Presentation 1.1 Basic pond management to reduce current disease risks (Dr Pornlerd Chanratchakool)
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http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/ FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
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Presentation 1.1 Basic pond management to reduce current disease risks (Dr Pornlerd Chanratchakool)
- 1. Basic pond management to reduce current disease risks Pornlerd Chanratchakool pchn@novozymes.com
- 2. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/20162 Concept The importance of a healthy pond and shrimp Environment PathogensHost D The careful management of three factors are important to avoid disease. • Stable/optimal pond environment • Healthy host • No pathogens If one or more of these factors are not well managed, disease and mortality will occur. This is very common for infectious diseases like Vibriosis and AHPND
- 3. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/2016 Preventing/Reducing Disease by maintain better pond environment Clean Environment Optimal parameters • Maintain stable water quality • Preventing waste accumulation (From : Feed? and Plankton?) • Prevent/Eliminate toxic substances
- 4. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/20164 Control pathogen Less Pathogens • control/eliminate pathogen in the system/shrimp • reduce pathogenicity of pathogen • and improving shrimp health
- 5. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/20165 Water Nitrogen cycle and other toxic in healthy pond conditions Shrimp Aquaculture Industry Aerobic Layer (0-0.2 cm) Anaerobic layer NH3/NO2/H2S Non toxic
- 8. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/20168 Water Nitrogen cycle and other toxic in unhealthy pond conditions Shrimp Aquaculture Industry Technical Challenges Aerobic Layer (0-2 cm) Anaerobic layer NH3/NO2/H2S Toxic
- 9. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/20169 Anaerobic Conditions Organic Waste NH4 + N02 - N03 - N2 Non-Toxic Non-Toxic Accumulates in Pond Bottom In common, natural bacteria are often insufficient & slow acting and the conversion is ineffective! Slow and ineffective bacterial conversion (especially with hydrogen sulfide present and low oxygen) leads to toxic build up of ammonia and nitrite ! Toxic Toxic
- 10. In anaerobic soil layer ( without oxygen) De-nitrification 4NO3 - + 5CH2O (Organic matter) N2 + 5CO2 + 7H2O Sulfate Reduction SO4 2- + 2CH2O (Organic matter) S2- + 2CO2 + 2H2O S2- + 2H+ H2S
- 11. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/201611 Common factors causing anaerobic conditions Shrimp Aquaculture Industry Technical Challenges Benthic Algae develops Stocking in clear water pondGreen colour develops in 20-30 days Benthic algae crashes Buildup of NH3 toxicity D.O. decreases. Anaerobic layer increases NH3/NO2/H2S Accumulation
- 12. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/201612 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 DOC Mg/m2/hr Oxygen required in shrimp pond (BT) Total soil water shrimp H2S Putt Songsangjinda
- 14. Bad indication
- 20. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/201620 Surface water Bottom water Floating feces Feed in gut Black mud in gut Green colony Yellow colony
- 21. How is bacteria infect the shrimp By Soonthornchai et al, 2015, Plos One
- 27. Preventing diseases by better management • Cleaning pond soil • Removing sludge • Changing pond soil • Lining • Preparing clean water • Filtering • Disinfection • Green water • Bio-floc • Etc..
- 30. Need space for waste dumping
- 31. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201631 Proper Pond Preparation Ploughing wet soil Drying Re-ploughingClean pond bottom Eliminate Organic Waste Pond preparation ; Ploughing
- 33. Check pond bottom condition/renovate before new stock NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201633
- 34. Stock the pond with SPF post larva only
- 35. PL 12, rostral spines = 4 (4 x 3)
- 36. กา PL testing ; healthy HP and less contamination of Vibrio From : Aquaculture Business Research Center No abnormal HP Green colony < 100 CFU/1 g Yellow colony < 1,000 CFU/1 g
- 37. More focus on HP condition checking ; no abnormal HP tubule Chanthaburi CARC
- 38. Chalor Limsuwan
- 39. Chalor Limsuwan
- 41. • Larva/juvenile is more robust • less contamination from pathogen • Water treatment in nursery tank is required before stocking to reduce the contamination • Larvae can be treated with specific treatment (disinfectant, microbial, etc.) • given special feed during this phase, improving HP condition? • The larva will be in this phase for at least a few days till 45 days depending on farm requirement. • The stocking density in this phase is also varying based on the nursery period and design stocking size (0.2 g - 3 g). • Major risk could be grow out pond bottom sludge condition • Shorten the culture period to less than 60 days, before unmanageable Nursery phase becoming more common
- 42. Nursery tank (12 M3) at pond size • 1-2 weeks • At 30-50 PL/Litr Pen inside culture pond • 200-900 M2 • 2-3 weeks • At 300-500 Pl/M2 Cage inside culture pond • 4x4 M2; several cages • 1-2 weeks • 20-30 PL/litr
- 43. Big tank ( 25-30 M3); out door Big tank (25-30 M3) ; in door Small tank (10 M3) ; out door
- 44. nursery tank/pond (50 M3) • 1000 PL/M2 for 50-60 days • Now use as culture tank to market size at 7-8(10) Kg/M3 • Up to 30 % water exchange after 30 days small pond (200 M2) which can be in door or out door
- 45. For indoor tank, maintaining the larvae at high temperature (>32 degree Celsius for 7 days) has been recommended by Dr. Chalor Limsuwan, to reduce the risk from white spot disease and seem to work in some country during low temperature crop.
- 46. culture system/model that can prevent contamination and must be stable Aquaculture Business Research Center Biosecurity set up with full aeration and good drainage facility
- 48. Cause of problem due to over fed/over bloom /crash and low D.O. ; anaerobic soil NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/201648
- 50. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201650 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 MBW HFR MBW SFR feed HFR feed SFR DOC (day) Feeding and MBW comparison ( HFR & SFR) ( same stocking density =100,000 pl) Feed (kg)
- 51. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 feed(kg)/shrimpweight(gram) India/Pond1/50 PL/M2/Stck 680,000/SR 85%/Calculate feed for 100,000 PL shrimp size (g) std feed kg/day at 100000 actual feed kg/day at 100000 DOC
- 52. Feeding table for white shrimp Shrimp Weight (g.) % feeding 2 9.5 3 5.8 5 5.3 7 3.7 10 3.3 15 2.6 20 2.1 25 1.6 30 1.3 NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201652 Age/ Weight % feed in tray Checking time 30-45 days (1.5-4 g.) 1 g./ kg. 2 hrs and 30 min 46 -60 days (5-9 g.) 2 g./ kg. 2 hrs and 30 min 61-90 days (10-16 g.) 3 g./ kg. 2 hrs. 91 -120 days (17-25g.) 4 g./ kg. 2. hrs. over 25 g. 5 g./ kg. 1 hrs and 30 min In general ; Feed increasing is 0.5 Kg for 100,000 shrimp per day
- 53. Different culture models have been successfully proven but need to be selected by farmers, base on area, budget, experience etc..
- 54. Intensive : Bio-floc/semi-Bio-floc system Heavy aeration to • Maintain DO > 5 ppm • > 50 HP/Ha Small pond • lined • Concrete • With good draining Make sure to • re-suspend bio-floc • Or remove
- 55. Remove the sludge with open outlet pipe
- 56. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/2016 56 Make sure to eliminate black/anaerobic bio-floc after 45 Days
- 57. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/201657 Transferring / Reducing density/ Partial harvest once close/reach pond capacity (1.3-1.5 Kg/M2)
- 61. New area in China Pics. By Soraphat Panakorn
- 62. New area in China Pics. By Soraphat Panakorn
- 65. South Korea ; 150/M3 ; 120 days with partial harvest NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201665
- 66. Sedimentation Culture pond Storage Pond Inlet Water Partial/fullrecirculation system
- 67. Mix culture with fish : remove algae/sludge Tilapia is a common fish If the fish is stocked directly with shrimp, stocking density will be around 1,500-3,000 fries in 1 Ha. Fish in cage Fish in water treatment pond Direct stock in the culture pond Pics.by Mongkhon Primphon
- 68. Lower density with or without recirculation • Good pond preparation • Phytoplankton maintenance • Circulate water • Concentrate sludge to centre • Feeding along clean area
- 69. Small tanks with transfering ; 45 : 45 days at 1Pl/litre ; transfer/harvest at 7-8 (10) Kg/M3
- 70. Key points to reduce risk from diseases/mortality Well prepare the pond Remove sludge or completely dry/check and repair liner if damaged Biosecurity set up especially in outbreak/risky area Prepare reservoir/ disinfect water well before get the bloom • Not only treat viral carrier • Need to treat bacteria also Select good SPF PL ; > PL 10 (gill completely developed and HP quality check • Salinity stress test (Optional ; 0 ppt; 30 mins then 30 ppt. 30 mins ; survival > 95 %) • Vibrios count (<1,000 CFU/G Total: <100 CFU/G green) May be better to stock PL from different good/reliable hatchery in each stocking time Set up tank/cage or pen for nursery to reduce risks Stocking density <120 Pl/M2 (WS)or base on pond potential • < 1.3-1.5 Kg/M2 in standard pond without partial harvest (WS) : depending on system • < 0.6-0.8 Kg/M2 for BT NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201670
- 71. Key point cont. For standard feeding program during first month should be individual adjust; base on actual growth, check the growth at DoC 20 Control feed well, 12 Kg/100,000 at DoC 30, ABW at 2.0-2.5 g accumulate feed at 30 days should not > 250 kg. However, if the shrimp growing faster; calculate base on specific growth in each pond Reduced feed when temp. lower than 26 C Add salt at 50 g/kg of feed during low salinity/heavy rain Maximum feed increment/day/100,000 shrimp is 500 g. Maintain D.O. > 3/4 ppm. near the edge of sludge : 1HP = 400-500 Kg Or >6 ppm. for super intensive Prevent toxic H2S, ammonia and nitrite Partially harvest/harvest if production close to maximum capacity Shrimp feed less, slow growth, low D.O. etc.. NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION 22/06/201671