An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different concentrations of neem water extract on controlling cabbage aphid populations. Cabbage was grown in four plots and sprayed with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, or 2% neem extract solutions. Aphid counts decreased the most in the 2% treatment, reducing the average population to 2.3 after three sprays. Neem extract showed potential for controlling aphids and warrants further research.

2. PSO/PL,
IPMP, IPEP,
NARC, Islamabad
Presented By:

4.  The cabbage is a popular cultivar of the species Brassica
oleracea of the Family Brassicaceae or Cruciferae and is used
as a leafy green vegetable.
 It is a herbaceous, biennial, dicotyledonous, flowering plant.
 The plant is also called head cabbage or heading cabbage.
 The cultivated cabbage is derived from a leafy plant called the
wild mustard plant.

5.  The only part of the plant that is normally eaten is the leafy
head.
 It is an excellent source of vitamin C. It also contains
significant amounts of glutamine, an amino acid that has anti-
inflammatory properties.
 In European folk medicine, cabbage leaves are used to treat
acute inflammation.
 Fresh cabbage juice has been shown to promote rapid healing
of peptic ulcers.

6.  The cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is
found on cole crops worldwide.
 It founds only on plants in the Cruciferae family
(cole crops, mustard, etc.), with serious outbreaks
occurring only sporadically.

8.  Cabbage aphids (CA) are grayish-green with a waxy
covering that gives them a grayish-white
appearance.
 It have short cornicles (tube-like structures at the tip
of the abdomen) and feed on the underside of leaves
in large clusters, in the center of cabbage heads, or
on the youngest leaves.

10.  Aphid outbreaks and damaging populations will usually occur
only under dry hot weather.
 Feeding damage from large numbers of aphids can kill
seedlings and young transplants.
 On larger plants, feeding damage results in curling and
yellowing leaves, stunting plant growth, and deforming
developing heads.
 Dead aphids do not wash off easily and will cause a head to
be unsuitable for fresh market sales.

11.  Many insects and other pests infest cabbage plants,
among them:
Cabbage Butterfly:

12. h
Cabbage worm:

13. Mealy bug:

14. Thrips:

15.  wingless females producing live young (nymphs), are the
most common.
 Asexual reproduction (males not needed), and extended
reproductive life-span (30+ days at 5-6 nymphs/day).
 It complete up to 15 generations (often overlapping) during
the growing season.
 It over winters as black eggs in host plant debris near the soil
surface.

16.  Repellent
 Antifeedant (Feeding Deterrent)
 Oviposition Deterrent
 Chemo-sterillant
 Growth inhibitor

17.  Diaeretiella rapae, (Hymenoptera: Aphididae), is the most
common parasite of cabbage aphid.
 D. rapae itself may often be killed by hyperparasites.
 Small colonies of aphids can be effectively controlled by
predators such as ladybird beetles, syrphid fly larvae, and
lacewing larvae.
 in wet or humid weather, fungal epidemics can help control
aphid populations.

18.  Since the Cabbage aphid over winters as a black egg in host
plant debris, the destruction of these remains at the end of the
season will help in killing over wintering aphids.
 Aphids may also be controlled with insecticidal (fatty-acid)
soaps used at the recommended rates (e.g., Safer Soap );
however we have very little data on the effectiveness of these
products.
 For the most effective control, time applications of
insecticides early in infestation

19.  Bring the desired plant parts
 Dry it in shed for 7 days
 Clean it from unwanted material
 Grind it in grinder
 Pass through 40 mesh sieve

20.  Industrial scale neem extraction process make use of solvents
such as alcohol, ether, and hydrocarbons instead of water.
 Aqueous extracts are said to work nearly as well as others.
 The choice of method and solvent will depend on the nature
of chemical compound to be extracted.

21. 1. Neem Leaf Extract
2. Neem Seed Extract
3. Neem Bark Extract

22.  Neem leaf extract has a fruit like smell and contains
essential fatty acids
 They are used in a number of pesticides and
insecticides,
 high potency extracts are used to manufacture
personal products like facial creams, skin creams,
cleansers and oral care products.

23.  Mature green leaves are collected and allowed to dry
partially.
 These dried leaves are then crushed and powdered.
 The crushed leaves are then subjected to either aqueous or
organic solvent to get a concentrated extract.
 Certain extraction process utilizes carbon dioxide at
critical temperatures and pressures to extract the active
ingredients of the neem leaf

24.  To screen out the effective method to control cabbage aphid
(B. brassicae) population experiments were conducted in
Insect Pest Management Program (IPMP) at NARC,
Islamabad.
 There was grown a check variety of cabbage (B. oleracea) and
cauliflower in field in four and three different plots
respectively. Four different concentrations (2%, 1%, 0.5% and
no spray) of Neem water extract were sprayed on cabbage (B.
oleracea) and three concentrations (2%, 1% and no spray)
were sprayed on cauliflower to determine the level of
effectiveness against aphid (B. brassicae).

25.  There was grown a check variety of cabbage
(B.oleracea) in field in four different plots.
 Four different concentrations(2%, 1%, 0.5% and no
spray) of Neem water extract were sprayed on cabbage
(B. oleracea) to determine the level of effectiveness
against aphid (B.brassicae).
 Data was recorded before and after spray as shown in
table No 1.

26.  Average total population of aphids 32.9, 27.8, 30.2 and
21.6 of the four fields
 these fields were sprayed three times with the
concentrations of neem extract 2%, 1%, 0.50% and
control (no spray) respectively.
 Data was recorded after each spray, after 3rd spray the
population of aphids decreased (graph 1) and the best
control is showed by 2% concentration of neem water
extract and the aphid population decreases to the
average of 2.3.

27. Conc.
Before
Spray
1st Spray 2nd Spray 3rd Spray
19.11.09
23.11.09
4.12.09
7.12.09
9.12.09
11.12.09
17.12.09
24.12.09
1.1.10
5.1.10
7.1.10
12.1.10
14.1.10
18.1.10
20.1.10
22.1.10
2% 32.9 25.2 3.4 8.7 23.1 20.6 8.6 6.4 15.9 4.6 9.3 6.8 8.4 3.4 3.2 4.8
1% 27.8 29.2 4.4 2.2 17.6 13.5 8.8 13.7 12.3 5.8 10.9 6.3 13.7 6.1 9.4 12.8
0.50% 30.2 21.3 18.2 3.2 11.9 15 5.9 14.1 17.8 4.4 3.7 5.7 12.3 4.9 7.9 8.5
Control 21.6 30.4 23 20.6 34 32.3 22.4 34.3 21.1 10.6 10.5 12.5 10.2 6.6 12.3 10.8

29.  Experiment was conducted at NARC field Islamabad on Cabbage to
evaluate effect of Neem water Extract against Aphid population.
 Cabbage variety was grown in field in four different plots.
 Four different concentrations of Neem water extract (0.5%, 1%, 2% and
no spray) were sprayed on cabbage (Brassica oleracea) to determine the
level of neem effectiveness against aphid (B. brassicae).
 Data was recorded after each spray, after 3rd spray the population of
aphids decreased and the best control was recorded at 2% conc. Of neem
water extaract and the aphid population decreased to the average of 2.3.
 Neem water extract may possess bioactive chemical which make neem
extract unfavorable for aphid.
 These studies of Neem water Extract need more studies and thus should be
included in the breeding programs for further evaluation.