The document discusses the functions and meanings of prepositions, emphasizing their role in showing relationships between various parts of speech. It categorizes prepositions into simple, double, compound, participle, phrase, and disguised prepositions, providing examples for each type. Additionally, it outlines prepositions of time and place, including specific usages and definitions associated with their application.

2. 1
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Functions Of Prepositions
A word, placed before a noun or pronoun, to show the relation b/w them.
Show relation b/w noun and noun, noun and pronoun, noun and verb, noun and
adjective, and other parts of speech.
Examples:
I want to give a flower to her. (noun + pronoun)
The stream is running through the cave. (verb + noun)
My brother is expert at swimming. (Adj + gerund)
I have some money in my pocket. (noun + noun)
Forms Of Prepositions:
(a/c to English Grammar Series, Bk I – IV, Nesfied)
Simple Preposition
Double Preposition
Compound Preposition
Participle Preposition
Phrase Preposition
Disguised Preposition

3. 2
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Meaning Of Disguised Prepositions
Simple Double Compound Participle Phrase Disguised
Per+V or adj Past or Prest
At
By
With
On
In
To
For
Of
From
Through
Up
Till
Over
Under
After
Into
Onto
Among
From
Under
Over
Against
Within
Along
Around
Below
Across
Beside
Before
Behind
During By means of
In front of
In spite of
Despite of
In order to
In case of
On account of
On the top of
Along
Around
Below
Across
Beside
Before
Behind
In Disguised Prepositions,
Be is for By
a is for at

4. 3
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Meaning Of Disguised Prepositions
Along:(at long) stretching longitudinally, from one end to the other
end of -sth-
Around: (at round) here and there in, near, forming a circle round -sth-
Across: (at cross) stretching from one side to another, straightly, from
one side to another side of -sth- , on the
other side of -sth-
Below: (by low) to a lower position, level, rank
Beside: (by side) at the side of -sth-, next to, very close
Before: (by fore) earlier than, in front of, in the presence of

5. 4
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Meaning Of Prepositions
Prepositions Of Time:
In (the) parts of the day (not night) in the morning(s)/evening(s)
Months in Feb
Seasons in (the) summer
Years in 1971
Decades in the 1920’s
Centuries in the 20th century
On (the) days of the week on Saturday
Dates on 25th of August
Specific days on New- Year Day, on Good
Friday, on my birthday, on
the following day
At (the) clock time at 5’ o clock, at 4.30 pm
(one point of time) With night and noon at night, at noon
or short holiday periods at Eid, at Christmas/Easter
(for indefinite time) at the weekend, at lunch time
Since, For, From, for extended time from 1939 to/until 1945
Until, During or duration from 16th March, within the
Within, While month, since his accident, for
a long time

6. 5
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Meaning Of Prepositions
Prepositions Of Place:
In / Inside for -sth- contained in the fridge, in the
(the point itself) room,
On touching the surface on the floor, on the
Table
Off at a distance from the point ran off the road,
Channel off the coast
Over higher than the point but not fog over the city, plan
touching, directly above fly over the city
Above on a higher level, directly higher fly above the clouds,
than the point clouds above the bank
Under directly below, lower than the under the rock, under
point the green tree
Underneath close under, sometimes touching to wear a shirt under-
neath his coat
Beneath/Below directly under, at a lower level beneath a pile of
wood

7. 6
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Things to remember about Prepositions
If we want to use prepositions for these purposes, then,
Away from the point
The car ran off the road when
it knocked the signpost
I came away from the library.
Moving from one place to
another
Across, Through, along, over
Movement towards a particular
place
To, Into, Towards, Onto

8. 7
The Institute of ELC
By Ms Ishrat Khan
Things to remember about Prepositions
If we want to use prepositions for these purposes, then,
Vertical and Horizontal
movement from the point
Up, Down, Along, Across, Over
Higher than the point
Over, Above, On top of
Lower than the point
Under, Underneath, Beneath,
Below