This document provides information about pharmacy internship programs and pharmaceutical dosage forms. It describes minor and major internships in community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, and manufacturing pharmacy. It also outlines the specific objectives of community pharmacy internships. The document then discusses various pharmaceutical dosage forms including liquids, emulsions, suspensions, gels, and oral solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules. It provides examples of different dosage forms.

1. INT 001
Community Pharmacy Internship

2. Pharmacy Internship
 Minor Internship
 Community Pharmacy Internship
 4 units
 1 unit lecture (1 hour/week)
 3 units laboratory (200 hours)
 Hospital Pharmacy Internship
 4 units
 1 unit lecture (1 hour/week)
 3 units laboratory (200 hours)
 Manufacturing Pharmacy Internship
 4 units
 1 unit lecture (1 hour/week)
 3 units laboratory (200 hours)
 Major Internship (any of the 3 areas)
 Major Int. 1 (INT4) : 4 units
 1 unit lecture (1 hour/week)
 3 units laboratory
 Major Int. 2 (INT4B) : 4 units
 1 unit lecture (1 hour/week)
 3 units laboratory
360 HOURS
TOTAL HOURS
OF INTERNSHIP:
960

3. Community Pharmacy Internship
Minor : 200 hours
Major : 360 hours

4. Community Pharmacy Internship
Provides the intern with the unique opportunity of being the
most accessible health professional in the community.
Develops the skills of the interns in dispensing prescriptions,
problem-solving and patient counselling.
Provides an opportunity for the interns to learn the basic
elements in the operation of community pharmacy

5. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE OF
COMMUNITY PHARMACY INTERNSHIP
1. Acquire proficiency in filling and dispensing prescriptions.
2. Practice effective communication skills in counselling
patients regarding drug administration, storage,
precautions and adverse drug reactions.
3. Practice

6. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

7. Dosage Form
also known as pharmaceuticals. It is
define as preparation devised to make
possible administration of medications in
measured or prescribed amount.

8. Terminologies:
• Parenteral Dosage Forms – are preparation introduced
into the body by injection through the skin, the mucous, or
the serous membranes
• Dosage forms for inhalation – are preparations intended
to be finally dispensed or vaporized to the mucous membranes
of the lower part of the respiratory tract.

9. Terminologies:
Oral Dosage Forms - are preparations intended to be taken
orally.
Rectal Dosage Forms - are preparations employed
for systemic effect or a local action through the rectum.

10. Terminologies:
Dosage Forms For Topical application are
preparations intended to be applied on the skin or instilled
into eyes, nose, or ears.

11. LIQUIDS
A. Solutions – a homogenous mixture that is prepared
by dissolving a solid or liquid or gas in another liquid; it
represents a group of preparations in which the molecules of
the solute or dissolved substances are dispersed among those
of the solvent

12. Solutions
Water – used mainly as a vehicle and as a solvent for the
desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients.
Aromatic water – also known as medicated water,
clear saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or
aromatic or volatile substances.
Aqueous acids – official inorganic acids and certain
acids although of minor significance as therapeutic
agents are great importance in chemical and
pharmaceutical manufacturing.

13. Solutions
• Diluted acids – aqueous solutions of suitable strength
usually 10% w/v except diluted acetic acid which is 6%
w/v
• Douches – aqueous solutions directed against a part or
into a cavity of the body
• Enemas – also known as evacuation enemas. They
are rectal injections employed to evacuate bowel retention
enemas to influence the general system by
absorption, or to effect locally the seat of disease.

14. Solutions
• Gargles – aqueous solutions used for treating the
pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the
lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat.
• Mouthwashes – aqueous solutions which are most
often used for their deodorant, refreshing, or antiseptic
effect.
• Juices – prepared from fresh ripe fruits, aqueous in
character and used in making syrups which are
employed as vehicles.

15. Solutions
Nasal solutions – usually aqueous solutions which are
deigned to be administered to the nasal passages in
drops or spray form.
Otic solutions – aqueous preparations dispensed in a
container which permits the administration of drops to
the ear

16. NON-AQUEOUS
• Collodion –liquid preparations containing pyroxillin
in a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.
• Elixirs – clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened hydro-
alcoholic liquids intended for oral use.
• Glycerites – solutions or mixtures of medicinal
substances in not less than 505 by weight of glycerin

17. NON-AQUEOUS
• Inhalations – are solutions of drugs administered by
the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or
systemic effect.
• Liniments – solutions or mixtures of various substances
in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap or emulsions.
• Oleovitamins – fish liver oils diluted with edible
vegetable oil or solutions of volatile substances of the
indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates (usually A
and D) in fish liver oil.

18. NON-AQUEOUS
Spirits – known as essences; are alcoholic hydro-alcohol
solutions of volatile substances.
Toothache drops – preparations used for
temporary relief of toothache by application of cotton
saturated with the product into tooth cavity

19. • EMULSION – a two phase system prepared by combining
two immiscible liquids one of which is uniformly dispersed
through the other; they consist of globules that have
diameters equal to or greater than those of the largest
colloidal particles.
• SUSPENSIONS – a two-phase system consisting of finely
divided solid dispersed in a solid, liquid, or gas.

20. GELS – semi-solid systems of either suspension made
up of small inorganic particles or large organic
molecules interpenetrated by a liquid.
LOTIONS – usually liquid suspension or dispersions
intended for external application to the body.

21. MAGMAS and MILK – aqueous suspensions of
insoluble inorganic drugs; they differ from gels
mainly in that the suspended particles are layers.
TINCTURES – alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions
prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical
substances

22. FLUIDEXTRACTS – liquid preparation of vegetable
drugs containing alcoholic as a solvent or as
preservative or both, so made that each mL contains
the therapeutic constituents of 1 g of the standard drug
that it represents
EXTRACTS – concentrated preparations of vegetable
or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active
constituents of the respective drugs with suitable
menstruum.

23. PARENTERAL PREPARATION – sterile preparations
intended to be administered by injection under or through one
or more layers of skin or mucous membranes
INTRAVENOUS ADMIXTURES – mixture of intravenous
fluids and drugs to be administered by injection

24. OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS – sterile
preparations to be used on the eyes
Solutions – intended for the eye; clear, sterile solution to
be instilled into the eyes by the use of a dropper.
Suspensions – dispersion of finely divided relatively
insoluble drug substances in an aqueous vehicle containing
suitable suspending and dispersing agent.
Ointment – intended for the eyes; they contain medicinal
agents added to the ointment base of white petrolatum and
mineral oil either as a solution or as a micronized powder.

25. LENS CARE PRODUCTS – sterile preparations intended to
protect the lens
• 1. wetting solutions
• 2. cleaning solutions
• 3. disinfection solutions
• 4. soaking solutions
• 5. artificial tears

26. MEDICATED
• OINTMENT – semi-solid preparations intended for
external applications to the skin or mucous membranes.
• CATAPLASM – a soft moist mass of meals, herb,
seed usually applied hot in clothes.
• PASTES – concentrates of absorptive powders
dispersed in petrolatum or hydrophilic petrolatum

27. • POWDERS for external use are usually described as
dusting powders, usually contain starch, talc, and zinc
stearate
• DRESSINGS – external applications resembling
ointment usually used as a covering or protection.
• CREAMS – viscous liquid or semi-solid emulsions of
either the oil in water or water in oil type

28. • PLASTERS – substances intended for external
application; they are made of such materials and of
such consistency as to adhere to the skin and attach to a
dressing
• SUPPOSITORIES – solid dosage forms of various
weights and shapes usually medicated for insertion into the
rectum, vagina, or the urethra

29. POWDERS
• Oral powders – generally supplied as finely divided
or effervescent granules
• Dentifrices – may be prepared in the form of a bulk
powders generally containing soap or detergent, mild
abrasive and anticariogenic agent
• Douche powders – soluble powders intended to be
dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleaning
agents for a body cavity.

30. Dusting powders – locally applied non-toxic
preparations that are intended to have no systemic action.
Insufflations – finely divided powders introduced into
the body cavities.
Triturations –dilutions of potent powdered drugs
prepared by intimately mixing them with a suitable
diluent in 1:10 dilutions

31. ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
• TABLET – solid dosage form containing drug
substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared
either by compression or molding methods.
• CAPSULES – solid dosage forms in which the drug
substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft soluble
container or of a suitable form of gelatin
• PILLS – small, round, solid dosage forms containing
medicinal agents and intended for oral administration

32. ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
• TROCHES – also known as lozenges or pastilles; they are
discoid shaped solid containing the medicinal agent in a
suitably flavored base.
• CACHETS – related to capsules in as such as they provide
an edible container for oral administration of solid
drugs.
• PELLETS – small, sterile cylinders about 3.2 mm in
diameter by 8 mm in length, formed by compression
from medicated masses

33. • AEROSOLS – both oral and topical; they contain
therapeutically active ingredients dissolved, suspended, or
emulsified in a propellant or in a mixture of solvent and
propellant
• RADIOPHARMECUTICALS – radioisotopes used in
medicine for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes

34. BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
Vaccines a suspension of attenuated (live) or inactivated
(killed) microorganisms or fraction thereof administered
to induce immunity and thus prevent infectious disease.
Toxoid – a modified antigen from an infectious organism
used as a vaccine
Immune globulin – a solution containing antibodies
from the pooled plasma of not less than 1,000 normal
individuals
Hyperimmune serum – a special preparation obtained
from human donor polls selected for high antibody titer
against a specific disease

35. Examples Dosage Forms
Omega Pain Killer (Methyl salicylate, menthol, camphor) –
Liniment
Cold Rub (Camphor, Menthol, Eucalyptus oil) – Ointment
Aceiti Manzanilla – Solution
Acrinol – Tincture
White Henna – Powder
Sebo De Macho – Ointment
Caladryl (Calamine) – Lotion
Nizoral (Ketoconazole) – Cream, Shampoo, Tablet

36. Examples Dosage Forms
Dermovate (Clobetasol propionate) – Cream, Ointment,
Solution
Dulcolax (Bisacodyl) - Tablet, Suppository
Dimetapp (Brompeniramine maleate) - Syrup
Ponstan (Mefenamic Acid) – Capsule SF 250 mg; Tablet 500
mg; Suspension
Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin) – Transdermal Patch
Nitroglycerin – Tablet; Transdermal Patch

37. Five reasons for the need for dosage
forms.
1. To protect the drug substance from destructive influences of
atmospheric oxygen
2. To protect the drug from the destructive influence of gastric acid after
oral administration
3. To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug
substance.
4. To provide liquid preparations of substance that are insoluble in desired
vehicle
5. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifices
6. To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites, etc.

38. Examples of Tablets
• Poten-Cee – Ascorbic acid – Pascual
• Alaxan – Ibuprofen, Paracetamol – Therapharma
• Tylenol – Paracetamol - Janssen
• Neozep – Phenylpropanolamine,chlorphenamine maleate,
paracetamol –Unilab
• Flanax – Naproxen – Roche

39. Example of Capsules
Velosef –Cephradine – Squibb
Tegopen – Cloxacillin – Bristol
Omnipen – Ampicillin – Wyeth
Imodium – Loperamide – Janssen
Darvon – Aspirin, caffeine, propoxyphene – Lilly

40. Advantages and disadvantages of
different dosage forms
• Ease of administrations
• Stability purposes
• Portability/ conveniently carried
• Elegance
• Accurate dosage
• Manufactured at lower cost
• Optimal drug action and others

41. PRESCRIPTION
from the Latin words: prae – before and scribo – I write. A
prescription is an order for medication issued by a physician,
dentists, veterinarian or other properly licensed
practitioner.

42. Prescription contains a specific drug and dosage to be
prepared or dispensed by a pharmacist and administered to a
particular patient.
A prescription is preprinted forms containing the name,
address, contact number, and other relevant information
regarding physician or other prescriber. Also a blank spaces
used by the prescriber in providing information about the
patient, the medication desired, and the directions for use.

43. Parts of Prescription
1. Prescriber’s Information. The name of the physician
or dentist, his specialty, clinic address, contact number
and clinic hours.
2. Patient information. The full name and address of
the patient are necessary for identification purposes.
3. Date. Prescriptions are dated at the time they are
written. The date is important in establishing the
medication record of the patient especially in filling
prescriptions for controlled substances

44. Parts of Prescription
 4. Rx Symbol or Superscription. The Rx symbol is a Latin verb recipe,
meaning take thou or you take
 5. Medication Prescribed or Inscription. Body or main part of the of the
Rx order. It contains the names and quantities of the prescribed ingredients or
drugs, dosage form and potency
The name of the product must be written both in
Nonproprietary (generic name)
Proprietary (brand)
Chemical
Dosage form- the physical entity of medication (tablet, capsule)
Strength – potency of drug (250 mg, 100IU)
Quantity to be dispensed – this includes the amount and the unit of
measure (grams, milligrams, tablets)

45. Parts of Prescription
 6. Dispensing Directions to Pharmacist or Subscription.
Directions to the pharmacist for preparing the prescription
These can be used for:
Preparations (compounding)
Labeling ( information to be put on the label )
 7. Directions for the Patient or Transcription. Instructions on
the number of dosage units per dose (one tablet), route of
administration, frequency of dosing (every 4 hours), duration of dosing
(one week, for one month) and use of the drug (optional)

46. Parts of Prescription
• 8. Refill Information. If refill information is not
supplied, it is generally assumed that no refills are
authorized
• 9. Prescriber’s Signature. The name and signature
of the physician or dentist who wrote the prescription
order. Below the signature of the physician are the
licensed number to practice his profession, PTR
( Privilege Tax Receipt) no. and TIN

48. Parts of Prescription Order
1. Prescriber Information and Signature
2. Patient Information
3. Date Prescription was written
4. Superscription
5. Inscription
6. Subscription
7. Signa
8. Special Instructions (Optional)

49. Dispensing Procedures
1. Dispensing should be done by
Pharmacist
2. Partial Filling is allowed and must be reflected in the
prescription

50. Filling and Recording Procedures
1. The prescription once filled must be retained by the
pharmacist for a period of two years
2. The prescription must be recorded in Rx book and
ready for inspection by BFAD FDRO’s when the outlet
is open for operation anytime

51. Questions
1. Enumerate at least two responsibilities of the pharmacist
in providing the medication needs of the patient
a. Provide information about drugs to the health profession
and to the public legally responsible for dispensing
prescription.
b. Translate and communicate the dangers of drug to
the patient, and others

52. Questions
2. Enumerate the instructions that pharmacist should be given
to the patient in filling, refilling and dispensing legend
prescriptions
A. Filling of Prescriptions
danger of overdosage
side effects
proper storage for stability
need to discard unused medication
dangers to be mixed in one container

53. B. Refilling Prescription
a. taking drugs for longer period of time unless it is
under supervision
b. taking other medications with identical composition
which provides the same therapeutic effect which are
sometimes prescribed by other doctor
c. taking food found in the diets that are contraindicated
to the prescribed drugs
d. letting other members of the family or friends to
use his medicine

54. C. Dispensing Prescription
a. the proper use of drugs
b. the need to discontinue the use of the drug if certain
reactions develop
c. the need to see the doctor if serious reactions develop,
if the condition has been a long term problem
d. the danger of using the OTC drugs when
prescribed medication is the possible duplication of the
drug or therapeutic action
e. the danger of self-diagnosis and self medication

55. A. Based on the number of ingredients
 1. Simple prescription – with only one ingredient
 2. Compound prescription – with one more than one ingredient
 3. Polypharmacal prescription – with ten or more than ten ingredients
B. Magistral prescription – is a prescription which is prescribed very
often by the same doctor, of the same ingredients, and compounded by
the same pharmacist
C. Coded prescription is also called “blind prescription” and consists of
words, symbols, to represent the name of the drugs. This is unethical practice of
doctors and pharmacist
3. Enumerate the types of Prescription based on the number of
ingredients

56. INTERPRETATIONS
 1. Nembutal 100 mg (at bed time) ( if there is a need) ( by mouth )
 2. Propranolol hydrochloride 40 mg (by mouth) (twice a day)
 3. Ampicillin 1 g (Intavenous piggyback) (every 6 hours)
 4. Demerol 50 mg (Intramuscularly) (every 4 hours) (if there is a need)
for pain
 5. Tylenol 325 mg tablets (2) (by mouth) (at once, immediately)
 6. Pilocarpine (2) (drops) (both eyes) (every 3 hours)
 7. Scopolamine 0.8 mg (subcutaneously) (immediately)
 8. Milk of magnesia 1 (tablespoon) (by mouth) (at bed time) (every night)
 9. Septra DS tablet (double strength) (1) (every day) (by mouth)

57. Prohibited Drugs
1. Opium – Brown mixture Tablet and Liquid
2. Codein – Codeine sulfate H.T. and T.T.
3. Pethidine – Demerol Ampul and Vial
4. Codein – Dolo-Adamon Supplement and Tablet
5. Opium + alcohol – Elixir Paregoric
6. Fentanyl – Innovar Injection
7. Morphine – Morphine Sulfate H.T., Ampule,
Tablet
8. Alfentanyl – Rapifen Injection
9. Hydrocodone Deka Syrup
10. Dihydrocodeinone – Ruminon syrup

58. Regulated Drugs
 1. Amobarbital – Amytal Tablet, Capsule, Ampul
 2. Amphetamine – Benzedrine Tablet
 3. Butabarbital – Butisol Sodium
 4. Hydrocodone + Pentobarbital - Calciudrine syrup
 5. Methamphetamine – Desoxyn Tablet
 6. Amobarbital + Dexamphetamine – Dexamyl Spansule No.1
 7. Dexamphetamine – Dexedrine Spansule
 8. Propoxyphene napsylate – Doloxene Plain Tablet
 9. Propoxyphene hydrochloride – Doloxene compound – 65 capsule
 10. Pipradol – Gadexyl Tablet

59. Regulated Drugs
1. Methaqualone – Mandrax Tablet
2. Nitrazepam – Mogadon tablet
3. Pentobarbital – Nembutal Sodium
4. Chloralhydrate – Noctec liquid
5. Methylprylon – Noludar Tablet
6. Mecloqualone – Nubarene Tablet
7. Paraldehyde – Paraldehyde ampul
8. Pentothal - Pentothal sodium
9. Ethchlorvynol – Placidyl Capsule
10. Aprobarbital + Barbital + Phenobarbital –
Plexonal

60. Regulated Drugs
1. Flunitrazepam – Robypnol Tablet
2. Secobarbital – Seconal Sodium Capsule
3. Ethinamate – Valamin Tablet
4. Pentazocine – Sosegon Tablet
5. Ephedrine
6. Pseuephedrine

61. Exercise 7
PROCESSING
PRESCRIPTION

62. Prescription written
by authorized
prescriber
Patient presents
prescription to the
pharmacy
Prescription is checked for
completeness; prescriber
info, drug name, strength,
dose, and directions
Correct patient info is
entered into computer
system
Prescription is prepared.
Correct amount of med
prescribed is measured and
placed into container
Pharmacy label is generated.
Make sure all the legal items
are identified
Prescription is interpreted and
confirmed by pharmacy system.
Third party is billed online (optional)
Prescription is prepared by
pharmacy technician, and
final check done by
pharmacist
Patient receives script, pharmacy
assistant must offer counseling to the
patient. Then script is rung on cash
register, and insurance log signed
Pharmacist provides counseling
on the medication prescribed and
all medically related questions
R
LABEL

63. 1. How is a prescription processed?
receiving the prescription
reading and checking the
prescription
numbering and dating
Labeling
preparing the prescription
packaging
rechecking
delivering and patient
counseling
recording and filling
pricing the prescription

64. 3. What is the purpose of numbering
and dating the prescription?
 The same number of the original prescription should appear
at the label of the filled prescription – to avoid error in
dispensing
The date of the prescription is not the same date that should
be placed on the filled prescription – for identification
purposes

65. 4. Information to be recorded in the
prescription book.
1. name of physician
2. name of the drug
3. quantity
4. date when dispensed
5. balance (quantity if any)
6. pharmacist signature, etc

66. Errors in Prescription

67. Types of Error in Prescription
Erroneous Prescriptions
Violative Prescriptions
Impossible Prescriptions

68. Erroneous Prescriptions

Where the brand name precedes the generic
name

Where the generic name is the one in parenthesis

Where the brand name is not in parentheses

Where more than one drug product is prescribed
on one prescription form.

69. Where the generic name is the one in parenthesis
OR
Where the brand name is not in parentheses
OR
Where the brand name precedes the generic name

70. Where the brand name is not in parentheses

71. Where more than one drug product is prescribed on one
prescription form.

72. What to do with erroneous
prescriptions
Erroneous prescriptions shall be filed. Such prescription shall
also be kept and reported by the pharmacist of the drug
outlet or any other interested party to the nearest DOH
office for appropriate action.

73. Violative Prescriptions
•
Where generic name is not written
•
Where the generic name is not legible and a
brand name which is legible is written
•
When the brand name is indicated and
instructions added (such as the phrase " no
substitution") which tend to obstruct, hinder or
prevent proper generic dispensing.

74. Where generic name is not written

75. Where the generic name is not legible and a brand name which is
legible is written

76. When the brand name is indicated and instructions added (such as the phrase " no
substitution") which tend to obstruct, hinder or prevent proper generic dispensing.

77. What to do with violative prescriptions
Violative prescriptions shall not be filed. They are
kept and reported by the pharmacist of drug
outlet or any other interested party to the nearest
DOH office for appropriate action. The pharmacist
shall advise the prescriber of the problem and/or
instruct the customer to get the
proper prescription.

78. Impossible Prescriptions
•
When only the generic name is written but it is
not legible.
•
When the generic name does not correspond
to the brand name
•
When both the generic name and the
brand name are not legible
•
When the drug product prescribed is not
registered with FDA

79. When only the generic name is written but it is not legible

80. When the generic name does not correspond to the brand name

81. When both the generic name and the brandname are not legible

82. When the drug product prescribed is not registered with FDA

83. What to do with impossible
prescriptions
Impossible prescription shall not be filed. They shall be and
reported by the pharmacist of drug outlet or any other
interested party to the nearest DOH office for appropriate
action. The pharmacist shall advise the prescriber of the
problem and/or instruct the customer to get the proper
prescription.