Pest and disease management

1. Pest and
Disease
Management
Dr. Chanda Rajendra
Maurya

3. Natural pest and disease
 Pests and diseases are part of the natural
environmental system.
 In this system there is a balance between
predators and pests.
 This is nature's way of controlling populations.
 The creatures that we call pests and the
organisms that cause disease only become 'pest
and diseases' when their activities start to
damage crops and affect yields.

4. Natural pest and disease
 If the natural environmental system is imbalanced
then one population can become dominant
because it is not being preyed upon.
 The aim of natural control is to restore a balance
between pest and predator and to keep pests and
diseases down to an acceptable level.
 The aim is not to eradicate them altogether, as
they also have a role to play in the natural
system.

5. Natural pest and disease
 Once a pest or disease has started to attack a
crop, the damage cannot be repaired and control
becomes increasingly difficult.
 Where as its possible to use techniques to avoid or
prevent pest and disease attack in the first place.

7. Methods of Pest and Disease
Control
 • A healthy soil
 • A healthy crop
 • Resistant varieties
 • Rotation
 • Good hygiene
 • Soil tillage
 • Soil pH
 • Timely sowing
 • Companion planting
 • Plants to attract
predators and parasites
 • Barriers
 • Traps
 • Light traps
 • Fly traps
 • Hand picking
 • Biological control
 • Natural pesticides
 •Social prevention

8. Specific plants to attract
beneficial insects
 There are many plants that can be grown to
attract natural predators and parasites which will
help to keep down pests and diseases.
 Flowers such as marigolds (Tagetes), mint
(Mentha), sunflower (Helianthus annus), sunhemp
(Crotalaria juncea) as well as local legumes are
useful attractant plants.

10. Specific plants to attract
beneficial insects
 Hoverflies, whose larvae feed on greenfly are
attracted to the flowers of herbs and vegetables
such as fennel, celery, dill, carrots and parsnips
(Umbelliferae family).
 Umbellifers will also provide food to various
parasitic wasps whose young live on aphids and
some caterpillars.
 Red hot pokers (Kniphofia uvaria) are used in
parts of Africa to attract birds that eat aphids.

13. Common insect pest of the
garden
1. Aphids
 These sap-sucking little devils form large colonies
very quickly and can spread infection too.
 They also excrete a sticky honeydew which then
turns into black mould.
 There are a large variety of species including
blackfly, greenfly, woolly aphid, peach potato
aphid and many more.
 They can all cause great destruction to your plants
so it's best to take action as soon as possible.

15. Common insect pest of the
garden
2. Catterpiller
 Chewing
 Hungry caterpillar enjoys nothing more
than munching the leaves of plants.
 Active around June to September

17. Common insect pest of the
garden
3. Spider mites
 A red sap-feeding mite that exists in colonies,
these tiny bugs strike on plants.
 They cause a mottled appearance on the leaves,
leading to eventual leaf loss, and, in the case
of heavy infestations, the plant may even die.

19. Common insect pest of the
garden
4. White fly
 Another houseplant-sap-sucking insect leaves a
honeydew residue on its victims, which turns into a
black sooty mould.
 Active all year round, it feeds on edible and
ornamental plants, reducing their vigour.

21. Common insect pest of the
garden
5. Slug and snail
 Chewing
 Probably the gardeners’ most hated and hunted
pests, slugs and snail

23. Common insect pest of the
garden
6. Mealy bug
 They cause damage by sucking the juice from
their host plants, and like
many pests, mealybugs tend to favor new growth.
 Over time, their damage causes the leaves to
yellow and eventually drop from the plant.
 They can also cause fruits, vegetables, and flower
buds to prematurely drop off.

25. Common insect pest of the
garden
7. Fruit and stem borer
 Withering of terminal shoots/dead hearts
 Bore holes on shoots and fruits plugged with
excreta
 Shedding of flower buds
 Withering and drying of leaves

27. Common insect pest of the
garden
7. Leaf minor
 A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of
insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats,
the leaf tissue of plants.

29. Cure- Insect pest
 Hand pick and destroy- Snails and Slugs
 Coffee grounds and crushed eggshells -Snails and
Slugs
 Frogs, birds and chickens-Snails and Slugs
 Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 %-borer,
apahids, thrips, white flies etc
 Chilli powder extract –all type of insect pest
 Tobacco spray 40%- all type of insect pest
 Garlic and chilli 40%- all type of insect pest
 Ova leaf extract 40%- all type of insect pest
 Papya leaf extract 50% - all type of insect pest

31. Cure- Insect pest
Cow urine
 Cow urine diluted with water in ratio of 1: 20 and
used as foliar spray is not only effective in the
management of pathogens & insects, but also acts
as effective growth promoter for the crop.

32. Cure- Insect pest
 Fermented curd water
 In some parts of central India fermented curd
water (butter milk or Chaach) is also being used
for the management of white fly, jassids aphids
etc.
 Neem-Cow urine extract –
 Crush 5 kg neem leaves in water, add 5lit cow
urine and 2 kg cow dung, ferment for 24 hrs with
intermittent stirring, filter squeeze the extract and
dilute to 100 lit, use as foliar spray over one acre.
 Useful against sucking pests and mealy bugs.

33. Cure- Insect pest
Mixed leaves extract
 Crush 3 kg neem leaves in 10 lit cow urine.
 Crush 2 kg custard apple leaf, 2 kg papaya leaf,
2kg pomegranate leaves, 2 kg guava leaves in
water.
 Mix the two and boil 5 times at some interval till it
becomes half.
 Keep for 24 hrs, then filter squeeze the extract.
 This can be stored in bottles for 6 months.
 Dilute 2-2.5 lit of this extract to 100 lit for 1 acre.
 Useful against sucking pests, pod/fruit borers.

34. Cure- Insect pest
Chilli-garlic extract
Crush 1 kg Ipomea (besharam) leaves, 500 gm
hot chilli, 500 gm garlic and 5 kg neem leaves
in 10 lit cow urine.
Boil the suspension 5 times till it becomes half.
Filter- squeeze the extract.
Store in glass or plastic bottles.
2-3 lit extract diluted to 100 lit is used for one
acre. Useful against leaf roller, stem/fruit/pod
borer

36. Cure- Insect pest
Broad spectrum formulation - 1 –
In a copper container mix 3 kg fresh crushed
neem leaves and 1 kg neem seed kernel
powder with 10 lit of cow urine.
Seal the container and allow the suspension
to ferment for 10 days.
After 10 days boil the suspension, till the
volume is reduced to half.

37. Cure- Insect pest
Broad spectrum formulation - 2 –
 Ground 500 gm green chillies in 1 lit of water and
keep overnight. In another container crush 250gm
of garlic in water and keep overnight.
 Next day mix the boiled extract, chilli extract and
garlic extract.
 Mix thoroughly and filter.
 This is a broad spectrum pesticide and can be used
on all crops against wide variety of insects.
 Use 250 ml of this concentrate in 15 lit of water for
spray.

39. Biopesticide
 Biopesticides are certain types of
pesticides that are derived from natural
materials like plants (Botanical origin ),
bacteria, fungi and virus (Microbial origin)
and certain minerals.
The BioPesticides control pests / diseases
either selectively or with broad spectrum
approach.

40. Biopesticide
Botanical Origin Bio Pesticides:
Anosom from Annona squamosa
Derisom from Pongamia glabra
Margosom from Azadirachta indica
Biological Nematicides:
Bacillus firmus
Paecilomyces lilacinus
Mosquito larvicides:
Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis

42. Common diseases
 A symptom of plant disease is a
visible effect of disease on the plant.
Symptoms may include a detectable
change in color, shape or function of
the plant as it responds to the
pathogen.

43. Powdery Mildew
Powdery mildew leaves a telltale white
dusty coating on leaves, stems and
flowers.
Caused by a fungus, it affects a
number of plants, including lilacs,
apples, grapes, cucumbers, peas, phlox,
daisies and roses.

46. Powdery Mildew-Cure
Spray with a solution of one tsp. baking
soda and one quart of water
Destroy infected leaves to reduce the spread
of spores.
Good drainage and ample air circulation.
Avoid overhead watering at night; mid-
morning is preferred to allow foliage to dry
before evening.

47. Downy Mildew
Downy mildew is caused by fungus-like
organisms and affects many ornamentals
and edibles, such as impatiens, pansies,
columbine, grapevines, lettuce and cole
crops such as broccoli and cauliflower.
Often occurring during wet weather, downy
mildew causes the upper portion of leaves
to discolor, while the bottoms develop white
or gray mold.

50. Downy Mildew-Cure
Remove and destroy infected foliage, or
entire plants if downy mildew is prevalent.
Avoid crowding plants or watering them in
the evening, and rotate edibles year to
year.

51. Mosaic Virus
There are a number of mosaic viruses, but
gardeners are most likely to encounter two:
tomato mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic
virus.
The former infects tomatoes, peppers,
potatoes, apples, pears and cherries; the
latter infects tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers,
lettuce, beets, petunias and, of course,
tobacco.

52. Mosaic Virus
Mosaic virus causes mottled yellow and
green leaves that are sometimes curled and
distorted.
Some plants exhibit yellowing, stunted
growth, malformed fruits and reduced
yield.
Mosaic virus is more common in hot
weather.

55. Mosaic Virus-Avoidance
Remove and destroy infected plants, roots
and all, and avoid planting susceptible
plants in the same area for two years.
Because tobacco is a carrier, smokers
should wash hands thoroughly before
handling plants.

56. Damping-Off Disease
Damping-off disease, caused by several soil-
borne fungi, is most problematic in wet,
humid conditions.
It infects seedlings and causes them to
collapse and decay.

58. Damping-Off Disease-
Avoidance
Good cultural practices.
Use new pots, cell packs or trays, or those
disinfected with a 10 percent bleach
solution.
Fill with fresh, bagged, soilless potting mix,
avoid crowding seedlings and provide
adequate ventilation.
Damping-off disease usually affects newly-
sown plants.

59. Fusarium Wilt
Caused by a soil-borne fungus, fusarium
wilt affects ornamental and edible plants,
including dianthus, beans, tomatoes, peas
and asparagus.
The disease causes wilted leaves and stunted
plants, as well as root rot and sometimes
blackened stem rot.
It’s especially active in hot summer
temperatures.

61. Fusarium Wilt-Avoidance
Remove and destroy infected plants
and do not plant the same species in
that spot for five years.

62. Fusarium Wilt-Avoidance
Remove and destroy infected plants
and do not plant the same species in
that spot for five years.

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belongs to respective organization or individuals. Here they have been
used only for academic purpose