The document discusses the precipitin reaction, which involves an antibody binding to its antigen to form an insoluble complex. It precipitates out of solution, forming a visible precipitate. The optimal mutual proportions (OMP) of antigen and antibody yield the greatest amount of precipitation. To determine the OMP, serial dilutions of the antigen are made while keeping the antibody concentration constant. The dilution that produces the maximum amount of precipitation at the OMP. Experiments are described to perform precipitin reactions, analyze the results, and calculate values like the antibody concentration in the original antiserum.

1. Precipitin Reaction
Purpose: To understand the
biological basis of the precipitin
reaction, and how to perform, and
analyze the reaction.

2. Forces that stabilize Ab-Ag
interactions

3. Complementary shape: maximizes
affinity and specificity

4. Complementary shape: maximizes
affinity and specificity

5. Antibodies are divalent so they can link Ag
together

6. Antigens are
multivalent so Ab
bridging is
possible, leading to
formation of lattice

7. Precipitin reaction: continuation of lattice
formation results in large aggregates which
settle out of solution and form visible
precipitate

8. Precipitin reaction: Ab binds soluble Ag to form
aggregation of Ab-Ag complex (immune complex)
that can precipitate out of solution

9. qualitativ
e (ring
test)
tests for
presence
of Ab
specific
for the Ag

10. Considerati
on of
concentrati
on of both
Ag and Ab
is
necessary
to produce
insoluble
aggregates

11. Optimal mutual proportions (OMP) aka equivalent
proportions: usage of all available Ag and Ab in
formation of lattice
At OMP, addition of more Ag or Ab shows no
additional precipitation. All reactants participated
in initial reaction

12. Methodology:
Ab reacts with Ag for 1-2 h at 37*C to allow
rapid binding of Ab-Ag; forms small, soluble
complexes

13. Incubate for 24-28 h at 4*C to allow slow
development of small, soluble complexes from
step 1 into large insoluble complexes

14. Hence want to determine OMP= optimal
concentration of Ab and Ag to allow precipitin
reaction to occur
SO dilute Ag, keep Ab constant, measure amount
of precipitation, and determine dilution of Ag
that gives greatest amount of precipitation
Dilution of Ag that gives greatest precipitation =
OMP aka equivalence

15. • Change Ag amounts (mg), add to constant
amount of Ab, measure amount of
precipitation
• Plot amounts of precipitate VS amount of Ag
added
• To determine if a particular SN has excess Ag
or Ab, Add more Ag or Ab and see if additional
precipitation occurs

16. Our Antigen
Ovalbumin:
•Most prevalent protein in
chicken eggs
•Used as an allergen in test
patients
•Used as molecular weight

17. Agglutination Precipitin Reaction
Qualitative (slide test) Qualitative (ring test)
Ag – SRBC/Ab - α-SRBC Ag – OA /Ab – α-OA
Quantitative (microtiter Quantitative (microtiter
plate) assay)
Result: Titer Results: OMP
Serially diluted Ab Serially diluted Ag
More sensitive (need . Less sensitive (need
8-16mg) 80-320mg)
Ag is not soluble Ag is soluble

18. Serum: The clear liquid that can be separated
from clotted blood. Serum differs from
plasma, the liquid portion of normal unclotted
blood containing the red and white cells and
platelets. It is the clot that makes the
difference between serum and plasma.
Antiserum: antibody containing serum

19. Protocol
1) Aliquot 120µl of OA into a clean, dry
eppendorf tube and label accordingly. Set
aside for now.
120µl
OA

20. 2) Set up a 1:4 dilution (180µl of anti-OA serum +
540µl of PBS) in a clean, dry eppendorf tube and
label accordingly. Set aside for now.
540µl 180µl
PBS α-OA

21. 50µl PBS
50µl OA
PBS
OA

22. 1:2
serial
of OA
bubble
dilution
(Minimize
1
formation and
change tips!!)
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.125
0.0625
0.03125
0.015625
0.0078125
0.00390625
0.00195312
5
0.00097656
25

23. When adding the serum solution, touch the
dispensing tip to the upper surface of the well
above the fluid level in the well.
50µl α-
OA
50µl
α-
OA
50µl
PBS

24. Immunodiffusion plate =
Immunodiffusion gel
Purpose: To test if the well showing
the largest amount of precipitate is
your OMP
Excess Ab
Your sample (centered on predicted
OMP)

25. Day 2
• Centrifuge plate (microtiter) 10 mins at 1200
rpm
• Prepare 2 plates (petri dishes): 10mL of agar to
each dish
• Label plates
• Incubate plates in fridge for 45-60 mins.
• Remove plates

26. Day 2
• Examine Day 1 plates
• Determine well(s) that show largest amount of
precipitate…OMP?
*Be very careful to not to disrupt the precipitate
(do not shake)!

27. Immunodiffusion plate =
7µ
Immunodiffusion gel
l
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ab
Your
Samples
Ag

28. To plate your samples:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
OMP
Surrounding ? 7µl Surrounding wells
wells

29. To plate your samples:
7µ
l
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Your
Samples

30. Most
Exampl precipitat
e OMP?
e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

31. Immunodiffusion plate =
7µ
Immunodiffusion gel
l
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ab
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Your
Samples
Ag

32. Schedule a time to view your plate
tomorrow
If you know when you can make it, let me know
If not, find time tomorrow to come find me in
MH-317
I will go with you to view your
immunodiffusion
plate

33. Week 2 Day 1
Dilutions of Ag
Final Volume= 750µl
[OMP]
1 2 3 4 5

34. Week 2 Day 1
Add 750µl of
antiserum
1 2 3 4 5

35. Week 2 Day
1
1 2 3 4 5

36. Week 2 Day 1
Excess OMP Excess
Ag Ab
1 2 3 4 5

37. Week 2 Day 2
Centrifuge at 1500 rpm, 4°C for 10 min.
Aspirate the SN_Resuspend pellet_Biorad
1 2 3 4 5

38. Calculations
•Construct a standard curve (total protein
concentration vs antigen concentration)
•Calculate the amount of antibody protein at
equivalence
• OMP, [ppt] = [antigen] + [antibody]
• Using the dilution of the original antiserum at
equivalence, calculate the amount of antibody
protein per ml of original undiluted antiserum