voltage sag is compensated, reactive power is controlled and transmission line efficiency is improved.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
FLC based on static var compensator for power system transient stability enha...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1. The document discusses using a fuzzy logic controller combined with a PI controller to control a static var compensator (SVC) for improving power system transient stability.
2. A two generator, three bus test system is used to compare the performance of the fuzzy-SVC controller versus a conventional PI-SVC controller under different fault conditions.
3. Simulation results show that for a single line to ground fault, both controllers perform similarly. However, for a more severe three line to ground fault, the fuzzy-SVC controller is able to damp oscillations faster and achieve stability more quickly than the PI-SVC controller due to its ability to handle nonlinear system dynamics.
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals important for FACTS controllers to maximize stability enhancement. In conclusion, UPFC is identified as the most effective FACTS device for improving transient stability by providing independent control of voltage, impedance, and power flows.
This document reviews research on using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices to enhance power system transient stability. It discusses different FACTS devices such as SVC, TCSC, UPFC, and their control capabilities. The document also reviews developments in semiconductor technologies that have improved FACTS devices, such as GTO, IGBT, and IGCT. It analyzes locations and feedback signals that maximize FACTS device effectiveness for stability. In conclusion, FACTS devices like UPFC and SVC can improve transient stability by increasing critical clearing times and reducing post-fault swings.
Static Sustenance of Power System Stability Using FLC Based UPFC in SMIB Powe...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
A Literature Review on Experimental Study of Power Losses in Transmission Lin...paperpublications3
Abstract: The flexible Ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers can play an important role in the power system security enhancement. However, due to high capital investment, it is necessary to locate these controllers optimally in the power system. FACTS devices can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as adaptive to voltage-magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility and fast control characteristics. Placement of these devices in suitable location can lead to control in line flow and maintain bus voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins. In the previous paper three type of FACTS devices used in transmission lines for improvement of voltage profile in the power system. This paper describes the simulation result of flexible Alternative Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices used in the disturbed power systems. Out of three types of FACTS device UPFC performances is considered to be best comparatively with respect to each of the three devices.
This document discusses using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to improve the performance and reliability of a transmission line in Rajkot, India. It first reviews Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and the UPFC. It then describes a transmission network model of Rajkot created in MATLAB based on real system data. Various hypothetical future load conditions are simulated both with and without a UPFC to study how it can help control power flow in the network more efficiently. Results show the UPFC improves utilization of the existing infrastructure by allowing more optimal power flow.
Load flow analysis with upfc under unsymmetrical fault conditionAlexander Decker
This document discusses load flow analysis with and without a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) under different fault conditions in a six bus power system simulation model. The UPFC is a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control parameters like voltage, impedance, and phase angle to control power flow. The study aims to improve transient stability of the six bus system by determining active and reactive power on load buses under different fault types both with and without the UPFC. The control scheme and operating principle of the UPFC are also explained.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance transient stability in a power system. The paper introduces FACTS devices and describes how UPFC works. It then simulates applying a 3-phase fault to different buses in an IEEE 9-bus test system both without and with UPFC compensation. Without UPFC, the fault severely impacts voltages and power flows at several buses. With UPFC, the paper evaluates its effectiveness at improving the system's performance during fault conditions.
This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
A New Approach to Powerflow Management in Transmission System Using Interline...IJERA Editor
In this paper a new approach to power flow management in transmission system using interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) is proposed and model for IPFC is developed and simulate by MATLAB software. Interline
Power Flow Controller is a versatile device can be used to control power flows of a multi-line system or subnetworks
An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a converter based FACTS controller for series
compensation with capability of controlling power flow among multi-lines within the same corridor of the
transmission line. It consists of two or more Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) with a common dc-link. Real
power can be transferred via the common dc-link between the VSCs and each VSC is capable of exchanging
reactive power with its own transmission system
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
UPFC in order to Enhance the Power System ReliabilityIJMER
This document discusses unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) and their ability to enhance power system reliability. It provides an overview of FACTS devices and describes how UPFCs can control parameters like impedance, voltage, and phase angle to regulate power flow. The document summarizes the components, control modes, and benefits of UPFCs, and discusses modeling a single-phase UPFC in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate power flow control and voltage injection capabilities.
Power Flow Control In A Transmission Line Using Unified Power Flow ControllerIJMER
This paper concentrates on FACT device UPFC which is used for powerflow control in the
transmission side. With the growing demand of electricity, it is not possible to erect new lines to face the
situation. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) makes use of the thyristor controlled devices and optimally
utilizes the existing transmission network. One of such device is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on
which the emphasis is given in this present work. Real, reactive power, and voltage balance of the unified
power-flow control (UPFC) system is analyzed. A novel coordination controller is proposed for the UPFC.
The basic control method is such that the shunt converter controls the transmission line reactive power
flow and the dc-link voltage. The series converter controls the real power flow in the transmission line and
the UPFC bus voltages. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the
UPFC in power flow control in the transmission line. The simulation model was done in
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
Review on Different Time Domain Controlling Technique for UPQCIRJET Journal
This document reviews different time domain control techniques for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The UPQC is a custom power device that can mitigate multiple power quality issues related to voltage and current simultaneously. The control method is crucial for optimal UPQC operation as it determines the switching signals. The document describes 10 different time domain control techniques used for UPQC, including instantaneous active and reactive power theory, synchronous reference frame theory, unit vector template generation, one cycle control, H∞-based model matching control, model predictive control, deadbeat control, artificial neural network technique, feedforward and feedback theory, and multi output adaptive linear approach. For each technique, a brief overview is provided along with examples of applications reported
Review on Different Time Domain Controlling Technique for UPQC
project report on IPFC
1. OPTIMAL LOCATION OF INTERLINE POWER
FLOW CONTROLLER (IPFC) IN POWER
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
PRAKASH CHANDRA 3460810232
PRABHAT CHANDR 3460810230
PRANAV KUMAR 3460810235
RAHUL KUMAR 3460810243
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICALAND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
AARUPADAI VEEDU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
PAIYANOOR
VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY, SALEM
APRIL 2012
2. VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY
AARUPADAI VEEDU INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Project Report “OPTIMAL LOCATION OF INTERLINE
POWER FLOW CONTROLLER(IPFC) IN POWER TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM ” is the bonafide work of “Prakash chandra (3460810232), Prabhat
chandr (3460810230), Pranav kumar (3460810235) & Rahul kumar
(3460810243)” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. N. VEERAPPAN, M.E., Ph.D Ms. G.NITHYA,BE, M.E.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Lec / EEE
Department of EEE Department of EEE
AVIT, Paiyanoor AVIT, Paiyanoor
Chennai – 603104 Chennai - 603104
Project viva voce held on _____________________
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the project members firstly thank The Almighty for the divine intervention,
guidance and the blessings bestowed upon us throughout the tenure of our project
work.
We are also very grateful to Dr. A.S. Ganesan, Vice Chairman,
Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation and Dr. N.R. Alamelu, M.E., PhD,
Principal, AVIT, Paiyanoor for providing us the adequate support and facilities in
the college for completing this Project Work.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our HOD(EEE), Dr.
N. Veerappan, M.E., PhD, for granting us his kind permission to realize this
Project and also for his proper guidance, valuable advice, support and
encouragement.
We extend our thanks to our guide MS. G.NITHYA, BE, ME / EEE, for guiding to
complete this project successfully.
We are grateful to our Project Co-ordinators, Mrs.B.Sowmya, Asst Prof (Gr-II) &
Mrs. J.Suganthi, Asst Prof, EEE Department for guiding us in realizing our
project successfully.
Our sincere thanks are also to the other faculty members and non-teaching staff of
EEE Department for their kind co-operation for the successful completion of this
project.
Last but not the least, we extend our thanks to our parents, family members and
friends for their prayers and encouragement for completing this project
successfully.
PRAKASH CHANDRA
PRABHAT
CJANDR PRANAV
KUMAR
RAHUL KUMAR
4.
5.
6. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) was first introduced by Narain
G. Hingorani in the United States of America in the year of 1988. The FACTS
controller is defined by the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) as “a power electronic based system and other static equipment that
provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability”. There are 3 main categories
in FACTS Controller, which are namely series, shunt, shunt-series or series-series
FACTS Controller with every categories have its own functions.
The series connected FACTS Controller uses the basic principle of the cancellation
of a portion of the reactive line impedance could increase the transmittable power.
This is due to the fact that AC power transmission over long lines was primarily
limited by the series reactive impedance of the line. The series connected FACTS
Controller could improve the voltage stability limit, increase the transient stability
margin, power oscillation damping and sub-synchronous oscillation damping.
Some examples of the series FACTS Controllers are Thyristor2 Switched Series
Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Static
Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC).
1
7. On the other hand, the shunt connected FACTS Controller uses the basic principle
of the steady state transmittable power and the voltage profile along the line could
be controlled by appropriate reactive shunt compensation. The shunt connected
FACTS Controllers could be used to improve the voltage profile of a specific bus,
improve the transient stability and power oscillation damping. Some examples of
then shunt connected FACTS Controllers are Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and
the Static Synchronous Compensator (StatCom).
For the combinational shunt-series and series-series connected FACTS Controllers
combines the main principles of the series and shunt connected FACTS
Controllers. It able to control, simultaneously or selectively, all the parameters
affecting the power flow in the transmission line, that are impedance, voltage and
the phase angle. The shunt series connected FACTS Controller provides
multifunctional flexibility required to solve many of the problems facing by the
power delivery industry. Some examples of shunt-series connected FACTS
Controllers are Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and series-series FACTS
controller are Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC).
1.2 Objectives of Project
Main objective of this project is to investigate the location and optimal
placement of interline power flow controller to maintain the voltage profile, real
and reactive power flow in transmission line in power system.
2
8. 1.3 Scope of Project
There are several scope that have been outlined in order to narrow and
specific the project in such a way that the objectives of the project could be
achieved. This project is to consider the ability to improve the voltage profile and
power transfer capability. Recently, Because of the problems such as the
congestion management, the reduction of the operational cost and the overall
generating cost, the additional control freedoms of FACTS devices have aroused
great interest in the application of FACTS devices especially the IPFC and the
Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller (GUPFC). The software that would be
used throughout the project is MATLAB based sim Power System.
1.4 Problem Statement
Recently, Because of the problems such as the Congestion management,
the reduction of the operational Cost and the overall generating cost, the additional
control freedoms of FACTS devices have aroused great interest in the application
of FACTS devices especially the interline power flow controller (IPFC) .
However, very few publications have been presented on the investigation on the
location of IPFC in power system and its effect. So, the study on optimal
placement and location investigation is described in this project.
1.5 Outline of project report
This report consists of 6 Chapters. The first chapter contained 5 sections,
namely Background, Objective of Project, Scope of Project, Problem Statement
and the Outline of the project report.
3
9. In the second chapter, Introduction of General Theory on FACTS Controllers,
Continuous Power Flow and reviews of related work are presented.
Chapter 3 elaborates on the determination of location of interline power flow
Controllers (IPFC).
Chapter 4 Interline power flow controller and its performance in power
transmission system.
Chapter 5 presents the results of simulation using MATLAB sim power software.
The chapter consists of simulation of test system with and without IPFC controller
and comparison of result for optimal placement of IPFC in test bus system.
Lastly, Chapter 6 concludes the thesis and presents several suggestions for future
work related to the project.
4
10. CHAPTER 2
THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the basic working principle of the FACTS Controllers would
be discussed. It would also include brief overview of the continuous power flow
analysis. Lastly, the reviews of related work would also be included.
2.2 General Theory on FACTS Controllers
In general, FACTS Controllers can be divided into four categories:
• Series Controllers
• Shunt Controllers
• Combined series-series Controllers
• Combined series-shunt Controllers
Series Controllers: [Figure 2.2(b)] The series Controller could be a variable
impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, etc., or a power electronics based variable
source of main frequency, subsynchronous and harmonic frequencies (or a
combination) to serve the desired need. In principle, all series Controllers inject
voltage in series with the line. Even a variable impedance multiplied by the current
flow through it, represents an injected series voltage in the line. As long as the
voltage is in phase quadrature with the line current, the series Controller only
supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will
involve handling of real power as well.
5
11. Shunt Controllers: [Figure 2.2(c)] As in the case of series Controllers, the shunt
Controllers may be variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of these.
In principle, all shunt Controllers inject current into the system at the point of
connection. Even a variable shunt impedance connected to the line voltage causes a
variable current flow and hence represents injection of current into the line. As
long as the injected current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt
Controller only supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase
relationship will involve handling of real power as well.
Combined series-series Controllers: [Figure 2.2(d)] This could be a combination
of separate series controllers, which are controlled in a coordinated manner, in a
multiline transmission system. Or it could be a unified Controller, Figure 1.4(d), in
which series Controllers provide independent series reactive compensation for each
line but also transfer real power among the lines via the power link. The real power
transfer capability of the unified series-series Controller, referred to as Interline
Power Flow Controller, makes it possible to balance both the real and reactive
power flow in the lines and thereby maximize the utilization of the transmission
system. Note that the term "unified" here means that the de terminals of all
Controller converters are all connected together for real power transfer.
Combined series-shunt Controllers: [Figures 2.2(e) and 2.2(f)] This could be a
combination of separate shunt and series Controllers, which are controlled in a
coordinated manner [Figure 2.2(e)], or a Unified Power Flow Controller with
series and shunt elements [Figure 2.2(f)]. In principle, combined shunt and series
Controllers inject current into the system with the shunt part of the Controller and
voltage in series in the line with the series part of the Controller. However, when
6
12. the shunt and series Controllers are unified, there can be a real power exchange
between the series and shunt Controllers via the power link.
7
13. Figure 2.2 Basic types of FACTS Controllers:
(a) general symbol for FACTS Controller; (b) series Controller; (c) shunt
Controller; (d) unified series-series Controller; (e) coordinated series and shunt
Controller; (f) unified series-shunt Controller; (g) unified Controller for multiple
lines; (h) series Controller with storage; (i) shunt Controller with storage;
(G) unified series-shunt Controller with storage.
8
14. 2.3 Continuous Power Flow
Basic principles of power flow control
To facilitate the understanding of the basic principle of power flow control and to
introduce the basic ideas behind the different type of FACTS controllers, the
simple model shown in Fig. 2. The sending and receiving end voltages are assumed
to be fixed. The sending and receiving ends are connected by an equivalent
reactance, assuming that the resistance of high voltage transmission lines is very
small. The receiving end is modeled as an infinite bus with a fix angle of zero
degree. .
Fig. 2.3(a) Model for calculation of real and reactive power flow control
9
16. Fig. 2.3(b) Power angle curve
Complex, active and reactive power flows in this transmission system are defined,
respectively, as follows:
Similarly, for the sending end:
11
17. Where V S and V R are the magnitudes of sending and receiving end voltages,
respectively, while δ is the phase-shift between sending and receiving end voltages.
Fig2.3 shows the evolution of the active power delivered. It’s clear from the
demonstrated equations, that the active and reactive power in a transmission line
depend on the voltage magnitudes and phase angles at the sending and receiving
ends as well as line impedance.
2.4 Reviews of Related Work
The paper by S.Gerbex,R.Cherkaoui and A.J.Germond, Member ,IEEE. is mainly
about the optimal location of FACTS devices like TCSC, TCVR, TCPST, SVC and
UPFC. A.Dehghanpour, S.M.H.Hosseini and N.talebi , IEEE-2011 is mainly
worked on power flow management by IPFC in transmission system.
M.F.Moghadam, M.Khederzadeh, IEEE-2011. is mainly about voltage
compensation with IPFC using all degree of freedom.
Mahdad et. al. (2006) basically presented method on how to choose the type
of FACTS Controllers, the location (or the placement) and control the FACTS
12
18. Controllers. They use 2 types of compensation, namely the SVC for shunt
connected FACTS Controller and TCSC for series connected FACTS Controller.
They have stated that they would use system loading ability and loss minimization
as a measure of power system performance. Similar with the preceding paper, they
applied the continuous power flow method in order to determine the weak bus by
comparing the voltage profiles of each bus in the system. With the data obtained,
they have chosen the bus in which has the worst voltage profile (worst voltage
collapse among other buses). Based on their finding, they placed SVC and again,
they applied continuous power flow method to obtain the voltage profiles. After
comparison made the maximum loading parameter and the voltage stability proven
to be increased. For this project, the approach proposed by Mahdad et. al. (2006)
would be used to compare the FACTS Controllers. The use of CPF is more reliable
than the ordinary power flow method available for this case, since the power flow
method simulate the increasing of load, and therefore the FACTS Controllers
effects and performance are most likely could be studied.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This project would demonstrate the effects and the performance of implementing
IPFC in the power system. Before the performance and the effect of IPFC in power
13
19. system were evaluated, firstly the location or the placement of the IPFC it selves
was determined. In realizing this, an analysis named continuous power flow
analysis was used in order to determine the weak bus and the underutilized line,
and hence determine the location of FACTS Controllers in the test system.
3.2 The Determination of Location of IPFC
The IPFC were placed on the location in such a way that the capability of
Controllers to compensate a particular bus or line could be optimized. Therefore,
continuous power flow analysis was applied in order to determine the weakest bus
and the underutilized line in the test system. The test system was analyzed with and
without the IPFC. Voltage profiles for all the buses in the test network were noted
and the bus in which collapses the worst among other buses has been selected as
the weak bus. On the other hand, based on the continuous power flow report, the
most underutilized line was determined. And finally the optimal location of
interline power flow controller is determined.
.
3.3 Summarized Flow Chart
The methodology adopted above is best explained by means of a flow chart.
Figure below shows the summarized the flow chart of the adopted methodology.
14
21. The first thing is the selected test system, Test System is constructed by using the
MATLAB Simulink. Then, the CPF was applied on the test system without the
consideration of IPFC(base case) to obtain the performance of the system without
any compensation, and tabulate the CPF result. Then the implementation of IPFC
in the test system at different bus and find the voltage profile of each bus and also
the CPF report. Compare the tabulated results which is obtained from with and
without IPFC in test system at different location in the line. And finally find the
optimal placement of interline power flow controller in test system.
16
22. CHAPTER 4
OPERATION OF IPFC
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The ongoing expansion and growth of the electric utility industry
continuously introduce changes to a once predictable business. Electricity is
increasingly being considered and handled as a commodity. Thus transmission
systems are being pushed closer to their stability and thermal limits with the
focus on the quality of power delivered. In the evolving utility environment,
financial and market forces will continue to demand a more optimal and
profitable operation of the power system with respect to generation, transmission
and distribution. Advanced technologies are paramount for the reliable and
secure operation of power systems. To achieve both operational reliability and
financial profitability it is clear that more efficient utilization and control of the
existing transmission system infrastructure is required. Improved utilization of
the existing power system is provided through the application of advanced
control technologies. Power electronics based equipment or Flexible AC
Transmission systems (FACTS) provide proven technical solutions to address
these new operating challenges being presented today. FACTS technologies
allow for improved transmission system operation with minimal infrastructure
investment, environmental impact and implementation time compared to the
construction of new transmission lines. FACTS technologies provide advanced
solutions as cost effective alternative to new transmission line construction.
FACTS provide the needed corrections of transmission functions in order to
efficiently utilize existing transmission systems and therefore, minimize the gap
between the stability and the thermal level.
17
23. 4.2 INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (IPFC)
Objective of Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is to provide a
comprehensive power flow control scheme for a multi-line transmission system, in
which two or more lines employ a SSSC for series compensation. A multi-line
IPFC comprises of number of ‘n’ SSSC’s, one for each line of the transmission
system to be controlled, with a common dc bus as illustrated schematically by a
block diagram as shown in Fig:4.1. The IPFC scheme has the capability to transfer
real power between the compensated lines in addition to executing the independent
and controllable reactive power compensation of each line. This capability makes it
possible to equalize both real and reactive power flow between the lines, to transfer
power demand from overloaded to under-loaded lines to compensate against
resistive line voltage drops and the corresponding reactive line power and to
increase the effectiveness of the compensating system for dynamic disturbance like
transient stability and power oscillation.
Fig: 4.2(a) General schematic of IPFC
Consider a IPFC scheme shown in Fig:4.2 consisting of two back-to-back dc to ac
inverter each compensating a transmission line by series voltage injection. This
arrangement has two synchronous voltage sources with phasors V1pq and V2pq in
series with transmission Lines 1 and 2, represent the two back to back dc to ac
inverters. The common dc link is represented by a bidirectional link (P12=P1pq=P2pq)
for real power exchange between the two voltage sources. Transmission Line-1,
represented by reactance X1, has a sending end bus with voltage phasor V1S and a
receiving end bus with voltage phasor V1R. The sending end voltage phasor of
18
24. Line-2 represented by reactance X2 is V2S and the receiving end voltage phasor is
V2R.
Fig:4.2(b) IPFC with two VSC’s
Transmission relationship between the two systems, system 1 selected to be the
prime system for which free controllability of both real and reactive line power
flow is stipulated. A phasor diagram of system 1, defining the relationship between
V1S,V1R,VX1 (the voltage phasor across X1) and the inserted voltage phasor V1pq
with controllable magnitude (0≤V1pq≤V1pqmax) and angle (0≤ρ1≤360°) is shown in
Fig:2.3. The inserted voltage phasor V1pq is added to the fixed sending end voltage
phasor V1s to produce the effective sending end voltage V1Seff=V1S+V1pq. The
difference V1Seff-V1R provides the compensated voltage phasor, VX1 across X1. As
angle ρ1 is varied over its full 360° range, the end of phase V1pq moves along a
Fig: 4.2(c) IPFC prime converter and corresponding phasor diagram
circle with center located at the end of phasor V1S. The area within this circle
obtained with V1pqmax define the operating range of phase V1pq and thereby the
achievable compensation of Line-1. The rotation of phasor V1pq with angle ρ1
modulates both the magnitude and the angle of phase VX1 and therefore both the
transmitted real power P1R and the reactive power Q1R vary with ρ1 in a sinusoidal
manner. This process requires the voltage source representing Inverter 1 (V1pq) to
supply and absorb both reactive and real power, Q1pq and P1pq which are sinusoidal
function of angle ρ1.
19
25. 4.3 Block diagram of IPFC
Fig-4.3(a) block diagram
4.4 Advantages of IPFC
Interline Power Flow Controller(IPFC) can control the power flow in a multi-
line system. Power imbalance between overloaded lines and under-loaded lines
corrected. Hence minimize the gap between the stability and thermal level.
AC transmission power of a line
P = (Vs * VR * sin δ) /X.
20
26. Three main variables that can be directly controlled to impact its performance are
Voltage
Angle
Impedance
Suitable adjustment of any of these parameters can achieve power flow control in
the transmission line.
Examples of some existing conventional equipment
Series capacitor – Controls impedance
Phase shifting transformer – Controls angle
Switched capacitor and reactor - Controls voltage
Synchronous condenser - Controls voltage
Traditional approach of using mechanical switch cannot realize full utilization of
the transmission because of the need for large stability margin. Mechanical
switch based operations has more disadvantages. i.e.
Large stability margin
Poor dynamic performance
Non cycling/repeatability
Discontinuous, not smooth control
More wear and tear, high rate of failures
21
27. Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) FACTS controller has the following
advantages.
Lower stability margin
Good dynamic performance
Cycling/repeatability
Continuous and smooth control
Negligible failures
Power electronics based solutions of FACTS controllers are the solution for the
present and future problems of the transmission system.
CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction
22
28. In order to analyze the IPFC, some simulations are done in this project. The first
simulation was involving the 5 bus system without the consideration of any
FACTS controllers, meaning it was just to measure the system performance
without the FACTS compensation effect. Then, the system performance was
measured with IPFC and effects taken into account. Similarly the simulation of
IEEE 4,8,14,30 bus has been done with and without IPFC.
Fig-5.1(a) Test power system for analyzing the effect of location of IPFC
5.2 Simulation of Base Case (Without IPFC)
23
30. Fig-5.2(b) Real and reactive power generated by generator 1without IPFC
Fig-5.2(c) Real and reactive power generated by generator 2 without IPFC
25
31. Table 1: Bus data obtained from simulation without IPFC
Bus No Voltage(KV) Generation Load
MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 126.2 265.7 143.8 0.0 0.0
2 262.6 0.0 0.0 165.4 82.72
3 256.0 0.0 0.0 157.3 0.0
4 258.6 0.0 0.0 200.6 80.24
5 127.1 268.4 145.5 0.0 0.0
Total 534.1 289.3 523.3 162.96
Table 2: Line data obtained from simulation without IPFC
Line flow and losses
From
Bus
To
Bus
PMW QMVAR From
Bus
To
Bus
PMW QMVAR Line loss
MW MVAR
1 2 277.042 113.812 2 1 -275.2 -87.893 1.842 25.919
1 5 -13.142 -3.312 5 1 13.234 2.104 0.092 -1.208
2 3 109.8 5.173 3 2 -106.9 -0.499 2.9 4.673
4 3 51.03 -9.537 3 4 -50.38 -0.499 0.65 -10.036
5 4 255.166 114.896 4 5 -251.6 -89.77 1.736 25.126
Total 7.22 44.486
Table 3: Losses in transformer1&2 without IPFC
Transformer Transformer losses
MW MVAR
1 1.8 33.3
2 1.8 28.5
Total 3.6 61.8
Total losses: 10.82 MW, 106.286 MVAR
26
32. 5.3 Test power system with IPFC between line 1 and 2 at bus1
Fig-5.3(a) Test power system with IPFC between line 1 and 2 at bus1
27
33. Fig-5.3(b) Real and reactive power generated by generator 1 with IPFC
Fig-5.3(c) Real and reactive power generated by generator 2 with IPFC
28
38. Fig-5.4(b) Real and reactive power generated by generator 1 with IPFC
Fig-5.4(c) Real and reactive power generated by generator 2 with IPFC
33
39. Table 7: Bus data obtained from simulation with IPFC at bus5
Bus No Voltage(KV) Generation Load
MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 127.8 273 140.1 0.0 0.0
2 266.4 0.0 0.0 170.3 85.13
3 260.4 0.0 0.0 162.8 0.0
4 263.7 0.0 0.0 208.7 83.46
5 130.0 279.8 159.6 0.0 0.0
Total 552.8 299.7 541.8 168.51
Table 8: Line data obtained from simulation with IPFC at bus5
Line flow and losses
From
Bus
To
Bus
PMW QMVAR From
Bus
To
Bus
PMW QMVAR Line loss
MW MVAR
1 2 283.81 112.622 2 1 -282.1 -94.37 1.71 17.63
1 5 -12.61 -6.223 5 1 12.724 3.059 0.114 -3.164
2 3 111.7 9.236 3 2 -108.8 -4.227 2.9 5.009
4 3 54.69 -6.087 3 4 -53.97 -4.227 0.72 -10.314
5 4 265.28 126.24 4 5 -263.4 -89.547 1.89 36.693
Total 7.334 45.845
Table 9: Losses in transformer1&2
Transformer Transformer losses
MW MVAR
1 1.8 33.7
2 1.8 30.3
Total 3.6 67
Total losses: 10.93 MW, 112.845 MVAR
5.5 Test power system with IPFC between line 1 and 3
34
54. Table 19: Bus data obtained from simulation with IPFC between line 2&4
Bus No Voltage(KV) Generation Load
MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 125.9 281.9 149.9 0.0 0.0
2 270.6 0.0 0.0 175.8 87.88
3 264.5 0.0 0.0 167.9 0.0
4 268.0 0.0 0.0 215.5 86.18
5 128.3 288.9 170.3 0.0 0.0
Total 570.8 320.2 559.2 174.06
Table 20: Line data obtained from simulation with IPFC between line 2&4
Line flow and losses
From
Bus
To
Bus
PMW QMVAR From
Bus
To
Bus
PMW QMVAR Line loss
MW MVAR
1 2 291.96 119.357 2 1 -290.1 96.67 1.867 22.287
1 5 -11.967 -6.657 5 1 12.074 3.633 0.107 -3.024
2 3 114.3 8.796 3 2 -111.3 -3.491 3.0 5.305
4 3 57.4 -7.08 3 4 -56.63 3.491 0.77 -3.589
5 4 274.926 133.367 4 5 -272.9 -93.27 2.026 40.107
Total 7.77 61.086
Table 21: Losses in transformer1&2
Transformer Transformer losses
MW MVAR
1 1.9 37.2
2 1.9 33.3
Total 3.8 70.5
Total losses:11.57 MW, 131.586 MVAR
5.8.1DISCUSSION
49
55. Several simulations have been ran, and the performance of IPFC controllers used
have been evaluated. Transmitted powers in each line is a function of the voltage
amplitude of sending end and receiving buses, phase shift of sending and receiving
end buses, and series impedance of the line. IPFC can directly or indirectly impact
on each of these factors, and increase the power transfer capability of the line.
Therefore, it could be concluded that IPFC would improves the maximum power
transfer level in the case when IPFC is installed between line 1 and 4 or between
line 2 and 4 because of symmetry.
Hence from the simulation result optimal location of interline power flow
controller (IPFC) should be at the line 1and 4 or line 2 and 4.
50
56. 5.9 Four bus system
Fig-5.9(a) four bus system without IPFC
51
57. Fig-5.9(b) Real and reactive power in bus-1
Fig-5.9(c) Real and reactive power in bus-2
Fig-5.9(d) Real and reactive power in bus-3
52
60. Fig-5.9(h) Real and reactive power in bus-2
Fig-5.9(i) Real and reactive power in bus-3
TABLE 22: Real and Reactive power with and without IPFC in 4 bus system.
BUS NO REAL POWER( MW)
WITHOUT
COMPENSATION
REAL POWER( MW)
WITH
COMPENSATION
REACTIVE POWER
( MVA)
WITHOUT
COMPENSATION
REACTIVE POWER
( MVA)
WITH
COMPENSATION
BUS-1 6.084e5 2.404e5 2.27e5 8.728e4
BUS-2 1.336e5 1.814e5 2.098e4 2.85e4
BUS-3 2.4e5 2.96e5 7.539e4 9.298e4
55
66. Fig-5.10(h) Real and reactive power in bus-6
Fig-5.10(i) Real and reactive power in bus-7
TABLE 23:Real and Reactive power with and without IPFC in 8 bus system.
BUS NO REAL POWER( MW)
WITHOUT
COMPENSATION
REAL POWER( MW)
WITH
COMPENSATION
REACTIVE POWER
( MVA)
WITHOUT
COMPENSATION
REACTIVE POWER
( MVA)
WITH
COMPENSATION
BUS-1 0.1422 0.1465 0.0400 0.0313
BUS-6 0.0280 0.0287 0.1823 0.183
61
72. Fig-5.11(i) Voltage across bus-11
Fig-5.11(j) Real and reactive power across bus-11
TABLE 24:Real and Reactive power with and without IPFC in 14 bus system.
BUS NO REAL POWER WITHOUT
IPFC (MW)
REAL POWER WITH
IPFC (MW)
REACTIVE POWER
WITHOUT IPFC
(MVAR)
REACTIVE
POWER WITH
IPFC (MVAR)
BUS-7 0.214 0.306 0.242 0.558
BUS-1 0.247 0.2337 0.258 0.245
67
74. 5.12 30 Bus line model
Fig-5.12(a) IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEMS
69
75. Fig-5.12(b) Voltage across bus-11
Fig-5.12(c) Real power at bus-11
Fig-5.12(d) Reactive power at bus-11
70
76. Fig-5.12(e) IEEE 30 bus system with IPFC
Fig-5.12(f) Voltage across buss-11
71
77. Fig-5.12(g) Real power at bus-11
Fig-5.12(h) Reactive power at bus-11
TABLE 25:Real and Reactive power with and without IPFC in 30 bus system.
Bus no P (MW)
without
IPFC
P (MW) with
IPFC
Q (MVAR)
without
IPFC
Q (MVAR)
with
IPFC
VOLTAGE
(V) without
IPFC
VOLTAGE
(V) with IPFC
5 0.212 0.208 0.099 0.098 7198 7144
11 0.418 0.421 0.131 0.132 6783 6798
12 0.35 0.36 1.482 1.51 6868 6931
13 0.338 0.344 1.065 1.08 6069 6112
19 0.341 0.346 0.134 0.136 6868 6931
21 0.286 0.31 0.0934 0.101 6295 6540
72
78. CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY
6.1 Conclusions
Several simulations have been ran, and the performance of IPFC controllers used
have been evaluated. Transmitted powers in each line is a function of the voltage
amplitude of sending end and receiving buses, phase shift of sending and receiving
end buses, and series impedance of the line. IPFC can directly or indirectly impact
on each of these factors, and increase the power transfer capability of the line.
Therefore, it could be concluded that IPFC would improves some of the power
system parameters.
Based on the results obtained, IPFC improved the voltage profile of the bus at
which has the lowest PV curve. This improvement was in terms of to maintain the
voltage steady approximately at 1 p.u. with the increasing of load and also to
support the bus when the voltage collapses. IPFC is able to transfer real power
between compensated lines in addition to compensate reactive power for each
individual line, independently. So it can equalize both real and reactive power flow
between the lines, transfer power demand from overloaded to under loaded
Lines, compensate against resistive voltage drops, and increase the effectiveness of
the system for dynamic disturbances.
73
79. 6.2 Suggestions for Future Study
There are several suggestions for future study, and these are:
i. The IPFC should be tested on a very large network, to view its capability
handling complex network.
ii. The IPFC should be tested with respect to dynamic machine, to observe its
effect to machine dynamic performance.
iii. More type of FACTS Controllers should be used, and hence could observe and
compare the difference with interline power flow Controllers.
74
80. REFERENCES
1. Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
Transmission Systems Narain G. Hingoranl Hingorani Power Electronics
Los Altos Hills, CA Laszlo Gyugyi Siemens Power Transmission &
Distribution Orlando, FL Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Consulting Editor IEEE
Power Engineering Society.
2. FACTS CONTROLLERS IN POWER TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION K. R. Padiyar Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore-560 012 India.
3. An Overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems P. Asare Purdue
University School of Electrical Engineering T. Diez Purdue University School
of Electrical Engineering A. Galli Purdue University School of Electrical
Engineering E. O'Neill-Carillo Purdue University School of Electrical
Engineering J. Robertson Purdue University School of Electrical Engineering.
4. M. Fekri Moghadam, H. Askarian Abyaneh , S. H.Fathi Department of
Electrical Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran, Iran ,M.
Khederzadeh Department of Electrical Engineering Power & Water
University of Technology Tehran, Iran 978-1-4244-8756-1/11/ 2011 IEEE
75
81. 5. A Hybrid Technique for Controlling Multi Line Transmission System Using
Interline Power Flow Controllern B. Karthik Lecturer, Department of
Electrical and Electronics EngineeringSona College of Technology, Salem,
Tamilnadu, India European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X
Vol.58 No.1 (2011), pp.59-76 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.
2011http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm
6. Digital Simulation of Thirty Bus System with Interline Power Flow
Controller G. Irusapparajan and S. Rama Reddy International Journal of
Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, August 2011
7. Modeling and Digital Simulation of Interline Power Flow Controller System
P.Usha Rani and B. S.Rama Reddy International Journal of Computer and
Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, June, 2010 1793-8163
8. Damping Performance Analysis of IPFC and UPFC Controllers Using
Validated Small-Signal Models Shan Jiang, Student Member, IEEE, Ani M.
Gole, Fellow, IEEE, Udaya D. Annakkage, Senior Member, IEEE, and D. A.
Jacobson, Senior Member, IEEE
9. Dynamic Modeling of Interline Power Flow Controller for Small Signal
Stability Alivelu M. Parimi, Nirod C. Sahoo, Irraivan Elamvazuthi, Nordin
Saad Electrical and Electronics Department Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS, Tronoh 31750, Perak, Malaysia.
76
82. 10. Interline Photovoltaic (I-PV) Power System – A Novel Concept of Power
Flow Control and Management Vinod Khadkikar, Member, IEEE, and James
L. Kirtley, Jr., Fellow, IEEE
.
77