Beyond the trend of using IP as the “up to date technology” for SCADA (IEC 60870-5-104) and protections scheme integrated to a centralized management of the load (Sinchrophasors PMU), there is the need to approach the automatic switching and intrinsic autonomy of routing algorithms to provide smart capability to the communications network [1]. For long time IP equipment manufacturers have been trying to penetrate the electrical utilities with partial success, they were able to support only added value services as IP Video, VoIP and corporate IP traffic which is are not “critical” or essential to the electrical power system operation.
On this paper is presented a theoretical-practical evaluation of the MPLS-TP protocol which offers an IP platform according to the complimentary services requirements (high bandwidth) as well for reliable channels features through the emulation of TDM systems with delay, symmetry and self-healing switching in order to warrant the correct operation of critical services as Teleprotection, Differential Relays and Sinchrophasors.
Key time measurements will be presented which certifies the theoretical reliability of MPLS-TP as main IP communication platform in electrical transmission systems.
Some of the key driving forces behind the transition from the UMTS based cellular system to the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) are to improve the mean and the cell-edge throughput, improve the user fairness, and improve the quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for all users. In the latter system, relays appear as one of the most prominent enabler for improving the cell-edge user experience while increasing the system’s fairness.
In this white paper, we present the basics of relay deployments in LTE-A networks. Moreover, we analyze resource allocation problem for Relay Nodes (RN) deployments and present some of the solutions for improvement in system resource usage and QoS satisfaction. Afterwards, we introduce the capabilities of NOMOR’s LTE-A system level simulator and evaluate the performance of LTE-A relay systems under the described solutions.
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
Sample-by-sample and block-adaptive robust constant modulus-based algorithmsDr. Ayman Elnashar, PhD
In this study, a robust sample-by-sample linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) and a robust adaptive block-Shanno constant modulus algorithm (BSCMA) are developed. The well-established quadratic inequality constraint approach is exploited to add robustness to the developed algorithms. The LCCMA algorithm is implemented using a fast steepest descent adaptive algorithm, whereas the BSCMA algorithm is realised using a modified Newton’s algorithm without the inverse of Hessian matrix estimation. The developed algorithms are exercised to cancel the multiple access interference in a loaded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system. Simulations are presented in a rich multipath environment with a severe near-far effect to evaluate the robustness of the proposed DS/CDMA detectors. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis between the sample-by-sample and block-adaptive constant modulus-based detectors is presented. It has been demonstrated that the developed robust BSCMA detector offers rapid convergence speed and very low computational complexity, whereas the developed robust LCCMA detector engenders about 5 dB improvement in the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio over the BSCMA detector.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
Some of the key driving forces behind the transition from the UMTS based cellular system to the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) are to improve the mean and the cell-edge throughput, improve the user fairness, and improve the quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for all users. In the latter system, relays appear as one of the most prominent enabler for improving the cell-edge user experience while increasing the system’s fairness.
In this white paper, we present the basics of relay deployments in LTE-A networks. Moreover, we analyze resource allocation problem for Relay Nodes (RN) deployments and present some of the solutions for improvement in system resource usage and QoS satisfaction. Afterwards, we introduce the capabilities of NOMOR’s LTE-A system level simulator and evaluate the performance of LTE-A relay systems under the described solutions.
Enabling 5G X-Haul with Deterministic Ethernet - A TransPacket whitepaperIvar Søvold
Transpacket (www.transpacket.com) explores the concept of Ethernet X-Haul in a newly released whitepaper. Discussed extensively in the mobile industry in connection with 5G, the idea is to have an Ethernet based converged transport network serving multiple purposes including fronthaul and backhaul. The whitepaper presents the RAN architectures under consideration for 5G, and their consequences in terms of requirements for the transport network. It further describes how an innovative Ethernet scheduling mechanism is required to support deterministic Ethernet, and to fully achieve an 5G Ethernet X-Haul. It also introduces two use cases, namely Ethernet Crosshaul, and Indoor Coverage, which demonstrate the added value of deterministic Ethernet for mobile transport applications.
Sample-by-sample and block-adaptive robust constant modulus-based algorithmsDr. Ayman Elnashar, PhD
In this study, a robust sample-by-sample linearly constrained constant modulus algorithm (LCCMA) and a robust adaptive block-Shanno constant modulus algorithm (BSCMA) are developed. The well-established quadratic inequality constraint approach is exploited to add robustness to the developed algorithms. The LCCMA algorithm is implemented using a fast steepest descent adaptive algorithm, whereas the BSCMA algorithm is realised using a modified Newton’s algorithm without the inverse of Hessian matrix estimation. The developed algorithms are exercised to cancel the multiple access interference in a loaded direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) system. Simulations are presented in a rich multipath environment with a severe near-far effect to evaluate the robustness of the proposed DS/CDMA detectors. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis between the sample-by-sample and block-adaptive constant modulus-based detectors is presented. It has been demonstrated that the developed robust BSCMA detector offers rapid convergence speed and very low computational complexity, whereas the developed robust LCCMA detector engenders about 5 dB improvement in the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio over the BSCMA detector.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
Multi-layer heterogeneous network layout including small cell base stations are considered to be the key to further enhancements of the spectral efficiency achieved in mobile communication networks. It has been recognized that inter-cell interference has become the limiting factor when trying to achieve not only high average user satisfaction, but a high degree of satisfaction for as many users as possible. Therefore, inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) lies in the focus of researchers defining next generation mobile communication standards, such as LTE-A.
Building upon [1], this paper provides an overview over the background calling for ICIC in heterogeneous LTE-A networks. It outlines techniques standardized in Rel. 10 of LTE-A, discusses them showing their benefits and limitations by means of system-level simulations and motivates the importance of self optimizing network (SON) procedures for ICIC in LTE-A.
Mobile Internet applications running on devices such as smart phones and tablets have dramatically changed the landscape of application-generated network traffic. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 8, 9, and 10 (LTE and LTE-Advanced) were proposed before many such applications. Now such applications are widely used in modern smart phones and other mobile devices.
In LTE’s power management model, where the user equipment (UE) is stays in radio resource control (RRC)-Connected state during active sessions and moves to RRC-Idle during Inactive sessions. It was well suited to the previous generation of popular applications and was effective at minimizing UE power consumption and other air interface resources.
However, newer applications generate a constant stream of autonomous and user generated traffic at all times. This has, thus erasing the previously clear demarcation between active and Inactive states. This means, a given mobile device often ends up moving between connected and idle states very frequently to send mostly short bursts of data. This is draining device battery and causing excessive signaling overhead in LTE networks. This problem has grown and attracted the research community’s attention to address the negative effects of frequent back and forth transitions between LTE radio states.
This seminar presents various methods for monitoring and controlling techniques for energy usages. Also explore the solution adopted by 3GPP is included in the latest development of release 11, to handle energy management issues. At the end, the future scope related to energy utilization is discussed
Evaluation of 5G Data Duplication for URLLC - Nomor Reseach GmbHEiko Seidel
As you might know Data Duplication can be used in combination of Carrier Aggregation or Dual Connectivity to increase reliability for services such as URLLC. Enclosed a paper of my colleague Dr. Volker Pauli with 5G system/protocol level simulation results for different scenarios for a CU/DU split architecture. Packet loss rates of 10-5 are feasible for URLLC within restricted service areas.
5G RAN - Split of Functions between Central and Distributed UnitEiko Seidel
R3-161285 from 3GPP TSG RAN WG3 Meeting #92 in Nanjing, China, 23 - 27 May 2016
Source: Deutsche Telekom, Orange, T-Mobile US, Telstra, SK Telecom
See: www.3gpp.org
The document shares some practical considerations from an operator viewpoint with the aim to aid the discussions to find reasonable functional split options between central and distributed unit for the NR.
Final Performance Evaluation of 3GPP NR eMBB within 5G-PPP consortiumEiko Seidel
Nomor Research contributed extensive system level simulation results to the evaluation group of the 5G-PPP consortium as an independent source. The evaluation has been submitted to 34th meeting of the ITU-R Working Party 5D confirming that the 5G requirements of 3GPP New Radio air interface are indeed fulfilled. With the presentation of the evaluation reports at the ITU-R Working Party 5D meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland, in February 2020, the independent evaluation activity has officially been closed.
The system level simulations performed by Nomor Research GmbH are only a part of the overall evaluation of the 5G NR air interface. A summary of the simulation-based evaluation based on the 5G NR RealNeS system simulator is being provided in this white paper.
Towards achieving-high-performance-in-5g-mobile-packet-cores-user-plane-functionEiko Seidel
White Paper Intel SK Telekom
This paper presents the architecture for a user plane function (UPF) in the mobile packet core (MPC) targeting 5G deployments.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teachers ( Dr. Kuldip pahwa and Er. Ankur singhal) thank for all my teachers for help me. thank you
Teleprotection signals from protective relays are among the most critical data transmitted across utility networks, as they help manage the power grid load, as well as to protect equipment within the power network from severe damages resulting from faulty HV lines. By enabling load-sharing, grid adjustments and immediate fault clearance, Teleprotection has a decisive role in ensuring uninterrupted power supply and therefore requires special attention with regards to network performance and reliability. Specifically, protection commands must be assured immediate delivery when problems are detected, so that faulty equipment can be disconnected before causing a system-wide damage.
Multi-layer heterogeneous network layout including small cell base stations are considered to be the key to further enhancements of the spectral efficiency achieved in mobile communication networks. It has been recognized that inter-cell interference has become the limiting factor when trying to achieve not only high average user satisfaction, but a high degree of satisfaction for as many users as possible. Therefore, inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) lies in the focus of researchers defining next generation mobile communication standards, such as LTE-A.
Building upon [1], this paper provides an overview over the background calling for ICIC in heterogeneous LTE-A networks. It outlines techniques standardized in Rel. 10 of LTE-A, discusses them showing their benefits and limitations by means of system-level simulations and motivates the importance of self optimizing network (SON) procedures for ICIC in LTE-A.
Mobile Internet applications running on devices such as smart phones and tablets have dramatically changed the landscape of application-generated network traffic. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 8, 9, and 10 (LTE and LTE-Advanced) were proposed before many such applications. Now such applications are widely used in modern smart phones and other mobile devices.
In LTE’s power management model, where the user equipment (UE) is stays in radio resource control (RRC)-Connected state during active sessions and moves to RRC-Idle during Inactive sessions. It was well suited to the previous generation of popular applications and was effective at minimizing UE power consumption and other air interface resources.
However, newer applications generate a constant stream of autonomous and user generated traffic at all times. This has, thus erasing the previously clear demarcation between active and Inactive states. This means, a given mobile device often ends up moving between connected and idle states very frequently to send mostly short bursts of data. This is draining device battery and causing excessive signaling overhead in LTE networks. This problem has grown and attracted the research community’s attention to address the negative effects of frequent back and forth transitions between LTE radio states.
This seminar presents various methods for monitoring and controlling techniques for energy usages. Also explore the solution adopted by 3GPP is included in the latest development of release 11, to handle energy management issues. At the end, the future scope related to energy utilization is discussed
Evaluation of 5G Data Duplication for URLLC - Nomor Reseach GmbHEiko Seidel
As you might know Data Duplication can be used in combination of Carrier Aggregation or Dual Connectivity to increase reliability for services such as URLLC. Enclosed a paper of my colleague Dr. Volker Pauli with 5G system/protocol level simulation results for different scenarios for a CU/DU split architecture. Packet loss rates of 10-5 are feasible for URLLC within restricted service areas.
5G RAN - Split of Functions between Central and Distributed UnitEiko Seidel
R3-161285 from 3GPP TSG RAN WG3 Meeting #92 in Nanjing, China, 23 - 27 May 2016
Source: Deutsche Telekom, Orange, T-Mobile US, Telstra, SK Telecom
See: www.3gpp.org
The document shares some practical considerations from an operator viewpoint with the aim to aid the discussions to find reasonable functional split options between central and distributed unit for the NR.
Final Performance Evaluation of 3GPP NR eMBB within 5G-PPP consortiumEiko Seidel
Nomor Research contributed extensive system level simulation results to the evaluation group of the 5G-PPP consortium as an independent source. The evaluation has been submitted to 34th meeting of the ITU-R Working Party 5D confirming that the 5G requirements of 3GPP New Radio air interface are indeed fulfilled. With the presentation of the evaluation reports at the ITU-R Working Party 5D meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland, in February 2020, the independent evaluation activity has officially been closed.
The system level simulations performed by Nomor Research GmbH are only a part of the overall evaluation of the 5G NR air interface. A summary of the simulation-based evaluation based on the 5G NR RealNeS system simulator is being provided in this white paper.
Towards achieving-high-performance-in-5g-mobile-packet-cores-user-plane-functionEiko Seidel
White Paper Intel SK Telekom
This paper presents the architecture for a user plane function (UPF) in the mobile packet core (MPC) targeting 5G deployments.
This is work done by MURTADHA ALI NSAIF SHUKUR student at MMU Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India. With the help my teachers ( Dr. Kuldip pahwa and Er. Ankur singhal) thank for all my teachers for help me. thank you
Teleprotection signals from protective relays are among the most critical data transmitted across utility networks, as they help manage the power grid load, as well as to protect equipment within the power network from severe damages resulting from faulty HV lines. By enabling load-sharing, grid adjustments and immediate fault clearance, Teleprotection has a decisive role in ensuring uninterrupted power supply and therefore requires special attention with regards to network performance and reliability. Specifically, protection commands must be assured immediate delivery when problems are detected, so that faulty equipment can be disconnected before causing a system-wide damage.
Capacity Improvement and Protection of LTE Network on Ethernet Based TechniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High demands for data rates in mobile communications is the reason for developing broadband
wireless access technologies. Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) networks which offer significantly higher data
rates and require suitably higher capacity backhaul networks. To prepare for the high data rates usage in
4G LTE, operators are using ethernet services in terms of backhaul connectivity. Protection packet
switching developed to anticipated network failure on ethernet based network technology. The failures in
the network include the link fails to connect to each network element, the network element fails to transfer
the data to the destination, or the quality drops below the standard. In this paper we used two ethernet
based technique, namely Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP with ring protection to anticipated network
failure on these techniques. Furthermore, we measured performance of network by measuring and
comparing the throughput, latency and jitter between Ethernet over SDH and MPLS-TP. We used
bandwidth capacity 240 Mbps as plant bandwidth link and worked in MIMO 2 2. The results of
measurements indicated that MPLS-TP with ring protection is the best technique to enhanced the
performance of LTE network.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
Smart Communication System (SCS) defines the operation philosophy for the interface of new
generation power line carrier equipment PLC [1] with legacy fiber optic and radio communication
systems converging all them in a homogeneous communication network allowing packet switching
over the mesh grid using all existing point to point links even if they are TDM nature.
Design Considerations for Converged Optical Ethernet NetworksVishal Sharma, Ph.D.
Transport networks have witnessed two significant trends over the past half decade or so. The first has been an explosion in the bandwidth that these networks can support and the distances over which they can support it. This is due to the advent of cost-effective wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense-WDM (DWDM), as well as a slew of technologies that extend transmission range, such as...more
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IP-optical convergence: a complete solutionEricsson
Networks with separate IP and optical transport networks suffer from an unnecessary resource overhead, as each network has its own control and management mechanisms. In addition to the extra resources needed to reach a given performance target, separation also makes networks more complex than they need to be. Like many other issues that operators face today, this causes costs to rise and lowers the ability to evolve with changing business environments.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
Stable Ethernet TCP/IP Real Time Communication In Industrial Embedded Applica...IJRES Journal
A stable Ethernet communication link in industrial embedded applications and networking are possible at all levels of industrial automation, especially in the controller level whereby the data exchanges in real-time communication is mandatory. Designing a Robust and Reliable Industrial Communications Infrastructure with Ethernet has traditionally been used to network enterprise workstations and to transfer non-real-time data. The success of Ethernet in the desktop world has been due to its simplicity, expandability, robustness, and affordable implementation. Based on Ethernet’s success as a data network, embedded soft real-time communication networks are being implemented with standard 100 Mbit/s Ethernet for economy, familiarity, and compatibility with enterprise networks. By using TCP/IP on top of Ethernet, embedded systems can become globally accessible from enterprise networks. This connectivity and interoperability is possible, and affordable using commodity off-the shelf (COTS) hardware and software, which has led to a recent surge in interest in embedded Ethernet.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Mpls tp as packet platform for critical services in power transmission
1. JOZTHDWING@HOTMAIL.COM
MPLS-TP AS PACKET PLATFORM FOR CRITICAL SERVICES IN POWER
TRANSMISSION
J. RAMIREZ* H. CABRERA O. BAUTISTA
GE CORPOELEC PLC
Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela
SUMMARY
Beyond the trend of using IP as the “up to date technology” for SCADA (IEC
60870-5-104) and protections scheme integrated to a centralized management
of the load (Sinchrophasors PMU), there is the need to approach the automatic
switching and intrinsic autonomy of routing algorithms to provide smart
capability to the communications network [1]. For long time IP equipment
manufacturers have been trying to penetrate the electrical utilities with partial
success, they were able to support only added value services as IP Video, VoIP
and corporate IP traffic which is are not “critical” or essential to the electrical
power system operation.
On this paper is presented a theoretical-practical evaluation of the MPLS-TP
protocol which offers an IP platform according to the complimentary services
requirements (high bandwidth) as well for reliable channels features through
the emulation of TDM systems with delay, symmetry and self-healing switching
in order to warrant the correct operation of critical services as Teleprotection,
Differential Relays and Sinchrophasors.
Key time measurements will be presented which certifies the theoretical
reliability of MPLS-TP as main IP communication platform in electrical
transmission systems.
KEYWORDS
MPLS-TP, DIFERENTIAL PROTECTION, TELEPROTECTION, SMART
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, CRITICAL SERVICES, PSEUDO-WIRE, TDM
EMULATION, SYMETRICAL PATH
21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS D2-309 CIGRE 2016
http : //www.cigre.org
2. 1
1 TECNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
It is described with some detail the case in Venezuela that is not very different of
actual systems in Latin America, Middle East and part of Asia. In the beginning,
telecommunications at electrical utilities was characterized by an extended use of
analog Power Line Carrier (figure 1) and it use exclusive for operations proper of the
electrical network: teleprotection, SCADA and voice to/from dispatch center (control
centers). The limitations of bandwidth that was shared among different links (40 to
500 kHz) [2], determined the transmission of information between substations and
generator plants to the control centers, to be done at bit rates as low as 600 baud
and in some cases at 300 baud in analog channels, sharing the bandwidth among
voice and Data, these channels were named Speech-Plus (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. SSB modulation scheme in Analog Power Line Carrier
Fig. 2. Speech-Plus Channel in SSB systems
In some cases, it was deployed microwave systems with PDH technology, from 2
mbps to 34 mbps, its use depended upon limitations of frequencies and also
restrictions imposed by preference policy of the National Public Telephonic
Company, that imposed the procurement of services in its coverage areas.
In Venezuela, in 1984, the country’s Electrical Company install the first fiber optic link
consisting of a submarine cable of 9.6 km and OPGW type fiber optic of 45km,
additionally a microwave backup system, both of them with PDH technology.
It is at 1994 when due to the introduction of SDH technology, it is possible to
overcome the lack of flexibility of PDF devices, related to the long multiplexing
chains.
In 2006, there was another step in evolution of communications technology, that year
begins the migration of TDM systems (circuit switched) to packet switched (IP). At
that moment the migration was considered relatively free of incompatibility issues, for
that reason MPLS was discarded due to its complexity and inexistency of standards
widely accepted and certified for its operation in electrical utilities.
3. 2
Special care in this migration was given to the critical services, such as teleprotection
and transmission of information of SCADA systems.
The deployed solution was the Gigabit Ethernet Network with the use of DWDM
equipment, where the data and the teleprotection system use independent
wavelengths, for the interconnection from protection relay to relay between both ends
(see Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. IP System and Teleprotection over DWDM
In parallel to evolution of telecommunication systems, the protection relay’s
technology developed to the IED.
In first stage, the teleprotection schemes used wiring from relay’s IO contacts to a
teleprotection equipment (Power Line Carrier, PDH, SDH) through electrical
connection of 4-Wire audio channels. By pursuing more reliability and simplicity,
some telecommunication equipment specialized for the utility sector, had a
teleprotection interface built-in.
In a more advanced stage, protection relays incorporated C37.94 optical ports, which
interfaced with the same type of interface in the DWDM system. For those Power
Lines of critical importance, the protection relay was added a 1550 nm optical port
with optical power enough to overcome distances of about 100 km, connected
through an exclusive pair of fiber optics to the relay at the remote substation. This
option has the advantage to avoid transit through a multiplexer equipment, but losing
the backup path feature provided by communication systems with Ring topology,
additionally this alternative is costly because a pair of fibers is reserved for primary
protection and a second pair of fiber for secondary protection.
2 MPLS TECHNOLOGY
2.1 Expectations about MPLS-TP technology
Although the Gigabit Ethernet network deployed in conjunction with optical
teleprotection has been efficient and dependable, it is costly and complex to stablish
a proposal for rerouting in case of total fail of OPGW. This motivates the
development of a telecommunication proposal associated to the operation of
electrical sector that comply with the following premises:
Based on packet switching, to include the capability to switch to alternative
routes defined in the network in case of primary or priority path fail.
Multiplatform, that allow us to integrate legacy technologies (PDH, SDH,
SONET), being transparent to traffic and the operation of existing TDM
systems.
4. 3
Support for new synchronization protocols, such as IEEE 1588v2. Ensuring
network synchronization and support to external synchronous systems.
Connection oriented, to ensure proper transmission time for critical services.
Minimal Latency and Jitter to be used for communication of critical mission,
such as teleprotection between generator plants and substations.
Symmetrical Bidirectional communication, to allow the application for
differential line protection.
Management capacity levels (OAM), functionality and switch protection similar
to transport networks TDM (SDH) to be deployed by the same technical staff
existing on the electrical utility industry, requiring the same expertise level as
any other transport technology.
High voltage substation hardened equipment, that comply with environmental
requirements such as: high temperatures and electromagnetic fields as
defined in IEEE 1613[3]
Must be scalable to bigger networks, allowing partial provisioning that allow
gradual integration of different systems as they are deployed.
After multiple analysis summarize in table 1, it is considered that MPLS-TP
technology, developed in a joint effort between ITU-T and IETF, currently represent
the solution for flexibility, economy and homologation that suffices the necessity of
telecommunications related to the electrical utility.
Table 1. TDM and MPLS-IP technology comparison
2.2 MPLS-TP and its features
MPLS-TP is built upon MPLS, basing in the necessity of a simplified OAM in the
packet network and to optimize its use as Access Network, but also considering that
not all characteristics of MPLS are necessary or consistent with transport networks,
MPLS-TP can be considered a library of MPLS with some enhancements to provide
support for traditional transport operational models that provide transport to critical
services.
MPLS-TP is connection oriented, deterministic set of packet switching transport
protocol. It is having more and more acceptance around the globe, among other
reasons, because it is being developed as a joint effort from ITU-T and IETF to
develop a standardized optimized version of MPLS for transport networks.
MPLS-TP is oriented to Access/aggregation of SDH.
The essential features of MPLS-TP defined by IETF and ITU-T are:
FEATURE SDH/SONET MPLS-TP
Alternative backup paths in case of primary path failure 1 N+1
Interoperability with TDM or IP technologies in a transparent fashion. YES YES
Precision Time Protocol IEEE 1588v2 NO YES
Connection Oriented YES YES
Symmetrical path switch, log delay and low jitter YES YES
OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) simplicity YES YES
IEEE 1613 certified YES YES
Scalable from a minimal configuration available YES YES
Spare parts availability for 10+ years YES YES
Certified equipment and with immediate availability YES YES
5. 4
MPLS forwarding plane with restrictions
PWE3 Pseudowire Architecture
Control Plane: static or dynamic, Generalized MPLS (G-MPLS)
Enhanced OAM functionality
OAM monitors and drives protection switching
Use of Generic Associate Channels (G-ACh) to support fault, configuration,
accounting, performance and security (FCAPS) functions.
Multicasting is under further study.
MPLS-TP has deleted a set of features of MPLS which are not compatible with
Connection Oriented networks.
Disabled Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) to reduce processing on the edge
router.
The capability to send traffic through other path of equal cost (Equal Cost Multi
Path -ECMP) which is incompatible with the requirement of being deterministic.
MPLS-TP is bidirectional LSP, it is, the traffic between two nodes of the electric
system use the same path in both directions.
Prohibited Label-Switched Paths (LSPs) merge, it leads to loss of information
about the origin of the traffic and make complex the supervision of each individual
path.
3 COMMUNICATION PLATFORM REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICAL UTILITY
3.1 Mission-Critical Communications in MPLS-TP
The critical teleprotection/protection communication are implemented over MPLS-TP
emulating a ring (a logical ring), to guarantee in that way a path symmetry along
which a packet is send and received.
If we consider the communication traffic along the operative electrical system, the
teleprotection scheme, where the teleprotection commands are transferred between
neighbor substations and supported by Gigabit Ethernet links through fiber optic, it
generally does not suffer issues related to latency or delay, nevertheless, we need to
consider the worst-case scenario when the OPGW fails between the substations.
Under this circumstance, it should be triggered a path switch in the communication
equipment that allows a rerouting through several substations that are part of the
logical ring previously defined, with a possible increase of traffic as a result of the
contingency of the electrical system.
The MPLS-TP architecture is based on server-client model, in which the MPLS-TP
operate independently of: its clients, related Management and control networks.
The MPLS-TP channels are based in the Pseudo wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge
(PWE3) model. A PWE3 emulates the essential attributes of a Permanent
Connectivity Service over a packet switched network, similar to a dedicated TDM line
or circuit. From the client point of view, the pseudo-wire is perceived as a link or
circuit not shared. An MPLS-TP tunnel can contain multiple pseudo wires.
Several MPLS-TP paths can be used to build Meshed infrastructures connecting the
packet transport networks.
The Internal transfer and traffic switch inside the packet network, is independent of
the specific protocol stack and the Application Service from the client side, whereas
6. 5
the edge mapping could be optimally configured and tuned according to customer
requirements.
An MPLS-TP network can achieve the interconnection of IP-routed devices with a
group of point-to-point pseudo-wires or E-LAN transport services. The real
interoperability exist in the Ethernet link or in the Media Access Control (MAC).
With MPLS-TP, one packet network can emulate the features of legacy services
while new connectivity services that are in synergy with All-IP oriented advanced
services.
As premises, it is considered the following objectives.
It must support the migration from primary and secondary distance protection
relay in both schemes (21/21N/67/67N – 21/21N/67/67N) to primary
differential protection and secondary distance protection (87L -
21/21N/67/67N). This last scheme is more reliable because by having
differential and distance protection relays which operate under different
philosophies, facilitating the detection of an atypical failure in the Power
Transmission Line.
It will be preserved for line protection the interface C37.94
Support of communication for WAMS (Wide-Area Measurement Systems),
used to perform the real time monitoring and dynamic control of the Power
System Status. Typically they consist of: PMUs (Phasor Measurement Unit) to
guarantee the security and stability of the power systems, PDC (Phasor Data
Concentrator), Control Centers, as well as high speed data communication
networks.
The “mission critical” communications are fundamental to define the technology to be
used in the transition from TDM networks to packet switched networks in the
transport system. Due to the critical nature of this type of communications for a
reliable operation of the Power System, it is necessary a communications
infrastructure that comply with the requirements of high availability with a minimum
delay.
MPLS-TP comply this requirements, for it is compatible with traffic engineering,
guarantying deterministic delays for high priority traffic.
Therefore, it is required improved protection features. MPLS-TP OAM (Operation,
Administration and Maintenance) achieve the end-to-end protection, by providing the
feature of switching protection, controlled by the Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD) and Protection State Coordination Protocols. BFD detects failures in labels of
switched paths (LSP) and PSC coordinates the protection switching.
MPLS-TP has been designed with the goal to ensure that operators and applications
in substations can improve the goal sub-50ms for path protection in a variety of
physical network configuration, in this case “Zero packet Loss” represents a solution
equivalent to the feature <3mS that offer very few manufactures of SDH for electric
systems.
The key features must include:
Deterministic end-to-end path protection
Protection switching <20 ms (based on the signal degradation or fail)
Support for several protection designs (1:1,1+1,1: N)
7. 6
Hitless switching (Zero Packet Loss) for protection and teleprotection
connections.
3.2 MPLS-TP compatibility with line protection schemes
Communication paths are essential for the protection schemes where the reliability,
symmetry and speed are critical parameters to allow the reliable operation of
protection schemes.
For CORPOELEC system, the following two are the cases where communications
are required:
Distance protection (21): Trip, Blocking, Unblocking, etc
Differential protection (87L): Measurement transmission of Current, Voltage,
Angle
These protection schemes stablish from the communications the following
challenges:
Low delay for fast communication.
End to end delay to be as maximum 10 ms.
Symmetric delay over same communication path Tx/Rx.
Direct interface of all substation applications (legacy and IP interfaces).
Path switching of the emulated TDM paths to be manually predefined.
High availability of the channel path.
Low Jitter.
Transport requirements of circuit emulation (CESoPSN, SATOP) for
traditional teleprotection and EoMPLS for IEC61850 based teleprotection.
Frequency synchronization (Synch-E, 1588v2 PTP) of the MPLS-TP devices
for TDM transport.
4 MEASUREMENT OF DELAY OF A TELEPROTECTION SIGNAL OVER MPLS-TP
To determine the transmission time of a teleprotection signal through a
communications system based on MPLS-TP and the contribution of the MPLS-TP
equipment only to this total transmission time, it was performed a couple of
measurement tests using a scope meter suitable to capture the transmission and the
reception of a teleprotection signal consisting of a pulse signal:
In a first scenario, two teleprotection equipment were connected directly through fiber
optic while located in the same room (zero fiber optic delay) using C37.94 interfaces
as shown in figure 4:
C37.94 C37.94
FIBER OPTIC
CH1
CH2
SCOPEMETER
TELEPROTECTION
INPUT OUT
TELEPROTECTION
INPUT OUT
DC
Z
DC
Fig. 4. Test diagram for measurement of transmission time (TP equipment back to
back)
8. 7
The transmission time is measured from the activation of the teleprotection input until
the closure of the solid state output in the same equipment; this is, there is a “wire
loopback” in the remote equipment, so the signal is returned by that, and this
loopback includes the whole system from I/O interface at local to I/O interface at the
remote equipment. With both directions having the same delay the transmission time
in one direction is obtained by dividing the captured time difference by 2, in this
example: 8.0 ms /2 = 4 ms.
Fig. 5. Measurement of Transmission time. TP equipment back to back
In a second scenario, the C37.94 interfaces were connected through MPLS-TP
equipment, the communication between both MPLS-TP units is also through fiber
optic with 1Gbps interface, both equipment in the same room (zero fiber optic delay)
as shown in figure 6:
CH1
CH2
SCOPEMETER
FIBER OPTIC
MPLS-TP
DC
Z
TELEPROTECTION
INPUT
C37.94
OUT
TELEPROTECTION
INPUT
C37.94
OUT
DC
Fig. 6. Test diagram for measurement of transmission time (Including MPLS-TP)
The delay on the teleprotection and MPLS-TP equipment is affected by parameters
like timers and buffers; with a typical configuration that works in the field, the
following capture shows a round trip time of 15ms, then the transmission time in one
direction is 7.5 ms:
9. 8
Fig. 7. Measurement of Transmission time. Including MPLS-TP delay
For this test, the teleprotection equipment is using solid state outputs.
Based on the tests done in these two scenarios, we can determine that the
contribution to the total transmission time added by the MPLS-TP with the interfaces
described is:
Delay added by MPLS-TP equipment: 7.5 ms – 4 ms = 3.5 ms
The total delay of teleprotection service through this communication system is 7.5 ms
which is lower than the requirement of 10ms mentioned hereinabove.
5 CONCLUSIONS
MPLS-TP seems to be suitable as main platform for Communications of control
centers, substations and generation plants in order to have reliable Exchange of
information related to Measurement data, control and protection signaling.
Based on the analysis performed to the MPLS-TP technology and the time response
of the performed lab test, we consider this technology suitable for the Energy
transport network as an optimized path of the progressive migration from the legacy
TDM platform to the modern and reliable packet switched network.
The MPLS-TP equipment to be deployed should perform as multiplatform nodes
keeping available legacy interfaces as E1, STM-1 and C37.94 which could be
supported by emulation of TDM rings through Pseudo-Wires. This feature together
with the high capacity Ethernet interfaces will provide a strong backbone and access
facilities that smoothly allows the update of existing investments until the end of its
lifetime.
10. 9
6 REFERENCES
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[2] IEC 60495, Single sideband power-line carrier terminals, second edition 1993-09.
CEI 1993. SWITZERLAND. Section 5.2.1.
[3] IEEE Std 1613™-2009. Standard Environmental and Testing Requirements for
Communications Networking Devices Installed in Electric Power Substations
[4] Mehmet Toy, “Networks and Services: Carrier Ethernet, PBT, MPLS-TP, and
VPLS”
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