Chrysanthemums are an important commercial flower crop that are classified into 13 types based on their bloom structure. They are propagated vegetatively through cuttings and grown as a short day plant. Chrysanthemums require specific cultivation practices like pinching, disbudding, and staking to produce optimum yields. They face issues from pests, diseases, and environmental disorders and are harvested and stored before shipping to markets. Many public and private institutions have developed improved chrysanthemum varieties suited to different growing regions and seasons.

1. UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE
SCIENCES , BAGALKOT
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE
MUNIRABAD
Course - Commercial Floriculture ( FLA- 201 )
Submitted to - Srinivas sir

2. TOPIC -
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Presented By –
 Anupriya Patil – UHS20UG5403
 Basavashree – UHS20UG5408
 Bhagyashree – UHS20UG5409
 Rakshitha Y R – UHS20UG5436

3. CONTENTS -
• Introduction
• Importance and uses
• Classification
• Propagation
• Cultivation
• Irrigation
• Intercultural operations
• Environmental factors
• Harvest and yield
• Pest and diseases
• Post harvest technologies
• Off season blooming cultivars
• VARITIES

4. INTRODUCTION -
• Chrysanthemum also called as QUEEN OF EAST
/GLORY OF EAST / AUTUMN QUEEN /GULDAUDI
• National flower of JAPAN
• Symbolizes ROYALTY
• Chrysos – GOLDEN
• Anthos – FLOWER
• SHORT DAY PLANT
• Origin – EUROPE and ASIA
• Family – Composittae / Asteraceae
• Scientific name – Dendranthema grandiflora
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

5. • C . carinatum – Tricolour chrysanthemum
• C . coronarium – Garland chrysanthemum
• C . cinerariifolium – Dalmatian pyrethrum
• C . morifolium – essential oil and
sesquiterpinoid alcohol .
• C. maximum – Shasta daisy , perennial found in
Japan .

6. IMPORTANCE AND USES -
• Short day plant – PHOTOSENSITIVE ( 10hrs
day light )
• C . cineraiifolium and C. coccineum are
sources of pyrethrum and an important
insecticide .
• Cut flower, pot flower , loose flower , long stem
flowers , commercial flowers , popular exhibition
flowers .
• Erect and tall growing cultivars are suitable for
background planting borders or for cut flowers .

7. CLASSIFICATION -
• Class 1 – Regular incurve , ray florets narrow broad
, bloom size 10 – 15cm . Eg – snowball
• Class 2 – Irregular incurve , narrow broad smooth
ray florets , bloom size 15- 20cm . Eg –
mountaineer
• Class 3 – Skirted incurve , lower florets , bloom size
15- 20 cm . Eg – dream castle
• Class 4 – Incurving , ray florets incurved upwards
in indefinite manner . Eg- leading lady
• Class 5 – Reflex , inner florets remain incurved . Eg
– rose day , star of India , hope .
• Class 6 – Intermediate , ray florets partially
incurved , bloom size -15cm or globular. Eg – T-1

8. • Class 7 - Quilled , ray florets tubular , elongated
tips open or closed . Eg – green sensation .
• Class8 – Ball , ray florets straight , densely packed .
Eg – W – 23, nigeria .
• Class 9 – Spider , ray florets large tubular , rays
either fall or spread . Eg – Geethanjali .
• Class 10 – Spoon , blooms have visible disc . Eg
– carnation .
• Class 11 – Anemone , ray florets quilled disc .
Eg – cloud bank .
• Class 12 – Single , ray florets long elongated and
strap like . Eg – surja .
• Class 13 – Semi double , whorl of florets >5
Eg – Ronald .

9. PROPAGATION -
• Vegetatively through suckers, cuttings and
micro propagation . Terminal stem cuttings –
5 to 7cm
treated with IBA 2500 ppm .
Seeds have heterogeneity and self
incompatibility for pollination .

10. CULTIVATION -
• Soil – sandy loamy soil with ph-6.2 to 6.7 ,
sensitive to water logging .
• Climate – requires short days for bud initiation
and development and long days for vegetative
growth .
• Planting – May to June ideal .
• Flowering - Oct to November ( South India)
June second week ( North India )
• Temperature – 20-28 degree celsius for day and
15 to 20 degree celsius for night .

11. Classification based on temperature –
• Thermo positive cultivars – require atleast
16 degree celsius temperature for flowering and
at 27 degree celsius rapid flowering occurs .
• Thermo negative cultivars – requires 10 to
27 degree celsius for bud initiation but high
temperature delays bud formation .
• Thermo zero cultivars – flowers between 10
to 20 degree celsius most constantly at 15.6
degree celsius .

12. • Land preparation – field ploughed 2 to 3 times
before preparing beds .
• Basal dose – FYM 5 Kg / m2 , organic manure
• Manures and fertilizers - 50:160:80 as basal
dose apply nitrogen in the form of CAN as urea
causes phytotoxicity a 30:10:15 gm / m2 at
monthly interval .
• Spacing – green house 40 to 54 pits/m2 ,
30×20, 20×20, 30×30 .

13. IRRIGATION -
• Irrigated twice a week in summer with good
drainage .
• Chrysanthemum roots are very sensitive to
water logging but tolerate water stress
appreciable .
• Include overhead mist spray lines .
• Sprinkler and self travelling sprayers .

14. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS -
• Pinching – stopping ,done to induce branching
by increasing number of flowers in stem .
• Types of Pinching
1. Soft pinching –reduce plant size by
removing tips of branches shoots .
2. Roll out pinching - done to produce
maximum no. of flowers /stem .Eg – short
plants
3. Hard pinching – done in pot plants . Larger
portion of the plant removed to krrp plant
contact .

15. • Disbudding – removal of undesirable or
unwanted branches .
QXANTHIN is used for disbudding in
chrysnthemum.
• Desuckering – prevent an improper & vigrous
growth of the plant suckers are removed from
time to time.
• De-shooting – practised to reduce no. of
branches for improving size and form of flower .
• Staking – provides support to the stem by using
bamboos .

16. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -
• Light – photosensitive short day plant
• Relative humidity – requires moderate humid
condition of 70 to 90%
• Temperature – high temp ( floral distortion)
low temp ( discoloration of flower).

17. HARVEST AND YIELD -
• In standards harvesting done when outer ray
florets ceases to further development .
• Spray mums harvested @ 2/3 to ¾ ths open
stage .
• YIELD – Main crop : 9 -10 t/ha
Ratoon crop : 4-5 t/ha
Sprays : 100000 stems obtained from 1ha.

18. PESTS,DISEASES AND DISORDERS -
• Pests – Aphids , Thrips , Leaf miners and mites
• Diseases – Cercospora leaf spot , Alternaria
leaf spot , Fusarium stem rot and Powdery
mildew.
• Disorders – crown bud formation , petal burn ,
heat delay , premature budding , quilling of
florets .

19. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY-
• Grading – standard (blue ,red ,green ,yellow )
spray (gold , silver ,bronze )
• Packing – packed in display boxes measuring
91 ×43×15cm
• Storage – stored for 3 to 6 weeks period @ 0 to 3
degree celsius .

20. OFF SEASON BLOOMING
CULTIVARS -
• April to June – Himanshu , Jwala , Jyothi .
• June to August – Phuhar.
• September to October – Ajay , Sharda.
• November to December – Makhmal ,
Megami , suneel , Vasanth.
• February to March – Maghi .

21. VARITIES -
• IIHR Varieties – Arka swarna , Kirthi , Indira ,
Yellow star , Usha kiran ,Arka ganga , Ravikiran ,
Arka pinstar , Red stone , Rakhee , Chandrakant ,
Pankaj , Yellow gold , Chandrika .
• PAU Ludhiana – Baggi , Birbal sahni , Punjab gold .
• TNAU – Co1 and Co2 ( purple colored ) , MDU1
(Sulphur yellow colour )
• NBRI Lucknow – Kargil 99 , Appu , Bindiya ,
Sadbavana , Mother terasa, Apsara , Apoorva .
• Latest released varities – Pukhraj and Shekhar
( induced mutants )
• IARI varieties – Pusa anmol , Pusa ajay , Pusa
centenary , Kesari , Rosa guldasta .

22. Mutational breeding -
Parent Sport
Mahatma gandhi (mave) Kasturba gandhi (white )
Carna grande Queen of tamluk
Snow ball Sonar bangle
Sharad shobha Sharada