This document contains information about pharmacopoeias, prescription writing, and drug names and forms. It defines key terms like pharmacopoeia, drug, medicinal form, and brand and generic names. It describes sections of pharmacopoeias including monographs, tables of drugs grouped by risk. Prescription writing guidelines are provided including who can write prescriptions, required elements, and special rules for controlled substances and antibiotics. Common medicinal forms and examples of prescriptions in the proper format are also summarized.

1. Available for download: http://pharmacology.jfmed.uniba.sk
Pharmacopoea
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2. PHARMACOPEIA
PRESCRIPTION
WRITING

3. PHARMACOPEIA
 book containing directions for the identification of
samples and the preparation of compound medicines
in a broader sense it is a reference work for drug
specifications (work of normative character)

4. - defines - requirements for the quality of drugs
- methods of the drugs evaluation
- establishment for production
for marking
for storage
for distribution of drugs
PHARMACOPEIA

5. European Pharmacopoeia 7th Edition 2011

7.  definitions of the basic terms
 tables
 drug,s monographies
name, chemical structure, molecular weight, exam of
identity, purity, storage…
SLOVAK PHARMACOPEIA

8. Definitions of the basic terms
Remedy
 the substance chemically homologous or heterogenous
 the origin - synthetic or biological
 the carrier of the biological (therapeutic) effect
 used for protection, diagnosis, treatment
or modulation of physiological functions

9. remedy or remedy + pharmaceutical auxiliary agent
technological procedure
drug has medicinal form
Drug

10. Medicinal form
 is characteristic for drug
 it describes the form and the structure of the drug
liquid, solid, soft medicinal forms

11. Pharmaceutical auxiliary agent
 without therapeutic effect
 the improvement of the quality, stability, bioavailability

12. Names of remedies
Chemical name
 describes chemical structure of the drug
 formula that indicates composition of the drug
 long and complicated
Pharmacopoeia,s name
equal or similar to generic name (nonproprietory name;
name of an active substance)

13.  name under which the drug is sold by a specific
manufacturer
 also known as the Trade Name
 name is owned by the drug company and no other
company may use that name
 same drug may have several different brand names
Brand name, Proprietary Name

14. Chemical name
7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1- methyl-5-
phenyl- 2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Generic name
Diazepam
Brand name
Valium, Seduxen,Apaurin

15. Chemical name
7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1- methyl-5-
phenyl- 2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Generic name
Diazepam
Brand name
Valium, Seduxen,Apaurin

16. Table I
 venena - poisons
 very potent active substances
 name - white letters on black label
 atropini sulfas

17. Table II
  separanda
 potent active substances
 name - red letters on white label
 § controlled (scheduled) drugs
§ morphine, amphetamine, opium, codeinum ...

18.  use and distribution is tightly controlled because
of its risk of abuse
 controlled drugs are rated in the order of their
abuse risk and placed in Schedules
 the drugs with the highest abuse potential are placed in
Schedule I, and those with the lowest abuse potential are
in Schedule V
What is a controlled (scheduled) drug?

19. Schedule I
 drugs with a high abuse risk
 have no safe, are not accepted for medical use, only for
research
heroin, marihuana, LSD, crack, cocaine...

20. Schedule II
 drugs with a high abuse risk, but have safe and accepted
medical uses
 these drugs can cause severe psychological or physical
dependence
morphine, oxycodone, methylphenidate,
dextroamphetamine...

21.  drugs with an abuse risk less than Schedule II
 these drugs also have safe and accepted medical uses
Schedule III, IV or V
codeine, hydrocodone, diazepam, alprazolam,
propoxyphene, pentazocine...

22.  therapeutic and maximal doses for adult
patients (single, daily)
 other tables - therapeutic doses for children
 manner of sterilisation
 auxiliary agents, agent for diagnosis…
Table III

23. Prescription
Writing

24. Brand products –
trade names
Extemporaneous
drugs
DRUGS

25. DRUGS
non-prescription (OTC) drugs
 commonly called
over-the-counter
drugs
 can be bought without
a prescription

26. DRUGS
prescription drugs (or legend drugs)
require a prescription
because they are considered
to be potentially harmful if
not used under the
supervision of a licensed
health care practitioner

27. DRUGS
prescription drugs (or legend drugs)
controlled (or
scheduled) drugs have
special rules of prescription

28. PrescriptionWriting

29. Definition of the prescription
A prescription is a
written or electronic
practitioner´s order to
prepare or dispense
a specific medication –
for an individual patient

30. The prescription
obligatory document
with legal validity
writing by pen, PC, (no
pencil!) - legibly,
correctly
special printed matter

31. Writing Prescriptions
Who can write a Rx?
• Practitioners
– physicians, veterinarians,
dentists, pediatrists
• Mid-level practitioners
– nurse practitioners,
physician assistants,
optometrists, pharmacists
- in some countries

33.  controlled or scheduled drugs §

34. Brand products
 prepared in pharmaceutical companies
 No individual approach
 Costs – different – research
 Brand products – trade names, generics
 Long term stability (up to several years)
 prescription – according to exact rules

35. Medicinal forms
 liquid
 sol., sir., gtt.,
 susp., plv. susp.
 gtt. ophth., gtt. nas., emlus.
 solid
 tbl., tebl. ret., tbl. fc., tbl. obd.
 Cps., drg.,
 pulv. adsp., pulv.,
 soft
 Supp., supp. pro infantibus, glob. vagin.
 ung., crm., gel., pst.

36. Prescription
 Special form – prescription blank
 Periculum in mora, Periculum mortis
 Structure
 Validity (7, 5, 3, 1)
 Legal document
 Formal attributes (Latin, pen, printer, readably)
 Corrections (corr. = correxit + signature)

37. Strength of the active substance
• g, mg (PRITOR PLUS 40/12,5 mg tbl)
• % (ISOKET ROZTOK 0,1% sol inj)
• IU (INSULATARD HM 100 IU/ml sus inj)

38. Medicinal forms
tbl. - tablets plv. - powder
cps. - capsules
inj. - injections
ung. - ointment
plv. adsp. - dusting
powder
sir. - sirup
supp. - suppositories
gtt. - drops
sol. -
lot. -
solution
emulsion
spm. - foam
gtt. nas. - nasal drops
gtt. oph. - eye drops

39. EXTEMPORANEOUS DRUGS
 prepared in pharmacy
 individual approach
 low cost
 low stability (3-5 days)
 precondition – skilful prescriber
 prescription – according to exact rules

40. ORDER OF THE
SUBSTANCES
Scheme of prescription -
extemporaneous:
Ordinatio
1. Remedium cardinale
2. Remedium adjuvans
3. Remedium corrigens
4. Remedium constituens

41. RULES FOR PRESCRIPTION OF
EXTEMPORANEOUS DRUGS
Rp.
Codeinii dihydrogenphosphorici 0.3
Kalii bromati 0.1
Sirupi simplicis 30.0
Aquae destillatae ad 150.0
M. f. sol.
SUBSCRIPTIO
Da ad vitrum
S. three times per day 1 tablespoon
ORDINATIO/COMPOSITIO
SIGNATURA

42. Signatura
 In the language of patient
 Instructions for use – clear
 Latin
 Ad usum proprium
 Ad usum medici
 Ad manus medici
 Suo nomine
 Cum formula

43. ad manus medici / ad usum proprium (for medical hands)
cum formula (write the drug composition on the label of drug)
suo nominae (write original name of drug on the label)
sub signo veneni (sign drug as a poison)
Exceptions

44. 2 teaspoon twice daily
1 tablespoon before meal
for external use......
Signatura– extemporaneous drugs

45. Periculum in mora! (Danger in delay!)
Periculum in mortis! (Danger in death!)
- full address of the prescriber
Statim! (Instantly!)
Cito! (Rapidly!)

46. Antibiotics
 Special dosing
 Tablets
 Syrups, suspensions
 Signatura
 Time interval in hours
 Duration of therapy

47. Opiates
 Special blank – blue strip, three copies
 Only one drug per blanket
 Amount of drug in medicinal form – by
word in Latin
 Validity of prescription – 5 days, only in
the region of prescribing physician

48. Controlled substances - opiates
 separate rules for preparation, storage, prescription...
 label has oblique blue stripe
 prescription -1 original + 2 copies
or 1 original + 3 copies
 1 kind of drug only
 1 packing by Latin language §

49. It is not a legal prescription unless
it is signed and dated

50.  current drugs - 7 days
- 5 days
- 3 days
- 24 hours
 opiates
 antibiotics
 emergency
 on 1 prescription - 2 kinds of drugs
- 3 packages of each
Validity of the prescription

52. Prescribe 2 packages (30 tabletes in one package)
of 5.0 mg bisoprololum fumaras. Dosing regiment:
1 tablet twice daily.
1. prescription
- for p.o. use (tbl.) with only 1 active substance
- divided medicinal form - tbl.
- packing

53. Rp.
Bisoprololum fumaras p.o. tbl. á 5 mg
Scat. orig. á 30 tbl. No II (duas)
S. Take 1 tablet twice daily
Rp.
Bisoprololum fumaras p.o. tbl. flm. á 5 mg
(CONCOR 5 tbl flm)
Scat. orig. á 30 tbl. No II (duas)
S. Take 1 tablet twice daily

54. Prescribe 60 tablets of 5.0 mg bisoprololum
fumaras. Dosing regiment: 1 tablet in the morning.
2. prescription
- for p.o. use (tbl.) with only 1 active substance
- divided medicinal form - tbl.
- pieces

55. Rp.
Bisoprololum fumaras p.o. tbl. á 5 mg
Exp. orig. No LX (sexaginta)
S. Take 1 tablet in the morning
Rp.
Bisoprololum fumaras p.o. tbl. á 5 mg
Tab. orig. No LX (sexaginta)
S. Take 1 tablet in the morning
Rp.
Bisoprololum fumaras p.o. tbl. flm. á 5 mg
(CONCOR 5 tbl flm)
Exp. orig. No LX (sexaginta)
S. Take 1 tablet in the morning

56. Prescribe 2 packages of CANIFUG-LOSUNG 1%
sol der of 50 ml, dosing regiment: 2 times daily on
the affected skin.
3. prescription
- for not p.o. use (sol. der.)
- non-divided medicinal form - sol der
- packing

57. Rp.
CANIFUG-LOSUNG 1% sol der
Scat.orig. á 50 ml No II (duas)
S. Apply 2 times daily on the affected skin
Rp.
CANIFUG-LOSUNG 1% sol der
Exp.orig. á 50 ml No II (duas)
S. Apply 2 times daily on the affected skin
Rp.
CANIFUG-LOSUNG 1% sol der
Lag.orig. á 50 ml No II (duas)
S. Apply 2 times daily on the affected skin

58. 4. prescription
- for not p.o. use (sol.inj.)
- divided medicinal form - amp.
- pieces
- injection medicinal form
Prescribe 12 injections
of FUROSEMID BIOTIKA sol inj.

59. Rp.
FUROSEMID BIOTIKA sol inj
Exp. orig. á 2 ml No XII (duodecim)
S. Ad manus medici
Rp.
FUROSEMID BIOTIKA sol inj
Amp. orig. á 2 ml No XII (duodecim)
S. Ad manus medici

60. Prescribe 3 packages
of FUROSEMID BIOTIKA sol inj.
5. prescription
- for not p.o. use (sol.inj.)
- divided medicinal form - amp.
- packing
- injection medicinal form

61. Rp.
FUROSEMID BIOTIKA sol inj
Scat.orig. á 5 amp. á 2 ml No III (tres)
S. Ad manus medici

62. 6. prescription
- for not p.o. use (sol.inj.)
- divided medicinal form - amp.
- pieces
- injection medicinal form
- controlled (scheduled) drug!
Prescribe 10 injections of (volume 1 ml)
§ MORPHIN BIOTIKA 1% sol inj.

63. Rp.
MORPHIN BIOTIKA 1% sol inj. (una pars
centesima or centigramma unum)
Exp.orig. á 1ml No X (decem)
S. Ad manus medici
Rp.
MORPHIN BIOTIKA 1% sol inj. (una pars
centesima or centigramma unum)
Amp.orig. á 1ml No X (decem)
S. Ad manus medici

64. PRESCRIBING OF
ANTIBIOTICS

65.  in the right indication (bacterial infections - no virosis)
 in the optimal doses
 in regular time intervals (every 12,6... hours)
 sufficient therapeutic periode (5 – 7 days)
 for adult patients
 for children - liquid medicinal forms

66. Prescribe ATB (for adult patient) with active
substance of Amoxicillinum in the concentration of
500mg in one medicinal form – tablet. Dosing
regiment: 1 tablet every 8 hours for 5 days
7. prescription
- for p.o. use (tbl.) with only 1 active substance
- divided medicinal form - tbl.
- ATB for adult patient!

67. Amoxicillin for adult patient:
 dosage - 500 mg every 8 hours for 5 days
 strength - tbl. á 1000, 125, 250, 375, 500, 750 mg
 size of packing: 20x125 mg, 20x250 mg, 20x375 mg,
20x500 mg, 20x750 mg, 20x1000mg
 we use for adult patient 500 mg
 single dose – 500 mg = 1 tbl.
 daily dose - 3 tbl.
 for 5 days - 5 x 3 = 15 tbl.
 1 packing with 20 tbl. (20x500mg)

68. Rp.
Amoxicillinum trihydricum p.o. tbl. á 500mg
(DUOMOX 500 tbl)
Scat. orig. à 20 tbl. No I (unam)
S. Take 1 tablet every 8 hours during 5 days
Rp.
Amoxicillinum trihydricum p.o. tbl. á 500mg
Scat. orig. à 20 tbl. No I (unam)
S. Take 1 tablet every 8 hours during 5 days

69. Prescribe ATB (for 3 years old child - weight of
child 15 kg) with active substances - Amoxicillinum
and Clavulan acid in the concentration of 156,25mg
in 5 ml of powder for oral suspension preparation.
Dosage for children is 25mg/kg/day. Dosing
regiment: take suspension every 8 hours during 7
days
8. prescription
- for p.o. use (tbl.) with 2 active substances
- non-divided medicinal form - suspension
- ATB for child!

70. AMOKSIKLAV for 3 years old child
- we use powder for oral suspension preparation (plu. por.)
- dosage for children 25 mg/kg/day
- daily dose to divide into 3 single doses
- weight of child – 15 kg
- therapeutic period: 7 days
- 5 ml of suspension contains 156,25 mg of effective
substances
- packing: 100 ml
- we use dose 25 mg/kg  25 x 15 = 375 mg = daily dose
-we divide daily dose into single dose - 375: 3 = 125 mg
- for 7 days: 7x375 mg = 2625 mg
- 5 ml of suspension contains 156,25 mg of effective substance
 we use 4,0 ml for single dose
or  we use 84 ml for the whole therapeutic period
- it is 100 ml of suspension in 1 packing
- 1 packing will be for 7 days (roughly)

71. Rp.
Amoksiklav 156,25 mg/5 ml plu por
Scat. orig. á 100 ml No I (unam)
S. Take 4 ml suspension every 8 hours for 7 days.
Shake before use!
Rp.
Amoksiklav 156,25 mg/5 ml plu por
Exp. orig. á 100 ml No I (unam)
S. Take 4 ml suspension every 8 hours for 7 days.
Shake before use!
Rp.
Amoksiklav 156,25 mg/5 ml plu por
Lag. orig. á 100 ml No I (unam)
S. Take 4 ml suspension every 8 hours for 7 days.
Shake before use!

72. Routes of drug administration
1. Topical route
 Provides a local effect with few side effects
 Drug can enter body through abrasions and cause systemic
effects
 Solutions, emulsions, dry powders, ointments
 They are applied on the skin, mucous membrane or into
body cavities (vaginal route...)
 Epicutaneous (application onto the skin) e.g. allergy
testing, typical local anesthesia, inhalational (asthma
medications), eye drops (ATB for conjunctivitis), ear drops
(ATB, CS for otitis externa) ...

73. Routes of drug administration
2. Systemic route
 Provides a systemic effect with side effects
 Drug enters the blood circulation
enteral parenteral

74. Enteral administration
Involves any part of the gastrointestinal tract and has
systemic effects:
 by mouth p.o. (orally) like tbl., cps. or drops
 by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube or
gastrostomy (many drugs or enteral nutrition)
rectally, various drugs in suppository (50% of the drainage
of the rectal region bypasses the hepatic portal circulation ;
biotransformation of drugs that are metabolized by the liver is
minimized; prevention of side effects from GIT)
Drugs given by enteral administration may be subjected to significant first pass
metabolism, and therefore, the amount of drug entering the systemiccirculation
following administration may vary significantly for different individuals and
drugs.

75.  same as oral route
more potent than oral route because drug directly enters
the blood and bypasses the liver
 vasodilatans
Sublingual (s.l.) and buccal administration

76. intravenous (into a vein) e.g. many drugs, total
parenteral nutrition (i.v.) :
 first-pass metabolism by the liver is avoided
 may induce hemolysis, anaphylaxis ...
 is used for drugs that are poorly absorbed from the GIT
 is used for drugs that are unstable in GIT
 treatment of unconscious patients
 when we need the rapid onset of the action
Parenteral administration – intravenous i.v.

77. intra-arterial i.a. (into a artery) e.g. vasodilator drugs in the
treatment of vasospasm and thrombolytic drugs for tretamentof
embolism
intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow), this route is
occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicineand
padiatrics when i.v. access is difficult
 intra-muscular i.m. (e.g. depot preparations, many vaccines,ATB..)
 subcutaneous s.c. (e.g.insulin ..)
 transdermal – transdermal patch
intranasal – e.g. desmopressin (diabetes insipidus),calcitonin
(osteoporosis)
 intrathecal – into cerebrospinal fluid (methotrexate – th malignacies)
Parenteral administration