The document summarizes research conducted on the effect of mechanical mould vibration on the properties of sand cast aluminium alloy A1100. It presents the background, objectives, literature review, experimental setup, procedures, results and discussion. The research found that applying mechanical vibration to sand moulds during casting of A1100 alloy decreased defects, improved microstructure and mechanical properties like tensile strength and ductility. It was concluded that mechanical vibrations can significantly enhance the metallurgical and mechanical characteristics of A1100 alloy compared to casting without vibration. Future work may include studying different alloys and processing conditions and developing computer models.
This document discusses non-ferrous metals. It provides information on various non-ferrous metals including aluminum, copper, zinc, and others. Key points include:
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain appreciable amounts of iron. They are highly malleable and corrosion resistant compared to ferrous metals.
- Aluminum is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals. It is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and used extensively in transportation and construction.
- Copper and zinc are also discussed with details provided on their properties and manufacturing processes.
- Various uses of non-ferrous metals in industrial applications are highlighted.
The document provides information on ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in engineering. It discusses the production of pig iron from iron ore through a blast furnace process. Key steps include smelting the ore with coke at high temperatures. Pig iron is then recast into cast iron, which is used to make machine parts due to its hardness. Common ferrous metals like steel are widely used in construction due to their strength and abundance. Non-ferrous metals like aluminum are also gaining importance for lightweight applications.
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a small amount of slag. It has a fibrous structure due to thin layers of slag separating the pure iron. The production process involves eliminating other elements from molten iron and squeezing out excess slag. This gives wrought iron high ductility and strength of 350 N/mm2, making it suitable for applications like railway couplings, bolts and nuts, and coal handling equipment.
The document discusses the history and uses of iron. It then describes the processes of extracting iron from iron ore and manufacturing steel. Iron has been used for over 4000 years, and was first extracted around 3000 BC in Egypt. It is strong yet malleable and is used for tools, weapons, infrastructure and machinery. Iron ore is smelted in blast furnaces and cupola furnaces to produce pig iron and cast iron. Steel is made by further processing pig iron in open hearth, basic oxygen or electric furnaces.
This document discusses the metallurgy, physical properties, and manufacturing of arch wires used in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to metallurgy and the history of metals through the ages. Key topics covered include the structure and bonding of metals, properties of orthodontic wires, ideal wire properties, common wire materials like stainless steel, nickel titanium, and beta titanium. The document also discusses the manufacturing process for orthodontic wires, including annealing, different heat treatments, and forms of steel like austenite and martensite.
Uses of various steel in civil engineeringSameer Nawab
This document discusses different types of steel used in civil engineering projects. It describes ferrous metals like mild steel, which contains 0.15-0.3% carbon and is used for construction beams and reinforcement. High carbon steel with 0.55-1.5% carbon is stronger and used for tools. High tension steel, with under 0.15% carbon, is lighter and stronger in tension, making it suitable for prestressed concrete reinforcement. The document provides details on production of steel from iron ores and its various applications in construction.
METALS AND IT'S APPLICATION IN ARCHITECTURE.MaayeshaSayeed
The document discusses various types of metals and alloys used in construction. It describes ferrous metals like steel, cast iron, and wrought iron which contain iron. Non-ferrous metals discussed include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin which do not contain iron. It outlines the extraction and processing of metals from ores, and their various applications in building materials, structures, and ornamentation throughout history.
This document discusses non-ferrous metals. It provides information on various non-ferrous metals including aluminum, copper, zinc, and others. Key points include:
- Non-ferrous metals do not contain appreciable amounts of iron. They are highly malleable and corrosion resistant compared to ferrous metals.
- Aluminum is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals. It is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and used extensively in transportation and construction.
- Copper and zinc are also discussed with details provided on their properties and manufacturing processes.
- Various uses of non-ferrous metals in industrial applications are highlighted.
The document provides information on ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in engineering. It discusses the production of pig iron from iron ore through a blast furnace process. Key steps include smelting the ore with coke at high temperatures. Pig iron is then recast into cast iron, which is used to make machine parts due to its hardness. Common ferrous metals like steel are widely used in construction due to their strength and abundance. Non-ferrous metals like aluminum are also gaining importance for lightweight applications.
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a small amount of slag. It has a fibrous structure due to thin layers of slag separating the pure iron. The production process involves eliminating other elements from molten iron and squeezing out excess slag. This gives wrought iron high ductility and strength of 350 N/mm2, making it suitable for applications like railway couplings, bolts and nuts, and coal handling equipment.
The document discusses the history and uses of iron. It then describes the processes of extracting iron from iron ore and manufacturing steel. Iron has been used for over 4000 years, and was first extracted around 3000 BC in Egypt. It is strong yet malleable and is used for tools, weapons, infrastructure and machinery. Iron ore is smelted in blast furnaces and cupola furnaces to produce pig iron and cast iron. Steel is made by further processing pig iron in open hearth, basic oxygen or electric furnaces.
This document discusses the metallurgy, physical properties, and manufacturing of arch wires used in orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to metallurgy and the history of metals through the ages. Key topics covered include the structure and bonding of metals, properties of orthodontic wires, ideal wire properties, common wire materials like stainless steel, nickel titanium, and beta titanium. The document also discusses the manufacturing process for orthodontic wires, including annealing, different heat treatments, and forms of steel like austenite and martensite.
Uses of various steel in civil engineeringSameer Nawab
This document discusses different types of steel used in civil engineering projects. It describes ferrous metals like mild steel, which contains 0.15-0.3% carbon and is used for construction beams and reinforcement. High carbon steel with 0.55-1.5% carbon is stronger and used for tools. High tension steel, with under 0.15% carbon, is lighter and stronger in tension, making it suitable for prestressed concrete reinforcement. The document provides details on production of steel from iron ores and its various applications in construction.
METALS AND IT'S APPLICATION IN ARCHITECTURE.MaayeshaSayeed
The document discusses various types of metals and alloys used in construction. It describes ferrous metals like steel, cast iron, and wrought iron which contain iron. Non-ferrous metals discussed include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, and tin which do not contain iron. It outlines the extraction and processing of metals from ores, and their various applications in building materials, structures, and ornamentation throughout history.
This document discusses various metals and their properties that are used in civil engineering materials. It begins by classifying metals into ferrous and non-ferrous groups. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous do not. Steel is an important alloy discussed in detail, including its various types based on carbon content. Reinforced concrete is mentioned as using steel bars to increase strength. Common non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper, lead, tin, and zinc are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing corrosion of metals and various methods to prevent it, such as electroplating, galvanizing, tin plating, metal spraying and painting.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
The document provides information about iron and steel, including:
1) It describes the properties and manufacturing process of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Pig iron is high in carbon and used to make steel. Cast iron is hard and brittle while wrought iron is soft and malleable.
2) It discusses the properties of mild steel and hard steel, as well as various measures that can be taken to prevent corrosion of steel. These include using stainless steel, barrier coatings, and anti-corrosive paints.
3) It outlines the mechanical treatment processes used to shape steel ingots into usable forms, including drawing, forging, pressing, and rolling.
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
Aluminum and its alloys are prone to several types of corrosion depending on factors like the environment. Uniform corrosion results in a uniform thickness decrease over the entire surface in highly acidic or alkaline media that dissolve the natural oxide film. Pitting corrosion forms irregular cavities and is common in neutral pH environments. Intergranular corrosion propagates along grain boundaries instead of within grains. Crevice corrosion occurs in overlapping joints or deposits that limit access of liquids. Cavitation corrosion is caused by gas bubbles forming and colliding with the metal surface in moving liquids.
Mild steel is a low-carbon steel with less than 0.25% carbon by weight, making it more ductile than higher-carbon steels. It is manufactured through processes like direct reduced iron and electric arc furnaces. Mild steel can be recycled without losing its properties. It has applications in construction materials, machinery parts, and other areas due to its strength, weldability, and lower cost compared to other steels. Some disadvantages are that it is heavier than other materials and prone to rusting.
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
This document discusses the properties and applications of aluminum and its alloys. It outlines that aluminum is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and electrically and thermally conductive. However, in its pure form aluminum is soft and has a low melting point. The document then discusses how aluminum is commonly alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium, and manganese to increase its strength and maximum operating temperature. These aluminum alloys have many applications in transportation, infrastructure, consumer goods, and oil and gas due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
Stainless steel and ortho archwires sunandaSunanda Paul
The document discusses stainless steel and orthodontic wires. It provides information on the history, properties, and applications of stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. Specifically, it outlines the different types of stainless steel based on their crystal structure and composition, including ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic stainless steels. It also discusses properties of orthodontic wires like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel titanium alloy wires.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.
Stainless steel is an alloy made of iron, chromium, and other elements that gives it excellent corrosion resistance. There are five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening - with varying compositions and properties like strength and magnetic response. Stainless steel is manufactured through processes like melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, annealing, pickling or electropolishing to remove scale, and various forming and finishing steps before being used in a wide range of applications.
a small presentation about machinability and Al machinability
containing:
Definition of Machinability
Machinability of Aluminum Alloys
How to improve the mach inability of Al alloy?
Cutting force during machining of aluminum alloys
Chip formation and chip segmentation
Surface of Machined Aluminium Alloys
MACHINABILITY RATINGS
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other metals. There are many types of steel classified based on their composition. Some of the main types discussed include high carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, cobalt steel, nickel chromium steel, aluminum steel, and chromium steel. The document then discusses the properties and manufacturing processes of steel, including the Bessemer process, open hearth process, cementation process, crucible process, duplex process, L.P. process, and electrical process. Steel is widely used in contemporary architecture due to its strength, durability, and ability to be formed into various shapes.
This document provides information about aluminium and its alloys. It discusses that aluminium is a light, silvery-white metal that is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It has a density of 2.7 g/cm3, making it about one third as dense as steel. Aluminium alloys have tensile strengths ranging from 70 to 700 MPa. The document also outlines common aluminium alloys like duralumin and y-alloy and their applications in transportation, cooking utensils, coins, and musical instruments.
Replacement of lead Free Cutting Steel - 2018 research paperMukesh Karnik
this project is to study about free cutting steels and machinability property and to focus on newly developed Lead Free- Free Cutting Steel.
Points are given below about project:-
And also explained about Built up edge - Chip Formation to increase the machinability.
effect of alloying elements on free cutting steel.
manufacturing process of free cutting steel.
BASED ON CHROMIUM AND CARBON ADDITION.
To avoid Lead Hazardous problem and environmental friendly.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is strong, tough, ductile, and durable. It exists in many forms for construction including carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Steel has important physical properties like strength and toughness as well as chemical properties like density and thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties are also critical and determine the load steel can withstand. Notch toughness refers to a steel's ability to resist crack propagation which is important for durability. In buildings, steel is used for reinforcement cages in concrete, as well as foundations, beams, girders, and the structural frame.
Stainless steel final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. Describes the principles of the Bessemer and basic oxygen processes used in the production of steel from pig iron, which involve blowing oxygen through pig iron to lower the carbon content and produce steel in a rapid process.
2. Explains centrifugal casting which involves rotating a permanent mold at high speeds to cast cylindrical shapes by throwing molten metal against the inner mold wall where it solidifies.
3. Describes cold working which refers to plastic deformation, usually at room temperature, that strengthens metals by reducing grain size but makes them more brittle.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides information on non-ferrous materials, focusing on aluminum, copper, and magnesium. It defines non-ferrous materials as those without a significant iron content. Key points include:
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It is extracted from bauxite ore using caustic soda. Its properties make it durable, flexible, lightweight and corrosion resistant. Major applications are in construction.
Copper is extracted via pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy from ores like chalcopyrite. It has good conductivity, corrosion resistance and is easy to alloy. Major applications are in electrical, electronics and energy industries.
Magnesium is the lightest structural
This document discusses various metals and their properties that are used in civil engineering materials. It begins by classifying metals into ferrous and non-ferrous groups. Ferrous metals contain iron, while non-ferrous do not. Steel is an important alloy discussed in detail, including its various types based on carbon content. Reinforced concrete is mentioned as using steel bars to increase strength. Common non-ferrous metals like aluminum, copper, lead, tin, and zinc are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing corrosion of metals and various methods to prevent it, such as electroplating, galvanizing, tin plating, metal spraying and painting.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
The document provides information about iron and steel, including:
1) It describes the properties and manufacturing process of pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron. Pig iron is high in carbon and used to make steel. Cast iron is hard and brittle while wrought iron is soft and malleable.
2) It discusses the properties of mild steel and hard steel, as well as various measures that can be taken to prevent corrosion of steel. These include using stainless steel, barrier coatings, and anti-corrosive paints.
3) It outlines the mechanical treatment processes used to shape steel ingots into usable forms, including drawing, forging, pressing, and rolling.
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
Aluminum and its alloys are prone to several types of corrosion depending on factors like the environment. Uniform corrosion results in a uniform thickness decrease over the entire surface in highly acidic or alkaline media that dissolve the natural oxide film. Pitting corrosion forms irregular cavities and is common in neutral pH environments. Intergranular corrosion propagates along grain boundaries instead of within grains. Crevice corrosion occurs in overlapping joints or deposits that limit access of liquids. Cavitation corrosion is caused by gas bubbles forming and colliding with the metal surface in moving liquids.
Mild steel is a low-carbon steel with less than 0.25% carbon by weight, making it more ductile than higher-carbon steels. It is manufactured through processes like direct reduced iron and electric arc furnaces. Mild steel can be recycled without losing its properties. It has applications in construction materials, machinery parts, and other areas due to its strength, weldability, and lower cost compared to other steels. Some disadvantages are that it is heavier than other materials and prone to rusting.
This document summarizes different types of ferrous metals used in construction. It discusses pig iron, cast iron, and wrought iron, describing their properties and typical uses. It also covers steel alloys like stainless steel and mild steel. Finally, it briefly discusses metal coating techniques like electroplating, spraying, and galvanizing used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion.
This document discusses the properties and applications of aluminum and its alloys. It outlines that aluminum is lightweight, corrosion resistant, and electrically and thermally conductive. However, in its pure form aluminum is soft and has a low melting point. The document then discusses how aluminum is commonly alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium, and manganese to increase its strength and maximum operating temperature. These aluminum alloys have many applications in transportation, infrastructure, consumer goods, and oil and gas due to their high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
Stainless steel and ortho archwires sunandaSunanda Paul
The document discusses stainless steel and orthodontic wires. It provides information on the history, properties, and applications of stainless steel and its use in orthodontics. Specifically, it outlines the different types of stainless steel based on their crystal structure and composition, including ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic stainless steels. It also discusses properties of orthodontic wires like stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, and nickel titanium alloy wires.
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
This document discusses various ferrous and non-ferrous metals used in construction. It describes steel as a primary structural building material that forms the skeleton of a building. Stainless steel is highlighted as an alloy of iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, and magnesium known for its corrosion resistance and attractive appearance due to chromium. The document also mentions aluminum, brass, copper, and lead as common non-ferrous metals used in secondary building elements and decorative applications.
Stainless steel is an alloy made of iron, chromium, and other elements that gives it excellent corrosion resistance. There are five main types - ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening - with varying compositions and properties like strength and magnetic response. Stainless steel is manufactured through processes like melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, annealing, pickling or electropolishing to remove scale, and various forming and finishing steps before being used in a wide range of applications.
a small presentation about machinability and Al machinability
containing:
Definition of Machinability
Machinability of Aluminum Alloys
How to improve the mach inability of Al alloy?
Cutting force during machining of aluminum alloys
Chip formation and chip segmentation
Surface of Machined Aluminium Alloys
MACHINABILITY RATINGS
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, along with small amounts of other metals. There are many types of steel classified based on their composition. Some of the main types discussed include high carbon steel, mild steel, medium carbon steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, cobalt steel, nickel chromium steel, aluminum steel, and chromium steel. The document then discusses the properties and manufacturing processes of steel, including the Bessemer process, open hearth process, cementation process, crucible process, duplex process, L.P. process, and electrical process. Steel is widely used in contemporary architecture due to its strength, durability, and ability to be formed into various shapes.
This document provides information about aluminium and its alloys. It discusses that aluminium is a light, silvery-white metal that is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It has a density of 2.7 g/cm3, making it about one third as dense as steel. Aluminium alloys have tensile strengths ranging from 70 to 700 MPa. The document also outlines common aluminium alloys like duralumin and y-alloy and their applications in transportation, cooking utensils, coins, and musical instruments.
Replacement of lead Free Cutting Steel - 2018 research paperMukesh Karnik
this project is to study about free cutting steels and machinability property and to focus on newly developed Lead Free- Free Cutting Steel.
Points are given below about project:-
And also explained about Built up edge - Chip Formation to increase the machinability.
effect of alloying elements on free cutting steel.
manufacturing process of free cutting steel.
BASED ON CHROMIUM AND CARBON ADDITION.
To avoid Lead Hazardous problem and environmental friendly.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that is strong, tough, ductile, and durable. It exists in many forms for construction including carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Steel has important physical properties like strength and toughness as well as chemical properties like density and thermal conductivity. Mechanical properties are also critical and determine the load steel can withstand. Notch toughness refers to a steel's ability to resist crack propagation which is important for durability. In buildings, steel is used for reinforcement cages in concrete, as well as foundations, beams, girders, and the structural frame.
Stainless steel final /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. Describes the principles of the Bessemer and basic oxygen processes used in the production of steel from pig iron, which involve blowing oxygen through pig iron to lower the carbon content and produce steel in a rapid process.
2. Explains centrifugal casting which involves rotating a permanent mold at high speeds to cast cylindrical shapes by throwing molten metal against the inner mold wall where it solidifies.
3. Describes cold working which refers to plastic deformation, usually at room temperature, that strengthens metals by reducing grain size but makes them more brittle.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides information on non-ferrous materials, focusing on aluminum, copper, and magnesium. It defines non-ferrous materials as those without a significant iron content. Key points include:
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It is extracted from bauxite ore using caustic soda. Its properties make it durable, flexible, lightweight and corrosion resistant. Major applications are in construction.
Copper is extracted via pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy from ores like chalcopyrite. It has good conductivity, corrosion resistance and is easy to alloy. Major applications are in electrical, electronics and energy industries.
Magnesium is the lightest structural
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Allo...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the effects of mechanical vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys cast using gravity die casting. It discusses how applying vibration to the mold during casting can refine grain structure and reduce dendrite arm spacing and defects. Several studies cited found that vibration led to higher tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength in cast aluminum alloys by promoting fragmentation of dendrites and a more homogeneous temperature field during solidification. The literature review concluded that vibration casting improves mechanical properties by changing the microstructure through effects on solidification like reducing grain size.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM 6063 BASED HYBRID COMPOSITESSuryamech5
The document discusses a study on the mechanical properties of aluminium 6063-based hybrid composites reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite particles. The objectives are to study the tensile strength and hardness of the composites and correlate these properties with the amount of graphite added. Aluminium 6063 was chosen as the matrix material due to its medium strength, good toughness and corrosion resistance. Silicon carbide and graphite particles were used as reinforcements to improve hardness, wear resistance and provide self-lubrication respectively. Composites with varying graphite content were fabricated using stir casting and tested for hardness and tensile strength after heat treatment. Results showed that hardness and tensile strength increased with increasing graphite
Friction stir welding is used to join aluminum alloy AA6061 reinforced with 6% Al2O3 particles. Tests on welded specimens showed that ultimate tensile strength was highest at a tool rotation speed of 1100 rpm, while breaking stress and elongation were also highest. Hardness was lowest at this speed, resulting in the best overall joint efficiency. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and welding parameters were analyzed to characterize the friction stir welded aluminum metal matrix composite.
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
This document discusses various base metal alloys used in dentistry, including their compositions, properties and applications. It covers cast cobalt-chromium alloys, cast nickel-chromium alloys, cast and wrought titanium alloys, and wrought stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-nickel alloys. For each type of alloy, the key elements, properties such as strength and corrosion resistance, and common dental applications are described. The document provides an overview of the characteristics and uses of different base metal alloys as alternatives to gold in dentistry.
This document provides an overview of the course contents for an Engineering Materials course. It discusses topics that will be covered including properties of materials like metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Specific metal alloys that will be covered include iron and steel, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys and refractory metals. Corrosion, electrochemistry and material selection criteria are also included.
This document provides information on aluminium roofing material. It discusses the manufacturing process which involves rolling aluminium coils into sheets and applying protective coatings. Aluminium roofing has advantages like durability, corrosion resistance, and light weight. The installation process is described which involves measuring the roof area, preparing the work site, removing the old roof, and installing insulation and roofing panels. Roll forming machines are used to shape aluminium coils into panels with different profiles. The document provides a high-level overview of the key aspects of aluminium roofing.
The document summarizes key information about three materials: aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and diamond. It discusses their crystal structures, properties like hardness and thermal conductivity, common processing methods, and applications. Aluminum oxide is used as an abrasive and refractory material. Silicon carbide is very hard and used for abrasives, armor, and power electronics. Diamond is the hardest known material and used in drilling, cutting, and jewelry due to its optical properties.
This document provides information about iron as a building material, including its various types and uses. It discusses the following:
- Iron is the second most common metal on Earth and is very strong and cheap, making it widely used. It exists in four forms and is the main ingredient in steel.
- The main types of iron used in building are wrought iron, cast iron, and steel. Wrought iron is strong and malleable while cast iron is strong in compression.
- Iron has many applications in construction such as beams, columns, and architectural details. It is also used in machinery due to its strength. Cast iron specifically has been used historically for architectural elements and is inexpensive to cast
Non-ferrous metals like aluminum and its alloys are sometimes used as alternatives to steel in civil engineering construction, especially for bridges and roofs where high strength is not required, as they can reduce weight by about 50%. Copper and alloys of copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc are used where properties like high strength at high temperatures, ductility, heat resistance, or electrical conductivity are needed. Aluminum is extracted from bauxite ore via the Bayer process and Hall-Héroult electrolysis process. It is a light, corrosion-resistant metal used in aircraft, buildings, vehicles, and electrical transmission. Copper, zinc, and their alloys also have various applications due to combinations of
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Effect of mechanical mold vibration on sand casting aluminium alloys by premvrat
1. UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: - PRESENTED BY: -
ER.SANDEEP KATIYAR PREMVRAT KUMAR
ASST.PROFESSOR OF ME DEPTT. M.TECH
(PRODUCTION ENGG.)
ROLL : 160102494000015
SUBHARTI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYAND ENGINEERING MEERUT 250005, UP
A
FINAL DESSERTATION
ON
THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL MOULD VIBRATION ON THE
PROPERTIES OF SAND CASTING ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
2. Content
• Research Background
• Objectives
• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Experimental setup and Procedures
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion
• Future Scope
• References
3. Research Background
Problem Statement and research approach-
Usually following casting defects are seen during sand casting of metal and alloys-
• Filling related defects-
Blow hole
Sand burning
Sand inclusion
Gas porosity
• Shape related defects-
Mismatch defect
Distortion or wrap
• Thermal defects-
Crack or tears
Shrinkage
Void formation
4. • Appearance Defect-
Metallic projections
Cavities
Discontinuity
Incomplete dimension ,shape and casting
Defective surface
Many research showed significant effect of mechanical mould vibration on improving
metallic properties of metal and alloys and decreasing the casting related defects if
metal and alloys are sand casted using mechanical vibrations during castings. So, in this
research a approach is taken to reduce sand casting related defects of aluminium 1100
alloy and test mechanical properties of alloy to check improvement in its mechanical
and metallurgical properties.
5. Objectives
The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of mechanical mould
vibration on the following casting characteristics of casting alloys,
including:
• The tendency of the alloy to hot tear during solidification as evaluated
from the Crack Susceptibility Criterion and hot tear observations using
a ring mould.
• The dendrite coherency temperature.
• The as-cast microstructure and grain size of alloy and also morphology
of both eutectic and primary silicon particles in case of hypereutectic
alloys.
6. Introduction
• In 1857, the noted British novelist Charles Dickens, known for his social sensibilities
wrote, about metal with shiny surface like silver, irreversible as gold, easily metals and
light inn weight i.e about aluminium and many advantages can be drawn from this metal
with such qualities.
• Aluminium is the third most common element and the most abundant metal in the world. It
comprises 8% of the earth’s crust. Due to its versatility, aluminium is the most widely used
metal after steel. Per year around 29 million tons of aluminium is demanded worldwide. It
is commonly alloyed with zinc, silicon, magnesium, copper, lithium and manganese.
Aluminium has over 300 wrought alloys in which 50 are used commonly.
• Aluminium is among one of the few metals that can be cast by all processes used in casting
metals. The important factor for all casting processes is feasibility quality factor and cost
factor.
• Some of the properties possessed by aluminium are high thermal conductivity, resistance to
corrosion, electrical conductivity, fabrication ease, lightweight and bright colour and
texture Mostly aluminium is used in alloy form so as to increase its mechanical properties
and versatility among engineering and other usages.
• Aluminium Alloys have a wide range of application in ‘marine castings’, railway coaches,
motor vehicle, aircraft fittings, thin section castings, and control parts, etc.
A1100 alloy-
1100 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the "commercially pure" wrought
family (1000 or 1xxx series),with a minimum of 99.0% aluminium, it is the most heavily
alloyed of the 1000 series.
7. A1100 is a hypereutectic Al-Bronze alloy characterized by high wear resistance wide
commercial applications. A1100 alloy is used in various high wear resistance applications
such as in ring gears, engine blocks, pistons etc.
Composition of A1100 alloy-
• Aluminium: 99.0–99.95%
• Copper: 0.05–0.20%
• Iron: 0.95% max
• Manganese: 0.05% max
• Silicon: 0.95% max
• Zinc: 0.1% max
• Residuals: 0.15% max
Properties of A1100 alloy-Light in weight, high machinability, high corrosion resistance,
good conductivity, high thermal conductivity, workability.
Casting Process-
• Metal casting is one of the most important manufacturing processes in which liquid metal
is poured into the mould cavity and allow cooling or solidifying in that cavity. Among all
the manufacturing process, the casting process is cheaper due to its simplified procedure.
• More than 80% of products made these days use casting processes.
• The casting temperature of aluminium alloy ranges between 649oC – 750oC.
8. Sand Casting-Sand casting is widely used casting process in which sand moulds are used to
form metal parts of complex metals made up of an alloy.
Peculiar microstructures are seen in castings produced using sand moulds depend upon the
average shape, size and distribution of sand grains and also on alloy’s chemical compositions.
These factors also affect the permeability, refractoriness and surface finishing of all castings.
Vibration
vibration is the motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium in alternately opposite
directions from the position of equilibrium, periodically in time.
Types of vibrations-
• Mechanical
• Ultrasonic Vibrations
• Electromagnetic
Mechanical vibration is simple one due to its easier control over its parameters.
Many research employs electromagnetic and ultrasonic vibration and studies their effect on
casting material and product.
9. Literature Survey
• Jules Verne, “From the Earth to the Moon”, 1865; the aluminium capsule is being shot
into space “Employ another metal instead of iron “Copper?” said Morgan “No! That
would be too heavy. I have better than that to offer. “What then?” asked the major?
“Aluminium!” replied Barbican. “Aluminium?” cried his three colleagues in chorus.
Unquestionably, my friends. This valuable metal possesses the whiteness of silver, the
indestructibility of gold, the tenacity of iron, the fusibility of copper, the lightness of
glass. It is easily wrought, is very widely distributed, forming the base of most of the
rocks, is three times lighter than iron, and seems to have been created for the express
purpose of furnishing us with the material for our projectile. No doubt that with all the
excitement and scientific success in the 20th Century, with the remarkable properties
such as its light weight, strength, recyclability, corrosion resistance, durability,
ductility, formability and conductivity, aluminium has become a valuable material. Due
to this unique combination of properties, the variety of applications of aluminium
continues to increase.
• The casting temperature of aluminium alloy ranges between 649oC – 750oC. To
estimate the corresponding pouring temperature of metal and alloy knowledge of their
melting temperature is necessary [1][2]. According to recent techniques, mechanical
mould vibration during still solidification and pouring is the important methods used to
produce casting for good surface finish, decreased shrinkage and better morphology
[3].
10. • Factors such as pouring temperature, mould conditions, vibration frequency and other
variables of the process have the particular effect on properties and microstructure of
castings [4].
• Vibrations are mainly of three types- mechanical vibration, ultrasonic vibration and
electromagnetic vibration. Mechanical vibration is simple one due to its easier control
over its parameters. Many research employs electromagnetic and ultrasonic vibration
and studies their effect on casting material and product [5-8].
• Sokoloff [9] studied and mechanical vibration use for grain refinement. Cambell [10]
studied that improvement in corrosion and mechanical properties of an alloy is caused
by mechanical vibration. Dommaschk [11] investigate and reported the effect of
vibration on pure aluminium, Alwt%SiMg alloys along with other non-ferrous alloys.
He focussed on the study grain refinement process and reported that the casting wall
thickness dependency on characteristics of casting could be minimized using
mechanical vibration. Pillai [12] used very low-frequency vibration to the study the
effect on A356 and Al12Si alloy. He concluded that mechanical vibrations improve the
density and elongation of the cast component.
11. Experimental Setup and Procedures
Sand Casting of A1100 alloy-
A1100 alloy is casted in sand moulds.
• A1100 alloy is heated in furnace till it change into liquid form and reaches the
temperature of 650oC.
• The molten alloy is then poured into vibrating sand moulds in which mechanical
vibration is produced. The vibration is produced using vibration motor in sand moulds.
The mould is kept vibrating till solidification of the casted alloy. After solidification, the
casted alloy is taken out from the sand mould for further processing and tests.
Fig 1- A Red hot ladle is about to pour melted alloy in pattern
Dimensional change and surface finishing of casted A1100 alloy pieces:-
The casted alloy pieces are machined i.e dimensional change and surface finishing is done
with the help of Lathe machine to the make specimen of A1100 alloy for testing mechanical
properties
12. A Red hot ladle is about to pour metal in pattern
Dimensional change and surface finishing of casted A1100 alloy pieces:-
The casted alloy pieces are machined i.e dimensional change and surface finishing is
done with the help of Lathe machine to the make specimen of A1100 alloy for testing
mechanical properties.
Fig 2- Making specimen by lathe machine
Mechanical properties Test:-
The test of mechanical properties are done on UTM and the following properties are
checked:-
• Ultimate Tensile Strength Test- The specimen of alloy A1100 is fixed into UTM and
tensile strength test is done and stress-strain readings are taken until the specimen is
broken or rupture. The stress-strain value obtained from load-deformation and the σ-ε
curve is plotted.
• Ductility Test- Ductility of the alloy is also tested in UTM and measured during tensile
strength test. It is the percentage elongation of alloy until it fractures while doing the
tensile test in UTM.
Fig 3- Tensile test by UTM machine
13. Results and Discussion
There following are the results of mentioned process and tests:-
• Sand casting of A1100 alloy- After casting of alloy in sand moulds under the effect of
mechanical vibration alloy bricks are obtained as final casting product.
Fig 4- A1100 complete metal brick
• Lathe Machine- After dimensional cutting, shaping and surface finishing of elementary
pieces of A1100 alloy obtained after casting, the below sample specimens are obtained-
Fig 5- Completed specimen
14. Mechanical Test by UTM machine- After mechanical test of specimen of alloy A1100 on
UTM following results are obtained:-
• The resulted Tensile strength of A1100 alloy = 0.267MPa
• The resulted ductility or percentage elongation of A1100 alloy= 2%
Fig 6- After experiment specimen have broken
Stress
Strain%
Fig 7- Stress-Strain Curve obtained from tensile test.
15. Discussion
From the results of mentioned processes and test following things are analysed-
Sand mould and vibration effects analysis:-
• Sand Mould effect- Selection of optimum grain size of sand for preparing sand mould is a
critical factor which influence the quality of coatings produced. The selection of sand
grain size depends upon the composition, pouring temperature, type of metal and required
surface finish of casting. Specification of moulding sand for particular casting material
avoid casting related problems like permeability, surface roughness, burn in and burn on.
• Vibration Effect- Vibration when applied to sand casting during solidification of alloy
played important in improving quality of cast. The results show decrease in porosity, hot
tearing, degassing, and reduction in pipe formation and solidification time of the casted
alloy. It is also observed that dendrite coherency point of alloy tend to shift towards lower
temperatures.
UTM test result and analysis:-
The mechanical properties test of specimen of alloy A11100 showed improvement in tensile
strength and ductility of alloy when it is casted under the effect of mechanical vibration. So,
mechanical vibrations prove to have significant role in improving mechanical and
metallurgical properties of A1100 alloy.
16. Conclusion
• The effect of mechanical mould vibration on casting characteristics of Al-based alloys was
evaluated. Aluminium alloy A1100 is chosen to the study the effect of mechanical
vibration on hot tearing, grain refinement, and mechanical properties and on the
morphology of eutectic silicon of A1100 alloy. It is found from results that mechanical
mould vibration has a significant effect on sand casting and in improving the mechanical
and chemical properties of A1100 alloy during casting. The following conclusions are
drawn from results-
• Mechanical mould vibration during casting of A1100 alloy showed a decrease in porosity,
hot tearing, and solidification time and pipe formation.
• Mechanical vibration while solidification of casting showed that dendrite coherency point
shift towards lower temperature and increase in the grain refinement and compactness
result in improved rigidity and hardness of A1100 alloy.
• The UTM test of A1100 alloy cast under the effect of vibrations showed an increase in
tensile strength and ductility of the alloy.
• When A1100 alloy cast in sand mould and vibration is applied, the surface imperfections
decreases results in good surface finishing and smoother surface and also decrease in
corrosion of alloy.
• Finally, it is concluded that mechanical vibrations during sand casting of A1100 alloy have
a significant role in improving the mechanical and metallurgical properties and
characteristics of the alloy as compared to the alloy cast without mechanical vibration.
17. Future Scope
• Carry out more tensile tests with different alloys and castings conditions to compare
bifilm index change with mechanical properties. A valuable target would be the
establishment of a map between bifilm index and RPT density, showing the
contours of strength and ductility.
• Study image analysis software to determine precisely the parameters and to prepare
a Computer model to speed up the process.
• Study on the effects of modifiers (such as Sr, Mg etc) on oxide structure and pore
morphology under reduced pressure test.
• An investigation on the development of the morphologies of the pores in the RPT
samples taken from melts held in a (i) a resistance furnace (relatively slow
convective stirring) and (ii) the induction furnace (powerful, rapid stirring).
• Re-processing of the RPT test results obtained from the thesis and with the data that
is going to be collected from the future tests, a statistical technique will be used to
analyse RPT results in order to find out how many samples should be taken from a
melt to get a reliable assessment of the quality of the melt.
• Publications Journals
18. References
[1] Jain, P. L. (1986): Principle of Foundry Technology, MIR Publications, Moscow,
pp: 22-64.
[2] Dieter, G. E (1981): Mechanical Metallurgy, Mc Graw Hill Inc, Tokyo, pp: 129-
300
[3] Deshpande J., the effect of mechanical mold vibration on the characteristics of
Al-alloy, 2006, Ph.D. thesis, Worcester polytechnic institute.
[4] Jackson K.A, mechanism of growth liquid metals and solidification, 1958,
American society of metal, overland, Ch. 187.
[5] Jian X., Refinement of eutectic silicon phase of Al A356 alloy using high
ultrasonic vibration, 2006, Scripta Materialia, vol. 54, pp. 893-896.
[6] Jian X., XU H., Meek T.T, Han Q., effect of power ultrasound on solidification of
Al A356 alloy, 2005, materials letters, vol.59, pp. 190-193.
[7] Abugh A., Kuncy I.K, Microstructure and mechanical properties of vibrated and
weldments, 2013, University of agriculture, P.M.B 2373, Makurdi-Nigeria, pp.7-13.
[8] Pillai R.M., journal of material processing technology, 2004, vol.146, pp. 338-
348.
[9] Sokoloff, Saito K., Male A., mater sci. Engg. A, 2005, vol. 393w, pp. 109-117.
[10] Cambell J., international metals reviews, 1981, vol. 26, no-2, pp. 71-108.
[11] Dommaschk C., Ph.D. d thesis, 2003, university of Freiberg, Germany.
[12] Pillai R.M., journal of material processing technology, 2004, vol. 146, pp. 338-
348.