This document outlines the objectives and content of a course on 21st century literature from the Philippines and world. It provides an overview of Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the contemporary period, dividing it into major eras defined by shifts in ruling powers. During each era, the document describes the dominant themes and literary forms that contributed to the development of Philippine national literature. The objectives are for students to understand this historical development and be able to analyze how themes from different eras shaped the nation's literature over time.

1. This course aims to engage students in
appreciation and critical study of 21st century
literature from the Philippines and the world
encompassing their various dimensions, genres,
elements, structures, contexts, and traditions.
21st Century Literature form the Philippines and
the World

2. Course description:
Study and appreciation of the
literature of the region where the school
is located in relation to the literature of
other regions of the country.

3. Objectives:
At the end of the session, the students will be
able to:
a. trace the development of the Philippine Literature
from pre-colonial to contemporary period;
b. describe the theme of each era; and
c. Explain how the theme of the literary outputs of
the various eras contributed to the national literature
of the Philippines.

4. PRE –
COLONIAL
PERIOD
SPANISH
COLONIZATION
PERIOD
NATIONALISTIC/
PROPAGANDA
AND
REVOLUTIONAR
Y PERIOD
CONTEMPORARY
/MODERN
PERIOD
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
AMERICAN
COLONIAL
PERIOD

5. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
CHARACTERISTICS
*Based on oral traditions
*Crude on ideology and phraseology

6. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
LITERARY FORMS
1.Oral Literature
Riddles
-battle of wits among participants
Proverbs
-wise saying that contain a metaphor used to
teach as a food for thought

7. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
2.Folk Songs
- it is a form of folk lyric which expresses the
hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as
well as their loves.
a. Hele or oyayi- lullaby
b. Ambahan( Mangyan)
- 7 syllable per line poem that are about human
relationships and social entertainment.

8. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
c. Kalusan (Ivatan)
- Work songs that depict the livelihood of the people
d. Tagay( Cebuano and Waray)
-drinking song
e. Kanogan ( Cebuano)
-song of lamentation of the dead

9. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
3. Folk Tales
a. Myths
-explain how the world was created, how certain
animals possess certain characteristics, why
some places have waterfalls, volcanoes,
mountains, flora and fauna.
b. Legends
-explain the origin of things
(Why Pineapple Has Eyes)

10. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
c. Fables
-used animal characters and allegory
d. Fantastic Stories
-deal with underworld characters

11. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
–BC TO 1564
4. Epic
These are narratives of sustained length based on
oral tradition revolving around supernatural events
or heroic deeds.
Examples:
Lam-ang ( Ilokano)
Hinilawod (Panay)
Kudaman ( Palawan)
Darangen ( Maranao)

12. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
1565-1863
CHARACTERISTICS
• It has two distinct classification: religious and
secular
• It introduced Spanish as the medium of
communication

13. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
1565-1863
LITERARY FORMS
1.Religious Literature
Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those
versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included
in early catechism and used to teach Filipinos the
Spanish language
a. Pasyon
-long narrative poem about the passion and death of
Christ.

14. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
1565-1863
Example:
“Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon
Natin” by Aguino de Belen
b. Senakulo
-dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion
and death of Christ

15. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
1565-1863
2.Secular (non-religious) Literature
a. Awit
-Colorful Adarna
b. Korido
-metrical tale written on octosyllabic quatrains
Ex. Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar

16. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
1565-1863
3. Prose Narratives
-written to prescribe proper decorum
Ex. Urbana at Feliza by Modesto de Castro

17. NATIONALISTIC/ PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
(1864-1896)
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos
2. Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
3. Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentia”

18. NATIONALISTIC/ PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
(1864-1896)
LITERARY FORMS
1. Propaganda Literature
-reformatory in objective
a.Political Essays
-satires, editorials and news articles were written to
attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule
Examples:
*Diariong Tagalog- founded by Marcelo H. del Pillar
*La Solidaridad- Graciano Lopez-Jaena as the editor-
in-chief

19. NATIONALISTIC/ PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
(1864-1896)
b.Political Novels
-Noli Me Tangere and
-El Filibusterismo by Jose Rizal

20. NATIONALISTIC/ PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
(1864-1896)
2. Revolutionary Literature
-more propagandistic literary as it is more violent in
nature and demanded complete independence for
the country
a.Political Essays
-helped inflame the spirit of revolution
Examples:
Kalayaan- newspaper of Jacinto

21. NATIONALISTIC/ PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
(1864-1896)
b. Poetry
Example:
True Decalogue- Apolinario Mabini
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas- Andres Bonifacio
Liwanag at Dilim- Emilio Jacinto

22. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1910-1945
A. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP
(1910-1930)
B.PERIOD OF EMERGENCE
(1920-1930)

23. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1910-1945
A. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP (1910-1930)
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Filipino writers imitated English and American
models.
2. Poems written were amateurish and mushy, which
phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial

24. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1910-1945
A. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP (1910-1930)
LITERARY FORMS
1.Short Stories
a. Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
b. The Key – Paz Latorena
c. Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa

25. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1910-1945
2. Novels
a. Child of Sorrow – first novel in English, by Zoilo
Galang

26. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1910-1945
B.PERIOD OF EMERGENCE
(1920-1930)
CHARACTERISTICS
- highly influenced Western literary trends like
Romanticism and Realism

27. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
1910-1945
B.PERIOD OF EMERGENCE
(1920-1930)
LITERARY FORMS
1.Short Stories
-Most prevalent literary form
Jose Garcia Villa – “ Poet of the Century”

28. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1942-1960)
A. WAR YEARS (1942-1944)
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas
tradition and instead wrote in simple language
and free verse.
2. Fiction prevailed over poetry

29. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1942-1960)
A. WAR YEARS (1942-1944)
LITERARY FORMS
1.Fiction
a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino
(1943)- compilation of the short story contest by
the military government
b. Suyuan sa Tubigan- Macario Penida
c. Lupang Tinubuan- Narciso Reyes
d. Uhaw and Tigang na Lupa- Liwayway Arceo

30. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
(1942-1960)
B. PERIOD OF MATURITY AND ORIGiNALITY
(1945-1960)
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and
essay
2. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized
themselves with diverse techniques
3. Literary “giants” appeared

31. a.Palanca Awards for Literature
1. Jose Garcia Villa
2. Nick Joaquin
3. NVM Gonzales
4. Bienvenido Santos
5. Gregorio Brillantes
6. Gilda Cordero Fernando

32. b.National Artist Awards
1. Jose Garcia Villa
2. Nick Joaquin

33. CONTEMPORARY /MODERN PERIOD
1960-PRESENT
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights,
including freedom of the press
2. Writers used sybolisms and allegories to drive home
their message, at the face of heavy censorship
3.Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, as the
PETA ( Phil. Educational Theater Association) and
UP Theater
4. From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show
dynamism and innovation.

34. Create a timeline showcasing significant literary works
from pre-colonial to contemporary periods

35. Individual Work
 Write a close analysis of the text .