The document discusses the history and objectives of India's Five Year Plans for economic development. It was established that the plans were needed to develop India's crippled economy after independence from Britain. The Planning Commission monitors and implements the successive plans aimed at increasing production, infrastructure, and welfare programs in key sectors like agriculture, industry, and fisheries. Specific details provided on the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Five Year Plans' goals and achievements in the fisheries sector include increasing aquaculture and fish production, developing infrastructure like fishing harbors, and improving the livelihoods of fishing communities.
.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY:
“Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.”
“Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.”
“Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics.
“Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”.
“Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process.
Fig. 1
3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY:
Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma.
In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus.
Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
.DEFINITION OF FISH PHARMACOLOGY:
“Fish pharmacology is essential for undertaking treatment of fishes using any therapeutic chemicals or drugs.”
“Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of chemicals with living system.”
“Pharmacology” is morden science which correlated other biological sciences, eg., Biochemistry , Physiology Microbiology , Medicine , and Genetics.
“Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs including their origins, history, uses, and properties. It mainly focuses on the actions of drugs on the body.”
“Pharmacology is the study of drugs and theire actions on the body”.
“Pharmacology is the study of substance that interact with living systems through chemical process, especially by binding to regulatory molecules &activating or inhibiting normal body process.
Fig. 1
3. HISTORY OF FISH PHARMACOLGY:
Pharmacology emerged as its own discipline in the 19th Century, branching off from research done in fields of science such as organic chemistry and physiology. Oswald Schmiedeberg, who was born in what is now Latvia in 1838, is considered the father of pharmacology. His doctoral thesis was on the measurement of chloroform levels in blood, and he went on to become a professor of pharmacology at the University of Strasburg, where he ran an institute of pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mushroom Amanita muscaria that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and has been used to treat various diseases such as glaucoma.
In 1890, John Jacob Abel became the first pharmacology chair in the United States, at the University of Michigan. He later went to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Abel was the first to isolate the hormone epinephrine from the adrenal gland, isolate histamine from the pituitary gland, and make pure crystalline insulin. Animals such as dogs, cats, pigeons, and frogs were used to test pharmacological substances. Humans were even used as test subjects. Sometimes they suffered through severe adverse effects from these substances, such as when the German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner and three of his friends had poisoning for several days from an alkaloid that Serturner had isolated from opium. This alkaloid was later named morphine, after the Ancient Greek god of sleep, Morpheus.
Oswald Schmiedeberg was a brilliant scientist. He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology. There, he studied chloroform, which was used as an anesthetic, chloral hydrate, a sedative and hypnotic, and muscarine, a compound isolated from the mush to the field, Schmiedeberg is now known as 'the father of pharmacology'.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
CAGE CULTURE OF FISH THEIR TREND,STATUS AND PRODUCTION Ashish sahu
Cage culture is an aquaculture production system where fish are held in Cage. Cage culture of fish utilizes existing water resources but encloses the fish in a cage which allows water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body. Cages are used to culture several types of shell fish and finfish species in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Cages in freshwaters are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing.
In 1950s modern cage culture began with the initiation of production of synthetic materials for cage construction. Fish production in cages became highly popular among the small or limited resource farmers who are looking for alternatives to traditional agricultural crops. The mesh size of the cage is kept smaller than the fish body. In India cage culture have been attempted first for Air breathing fish. Cage mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a long period of time. Cage are used to culture several type of shell fish and fin fishes in fresh , brackish and marine water. Cage in fresh water are used for food fish culture and for fry to fingerling rearing. Cages are generally small, ranging in freshwater reservoirs from 1 square meter (m2) to 500 m2.
Definition –
Cage culture is a system in which the cultured Fish 0r animal are enclosed from all side allowing water to pass freely through the enclosures and the surrounding water body.
HISTORY-
Cage culture seem to have developed around 200 year ago in Cambodia where fisherman used to keep clarias spp. And some other fishes in bamboo made cage. Cage culture is traditional in part of Indonesia also attempted for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamp for raising major carp in running water in the river, Yamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising Common carp , Catla , Silver carp, Rohu , Snakehead and Tilapia in still water body of Karnataka. In India sea cage start in 2007 for culture sea bass at Vishakhapatnam by CMFRI. anchored in streams which are practically open sewers. Common carp , where cage are in the southern USA. Around 80 species are being culture in cage. In India cage culture was initially culture in bamboo cage is practice in west java, since early 1940. Modern cage culture in open water bodies probably originated in Japan in early 1950. According to FAO cage culture is being practiced in more than 62 countries and has a become high tech business in developed countries such as floating and submerged cage culture of Salmonids in Norway, Canada and Scotland, Tuna and Yellowtails in Japan , Chinese carp in China, and catfish.
Present status of Fish Hatchery in BangladeshDegonto Islam
In the past decades the rivers of Bangladesh were the mentor natural source of carp seed production. Due to the destruction of natural habitats and also increase demand the natural available of carp seed has largely declined and the aquaculture venture and gradually replaced by the hatchery produced fry since early 80’s when artificial fish breeding technique and low cost hatchery design have been successful adapted in Bangladesh.
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
the presentation provides the details regarding the murrels or snakeheads which includes the basic taxonomy, some of the important species, distribution, special characters, its aquaculture potential, food and feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, parental care, age at maturity, the maturity stages, breeding season, courtship and mating, natural spawning, fecundity, induced spawning using ovaprim and HCG and LHRHa, and also the detailed facts regarding larval reariing.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
Present status of Fish Hatchery in BangladeshDegonto Islam
In the past decades the rivers of Bangladesh were the mentor natural source of carp seed production. Due to the destruction of natural habitats and also increase demand the natural available of carp seed has largely declined and the aquaculture venture and gradually replaced by the hatchery produced fry since early 80’s when artificial fish breeding technique and low cost hatchery design have been successful adapted in Bangladesh.
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
Shrimp farming in India, till 2009, was synonymous with the mono culture of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. About 1,90,000 ha brackishwater area have been developed for shrimp culture in the country spread over all the coastal states. Since 1995 culture of P monodon is affected by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and the development of shrimp farming has become stagnant.
Most of the Southeast Asian countries like Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia were also culturing P. monodon and since 2001-02 onwards most of them have shifted to culture of exotic Whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei because of the availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) and Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) broodstock. In India, Pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei was initiated in 2003 and after a risk analysis study large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009.
the presentation provides the details regarding the murrels or snakeheads which includes the basic taxonomy, some of the important species, distribution, special characters, its aquaculture potential, food and feeding habits, sexual dimorphism, parental care, age at maturity, the maturity stages, breeding season, courtship and mating, natural spawning, fecundity, induced spawning using ovaprim and HCG and LHRHa, and also the detailed facts regarding larval reariing.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
These slides describe the various steps for project planning. It was prepared by a group of students studying Bachelor of Public Health at Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Nepal.
Marine fishery development & climate change_Dr Rani Mary George(The Kerala En...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Rani Mary George, CMFRI, Kochi made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development highlights the impact of climate change on marine fishery development
What is CBNRM?
Key assumptions of CBNRM
Aim of CBNRM
Focus of CBNRM
Benefits of CBNRM: Financial&Non-financial
The cost to communities of CBNRM
Participation in CBNRM
Issues of CBNRM
Strategies to improve CBNRM
Case study: Macubeni&Nqabara, Eastern cape
Opportunities of CBNRM in Mongolia
World fisheries day celebrated 21st November B. BHASKAR
To create awareness on World fisheries day and to emphasize on PMMSY to achieve target with collective efforts for sustainable fisheries sector development in India
NFDB, MPEDA, NABARD, FFDA,Financial supporting for the Development of Fisheries dependent livelihood and enhancement of selfish sufficient fish food production for increasing food security, fish food for health life.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
2. Why was it needed???
• When India gained independence its economy was groveling
in dust.
• The British had left the Indian Economy crippled and hence
the fathers of development formulated the five year plan to
develop the Indian Economy.
3. Who Monitors It?
• The five year plans of India are framed, executed and monitored
by The Planning Commission Of India.
• The Planning Commission was set up in March, 1950.
• The draft of the first five year plan was published in July 1951
and was approved in December 1951.
• With the Prime Minister as the ex officio chairman,
The commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman, who has
the rank of a Cabinet Minister.
• The first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first
plan to the Parliament of India on December 8, 1951.
4. HISTORY
• Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national
economic programs.
• Joseph Stalin implemented the first FYP in the Soviet Union in the
late 1920s.
• Most communist states and several capitalist countries
subsequently have adopted them.
• First Five Year Plan- 1951-1956
• Second Five Year Plan- 1956-1961
• Third Plan -1961–1966
• Fourth Plan – 1969-1974
• Fifth Plan – 1974-1979
• Sixth Plan -1980- 1985
• Seventh Plan -1985-1990
5. EIGHTH FIVE
YEAR PLAN
1992- 1997
P V NARASIMHA RAO (PRIME MINISTER OF
INDIA 1991-1996)
6. FISHERIES
• Against the estimated total potential of about 4.5 lakh tonnes of
inland and brackish water fish, it was proposed to reach a
production level of 2.7 lakh tonnes by the end of Eighth plan.
• The water area to be covered under fresh water aquiculture
would reach more than 4 lakh ha. against the total area of 15
lakh ha. of ponds and tanks.
• In the case of brackish water aquiculture an estimated 65000 ha
was brought under aquiculture till the end of Seventh Plan and
another 20,000 ha. is expected to be brought under semi
intensive culture during the Eighth Plan period.
7. • Steps would be taken for increasing the availability of fish/prawn
seeds through construction of suitable hatcheries especially in the
private sector, training of fish farmers, provision of adequate
infrastructure such as feed mills, aquiculture implements etc.
• A World Bank Project for development of prawn and fish
production from inland and brackish water areas is to be taken
up at an estimated cost of US$ 100 million.
• The programme would cover five states over a period of seven
years. Brackish water culture would be taken up in 8 districts of
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, U.P. and West Bengal.
• It was expected that this project would provide employment to
14,000 shrimp and fish farmers.
8. • In the marine sector the major thrust would be on motorisation of
traditional craft and introduction of intermediate craft of 12-16 metre size
for exploiting the off-shore resources.
• Suitable infra- structure for processing of this fish would also be developed.
This would require new post-harvest techniques for product development
and value addition in order to have better utilisation of these resources.
• In the deep sea sector, organised development of tuna fishery is to be given
a thrust. Other important schemes include setting up of "Whole chain"
scheme and encouragement of diversified fishing activities.
• Joint venture programmes and leasing of fishing vessel will be stream-lined,
making them more acceptable to private entrepreneurs.
9. • Management and maintenance of fishing harbours would receive
adequate support to utilise existing capacity of the landing and
berthing facilities. Suitable harbour facility would also be
developed for accommodation of deep sea tune vessels.
• Export of marine products is expected to reach a level of about
2,69,800 tonnes valued at Rs.3,077 crores.
• The welfare of fisherman would continue to receive priority
attention. A new programme namely, savings-cum-relief would
be introduced under which fisherman would make saving of a
fixed amount every- day during good fishing season and this
would be supplemented by additional contribution from and
Centre.
10. • These would be utilised to disburse a monthly amount to each fishermen
family during the lean months.
• The main thrust would be on increasing employment opportunities and
sustained fish production by adopting an integrated approach. An
additional employment potential of the order of 1.8 lakh person per year
during the Eighth Plan is expected.
• Fish production target for Eighth Plan is fixed at 5.5 million tons (28.5
lakh tons marine & 26.5 lakh tons inland). Promotion of aquiculture
activities would help in achieving a higher fish production target from
inland and brackish water sources.
11. • The growth rate from aquiculture is expected between five
and six percent at a modest level although this may go up in
certain states where conductive atmosphere prevails for
taking up intensive fish farming.
• The fishery resources potential of the Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) has been revalidated as 3.9 million tons against
the earlier estimation of 4.5 million tons.
• The priority areas of research under Fisheries include
research on brackish water fish farming and commercial
exploitation of mericulture fish like `Tuna' and exploitation
of shell fish, sea-cucumber etc.
• The other areas which will need concentrated research efforts
are post-harvest technology for fishing, control of fish
diseases and development of high yielding cold fisheries.
12. • Research in Post-harvest technology in fish culture can prevent
a lot of wastage of fish, and lead to development of new
products from unconventional fish species.
• Reservoir ecology and management, particularly with respect to
fish diseases and their control, can increase fish production to
the desired level.
13. NINTH FIVE
YEAR PLAN
1997-2002
ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE (PRIME MINISTER
OF INDIA 1998-2004)
14. OBJECTIVES
• DEVELOPMENT OF FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE:
Assistance to the fish farmers in the form of subsidy for new
pond construction, supply of inputs such as fish seed, feed etc.
• INTEGRATED COASTAL AQUACULTURE:
During the period of the ninth five year plan an area of 5000
ha were developed for shrimp culture across India.
An expenditure of about 5.84 crores was estimated.
15. • DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE FISHERY SECTOR:
Motorization of traditional craft
50% of the cost of engine would be provided as subsidy (subject to a
maximum of Rs. 10,000 for Out Board Motors – (OBM) and Rs. 12,000 for
In Board Motors – (IBM), which would be equally shared by the centre
and the states.
Rs. 6,000 was also provided as grant to fishermen for purchase of gear.
16. • FISHING HARBOUR FACILITIES AT MAJOR AND MINOR
PORTS:
The objective of this scheme was to provide infrastructural facilities viz.
jetty, dredging, reclamation, auction halls, slipway, workshop, and
navigation facilities etc. for efficient operation of mechanized fishing
vessels including deep sea fishing vessel and traditional craft at the
fishing harbours.
100% grant was provided to Port Trusts for construction of fishing
harbours at major ports. In case of minor fishing harbours and fish
landing centers, the cost is shared on 50:50 basis by the centre and the
states.
17. • WELFARE PROGRAMMES FOR FISHERS:
Development of Fishermen Villages (DFV)
Group Accident Insurance (GAI) Scheme for active fishermen.
Saving-Cum-Relief For fishermen (SCR)
18. TENTH FIVE
YEAR PLAN
2002-2007
Dr. MANMOHAN SINGH (PRIME MINISTER OF
INDIA SINCE 2004)
19. OBJECTIVES
Integrated development of riverine fisheries.
Habitat restoration and fisheries development of upland waters.
Development of reservoir fisheries.
Vertical and horizontal development of aquaculture productivity.
Management of coastal fisheries.
Deep-sea fisheries with equity participation.
Infrastructure development and improved post-harvest management
20. Aquaculture on par with agriculture.
Gender Programmes.
Implementation of the code of conduct for responsible fisheries.
PROGRAMMES IN TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN:
Enhancing the production of fish and the productivity of fishermen,
fisherwomen, fish farmers and the fishing community;
Generating employment and higher income in fisheries sector;
Improving the socio-economic conditions of traditional fishers and
ensuring their welfare;
Augmenting the export of marine, brackish and freshwater fin and
shellfishes and other aquatic species
21. Increasing the per capita availability and consumption of fish to
about 11 kg per annum;
Adopting an integrated approach to marine and inland fisheries and
aquaculture taking into account the needs for responsible and
sustainable fisheries and aquaculture;
Conservation of aquatic resources and genetic diversity; and
Strengthening of Post-harvest Infrastructure and Marketing.
Establishment of hatchery for shrimps in coastal states.
Culture of tiger shrimps in saline conditions.
Culture of pearl oyster, edible oysters, mussels and clams.
22. Assistance to Fisheries Institutes:
i. Fishery Survey of India
ii. Central Institute of Fisheries, Nautical and Engineering
Training
iii. Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery
iv. Integrated Fisheries Project
v. Establishment of Total Aquaculture Technology (TACT)
centres for demonstration and training preferably under
FFDA/FISHCOPFED.
23. ELEVENTH FIVE
YEAR PLAN
2007-2012
Dr. MANMOHAN SINGH (PRIME MINISTER
OF INDIA SINCE 2004)
24. OBJECTIVES IN FISHERIES
Enhancing the production of fish from Indian waters, both
marine and inland, on an environmentally sustainable and
socially equitable basis;
Address the unexplored potentials of Indian fisheries such as
island fisheries and non-food fisheries;
Conservation of aquatic resources and genetic diversity, as
also preservation of health of ecosystems;
Increasing profitability of fishers and aqua-farmers through
an integrated approach from production to consumption;
25. Promoting fish as health food and meeting the changing
requirements of both domestic and export markets to make the
sector globally competitive;
Strengthening of Infrastructure in harvest, post-harvest,
value-addition and marketing;
Upliftment of fisher and aqua-farmer communities with
gainful employment opportunities and capacity strengthening.
26. PROJECTED BUDGETARY
REQUIREMENTS IN THE XI PLAN
Sl. No Schemes Budget (Rs
crores)
1 Marine Fisheries and Mariculture 550.00
2 Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture 1035.00
3 Infrastructure 1242.50
4 Welfare programmes, Governance,
Transfer of technology and
Capacity
building
497.00
5 Strengthening of Database and
Information networking
78.00
6 Central Institutes 610.54
Total 4013.04
28. ACTION POINTS IN 11th FIVE YEAR
PLAN
Post harvest handling.
Product diversification.
Value addition and domestic marketing.
Development of coastal and open sea mariculture.
Conservation and stock enhancement through sea
ranching.
FADs.
Restoration of threatened critical habitats.
29. Management Options
Sustain Production
Responsible fishing
Restriction on fishing effort
Restriction on fishing area
Restriction on fishing gear
Enforcement of FMRA
Shift from open to right
based access
Increase Production
Deep sea/Oceanic fishing
Utilization of discards and
bycatches
Value addition
FADs
Sea ranching
Alternatives (sea farming)
30. • MARICULTURE
Identification of suitable sites along the coastline, Hatcheries and grow-out
systems for high value fish, crustaceans, molluscs, sea cucumber, ornamental
fishes, Cage culture in open seas & island ecosystems (0.007mt to 0.5mt).
• ENHANCED INLAND FISHERIES
Culture-based fisheries in Reservoirs with stocking of advanced fish fingerlings,
Pen & Cage culture in large water bodies and Canal fishery development,
Resource-specific harvesting techniques, Implementing code of conduct of
responsible fisheries.(0.68 mt to 1.12mt)
• COLDWATER FISHERIES
Seed production of trout and mahseer, Hill aquaculture, Ranching of streams,
Sport fisheries (0.0003mt to 0.001mt)
31. • COASTAL AQUACULTURE
Increasing water area under aquaculture, from existing 13% of
potential area, Diversification of species, from existing shrimp to Sea
bass & pearl spot. (0.113mt to 0.25mt)
• FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE
Increase in the coverage of areas of ponds and tanks for fish culture,
Reclamation of weed chocked waters, Diversification of species and
Intensification of culture practices, Integrated fish farming and
wastewater aquaculture to optimize water productivity (2.6145mt to
5.088mt)
32. ACHIEVEMENTS
A. Development of Marine Fisheries
(i) Motorization of traditional craft,
(ii) Safety of fishermen at sea,
(iv) Introduction of intermediate craft of improved design including
prototype study of new intermediate vessel design,
(v) Establishment and operation of Vessel Monitoring System,
(vi) Promotion of fuel efficient and environment-friendly fishing
practices,
(vii) Management of marine fisheries.
33. B. Development of Infrastructure and Post Harvest Operations
(i) Establishment of fishing harbours and fish landing
centres,
(ii) Strengthening of post-harvest infrastructure,
(iii) Assistance for maintenance dredging of fishing harbours
and fish landing centres.
34. TWELFTH FIVE
YEAR PLAN
2012-2017
Dr. MANMOHAN SINGH (PRIME MINISTER
OF INDIA SINCE 2004)
35. OBJECTIVES
• The total fish production is targeted at 11.58 mmt by the end
of the Twelfth Plan Period (2016-17). To achieve this growth,
it is estimated that the sector would require Rs. 6 000 crores
for the Twelfth Plan period.
• Enhancing production of fish on an environmentally
sustainable and socially equitable basis;
• Ensuring optimum exploitation of fisheries resources in the
Indian Exclusive Economic Zone in a manner consistent with
the principles of ecologically sustainable development;
36. • Conserving aquatic resources and genetic diversity and preservation
of health of ecosystems while ensuring bio-security;
• Maximizing net economic returns to the fishers and fish farmers
through technological support and implementing efficient and cost
–effective aquaculture and fisheries management practices;
• Strengthening infrastructure in harvest, post-harvest, value-addition
and marketing;
• Increasing the per capita availability and consumption of fish to
about 11kg/capita/annum;
• Augmenting export of fish and fish products;
• Securing and increasing employment opportunities in the sector;
37. • Improving safety and labour conditions in fisheries and aquaculture;
• Uplifting the social and economic conditions of fishers and fish
farmers and ensuring their welfare; and
• Improving overall governance and management of fisheries sector
in the country through institutional strengthening and human
resource development.
38. DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE
FISHERIES
• Motorization of traditional craft
• Use of sail in motorized boats
• Conversion of trawlers to resource specific fishing vessels
• Safety of fishermen at sea
• Development of Monitoring, Control and Surveillance system for
marine fisheries
• Production enhancement through mariculture
39. DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
• Construction and expansion of Minor Fishing Harbours
(FHs) and Fish Landing Centres (FLCs)
• Modernization of FHs and FLCs
• Strengthening of postharvest infrastructure
• Developing fish preservation and storage infrastructure
• Assistance for maintenance dredging of FHs and FLCs
40. DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC FISH
MARKETING
• Modernization of wholesale fish markets
• Modernization of retail markets
• Construction of new retail market with 10-20 stall capacity
• Cold chain development and preparation of value added products.
• Establishment of ice plants.
• Campaign for promotion of fish products and increased consumption
of fish and fish products.
41. DEVELOPMENT OF INLAND
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
• Identification of riverine stretches for conservation as sanctuaries,
primarily for maintaining brood stock populations and genetic
biodiversity;
• Replenishment of depleted stocks through river ranching in selected
stretches;
• Conservation/protection of breeding grounds of commercially
important fish species;
• Habitat improvements in floodplain lakes and wetlands and
supplementary stocking in identified water bodies for stock
enhancement; and
• Community mobilization for increased participation of local
communities in implementation of conservation and habitat
improvement programmes.
42. NATIONAL SCHEME FOR WELFARE
OF FISHERMEN AND
FISHERWOMEN
• Development of Model Fishermen Villages.
• Group Accident Insurance for Active Fishers.
• Saving-cum-Relief Scheme.
43. APPROACH
• Treating fisheries and aquaculture at par with agriculture;
• Leasing of inland natural and manmade waters such as rivers,
reservoirs, floodplain lakes, etc for fisheries and aquaculture
purposes;
• Conservation and habitat restoration of inland water bodies,
• Introduction of exotic aquatic species;
• Insurance for aquaculture and capture fisheries’ assets such as
boats, nets, etc;
44. • Reducing pollution load in inland water bodies;
• Deep sea fishing;
• Leasing of coastal waters for mariculture purpose;
• Occupational safety and health aspects of fishers;
• Strengthening of fisheries cooperative societies;
• Human resource development in fisheries sector;
45. IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS IN THE
LEGISLATIVE FRONT
• Revision of the Marine Fishing Regulation Acts (MFRAs)
through a Model Bill that takes care of the topical
requirements of the sector from both national and
international perspectives;
• Renewed emphasis on the Model Bill prepared for Inland
fisheries and aquaculture; and
• New legislation to regulate fishing by wholly Indian owned
fishing vessels in the Exclusive Economic Zone.
Editor's Notes
Ex officio- by virtue of office or position.
The Third Plan failed miserably so the government sought to make annual plans for the next three years.
The year 1979-1980 witnessed a Rolling Plan as the then government rejected the plan and made a new one for a year.
The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990-91 and 1991-92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies.
GAI SCHEME:
Rs. 50,000 against death or permanent disability and Rs. 25,000 against partial disability
The main objective of Saving-Cum-Relief scheme are:
a)to provide basic amenities like housing, drinking water, community hall etc. for fishers
b)to facilitate better living standards for fishers and their families
c)to uplift social and economic securities for active fishers and their dependents and
d)to update knowledge and improving skills of fishers in regard to modern fishing technology.
Upland Waters- cold, clear, rocky, fast flowing rivers in mountainous regions.