The earliest humans evolved in East Africa around 2 million years ago. They began using stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Around 30,000 BCE, early humans created cave paintings showing the animals they hunted. By 9000 BCE, during the Neolithic agricultural revolution, humans in some areas learned to farm crops and domesticate animals, leading to permanent settlements and the growth of early civilizations along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers.