Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
Teaching the history of pharmacy to young people is a challenge but it can be done if delivered in an interesting and engaging way. These slides summarize what I share with my students.
Definition of prescription, Types, Difference between them.
Analyzing some prescriptions and their errors, comparing them with an ideal one.
Methods we should take to minimize those errors.
Prescription is a written medication order to pharmacist by medical prescriber, for supply of medicine to a patient.
It has some parts which have been explained in this presentation.
Definition of prescription, Types, Difference between them.
Analyzing some prescriptions and their errors, comparing them with an ideal one.
Methods we should take to minimize those errors.
Prescription is a written medication order to pharmacist by medical prescriber, for supply of medicine to a patient.
It has some parts which have been explained in this presentation.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on introduction to Pharmacology by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Etymologically, pharmacology is the
science of drugs (Greek pharmakon,
medicine or drug; and logos, study)
Pharmacology is a branch of medicine
which deals with drugs.
Pharmacology can be defined as the study
of the selective biologic activity of drugs in
living matter.
3. A drug is a chemical substance that
affects processes in living organism and
used for treatment, prophylaxis (prevention)
or diagnosis of the diseases.
Classification of drugs:
OTC (Over-the-counter) drugs - drugs that
do not require a prescription.
Prescription drugs - prescription drugs
generally have a greater potential for
adverse effects than OTC drugs, require
monitoring for interactions with other
medications, should only be used for a
restricted time period.
6. Natural drugs
Plants
e.g. Morphine from Poppy capsules.
Atropine from Belladonna roots.
Digoxine from Digitalis leafs.
Quinine from Cinchona bark.
Hypericin and hyperforin from
Hypericum herb.
Flavone glycosides and terpenoids
from Gingko leafs.
Castor oil from Castor seeds.
14. Natural drugs
Microorganisms
e.g. Penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
Streptomycin from Streptomyces
griseus.
Gentamicin from Micromonospora
purpurea.
Vancomycin from Streptococcus
orientalis.
Minerals
e.g. Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium salts.
Liquid paraffin from petroleum.
15. Natural drugs
Animals
e.g. Thyroxine from porcine or bovine
thyroid gland.
Heparin from porcine gut or bovine
lung.
Insulin from porcine or bovine
pancreas.
Omega-3 fatty acids from
fish oil (Omacor).
16. Synthetic drugs (60-65%)
- They are prepared by chemical synthesis.
Sulfonamides – e.g. Sulfamethoxazole,
Sulfadioxine
Fluoroquinolones – e.g. Ciprofloxacin,
Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
Salicylates – e.g. Acetylsalicylic acid
Barbiturates – e.g. Phenobarbital
Benzodiazepines – e.g. Diazepam,
Bromazepam, Lorazepam
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Isoniazid
17. Semi-synthetic drugs
- They are prepared by chemical
modification of natural drugs.
Ampicillin from Penicillin G
Dihydroergotamine from Ergotamine
Dehydroemetine from Emetine
18. Biosynthetic drugs
These drugs are prepared by cloning of
human DNA into bacteria like E. coli.
Technique is called Recombinant DNA
technology or Genetic engineering.
Human insulins
Human Growth Hormones (Somatropin)
Human Interferons (alpha and beta)
Human tissue plasminogen activator
(Alteplase, Reteplase)
Human Erythropoietin (Eprex)
19. Gene therapy
- It is the introduction of functional genetic
material DNA into target cells top replace
or supplement defective genes. It imparts
new function to cells.
Cancers
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
Diabetes mellitus
Arterial Hypertension
Cystic fibrosis
Multiple sclerosis
Muscular dystrophy
20. Pharmacopoeia
An official book published by authorized
institution in a country containing
description of commonly used drugs with
their sources, properties, uses, doses,
purity and potency.
Drugs contained in pharmacopoeia are
official drugs.
European pharmacopoeia (E.P.)
British pharmacopoeia (B.P.)
United States pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.)
Indian pharmacopoeia (I.P.)
21.
22. Drug nomenclature
Chemical name which is LONG, COMPLEX AND
NOT USED CURRENTLY
Nonproprietary name (some times called
”generic name”) – given by WHO
official names (in pharmacopoeias)
approved names (not yet in pharmacopoeias)
Proprietary name (trade or brand name) - given
by the manufacturer
e.g.
Nonproprietary name: Omeprazole
Brand names: Losec (AstraZeneca), Sopral (Sopharma),
Probitor (Sandoz), Omeprazid (Nobel Pharma),
Ulcoprol (Actavis), Helicid (Zentiva)
24. Prescription
The prescription is a written order from
a doctor to a chemist including instructions
for dispensing or preparing medicines to a
certain patient.
It is require that the prescriptions in
Bulgaria should be in Latin.
The prescription order may be issued by
physicians or other licensed medical
practitioners and dentists.
25. Type of prescription forms
White Prescription form
Yellow Prescription form
Green Prescription form
Prescription form №5
26. Doctors use a white
prescription form to
prescribed drugs without
abuse potential.
27. Doctors use a yellow
form to prescribed drugs
with high abuse potential
such as opioids (e.g.
morphine, methadone,
fentanyl, pethidine).
28. Doctors use a green form to
prescribed drugs with low
abuse potential than opioids
such as benzodiazepines
(e.g. Diazepam), and
barbiturates (e.g.
Phenobarbital)
29. Doctors use a prescription
form №5 to prescribed drugs,
which are fully or partially
paid by the National Health
Insurance Fund.
30. Structure of the prescription
The prescription consists of
seven parts including
1. Inscriptio
2. Praepositio
3. Praescriptio
4. Subscriptio
5. Signatura
6. Nomen medici
7. Nomen aegroti
31. Inscriptio
This part consists identification data such
as name of the doctor, master degree of the
doctor, address, and the date.
e.g.
Dr. I. Ivanov, dermatologist
“Alexandrovska” Hospital
Sofia, 16.09.2010
32. Praepositio
This part includes message to the
pharmacist which express with Rp. or
Rp/, an abbreviation for Latin word
Recipe (Take thou).
Rp. or Rp/
Doctor must write new Rp. for each
new prescription
35. Subscriptio
This part is intended direction to the
pharmacist. Doctor writes the number of the
drug packing and the drug dosage form.
e.g.
Da scatulam №2 in tabulettis
or short form
D. scat. №2 in tab.
or
Da tales doses №20 in tabulettis
or short form
D. t. d. №20 in tab.
36. Signatura (Label)
This part is intended direction to the
patient. It provides instructions for the
manner of the use of the prescribed
drug (how the drug should be taken by
the patient).
e.g.
Signa. Take one tablet 3 times
daily.
or short form
S. Take one tablet 3 times daily.
37. Nomen medici
Signature and seal of the doctor
may be put at the marked place in
the prescription blank or after the
last prescribed drug.
Nomen aegroti
This part of the prescription
includes name, home address, and
age of the patient.
38. Symbols and abbreviations used in the
prescription
# symbol for divided one prescription
from next prescribed drugs
e.g.
Rp/ Paracetamoli 500 mg
D. sat. № 1 in tab.
S. Take 1 tablet 3 times daily.
#
Rp/ Amoxicillini 1 g
D. sat. № 1 in tab.
S. Take 1 tablet every 8 h.
39. Symbols and abbreviations used in the
prescription
aa (ana partes aequales) is used to
expressing substances in equal quantities
ad is used to expressing add to get the
whole weight (volume) of the solution or
“up to”
q.s. (quantum satis) means sufficient
quantity.
M.D.S. means Mix, give and label.
M.f. (Misce fiat) means Mix to obtain.
Verte! is used when doctor writes on the
back of the prescription blank.