Presented by Nicoline de Haan, Pacem Kotchofa and Karl Rich at the “FAO AGA webinar on Understanding the Importance of the Social and Economic Impact of PPR ” 22 May 2020
Non‐farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopiaessp2
1) The rural off-farm economy in Ethiopia contributes 18% of total rural income, with wage income making up 10%. Wage and enterprise income are especially important for the poor.
2) Between 2004-2015, real rural wages in Ethiopia increased 54% while urban wages rose 64%. Higher agricultural and economic growth have driven wage increases.
3) Rising rural wages could increase mechanization and herbicide use in agriculture while reducing poverty. However, Ethiopia's wages remain lower than other countries, potentially affecting labor-intensive industries.
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopiaessp2
Urbanization is driving agricultural transformation in Ethiopia. Proximity to urban centers has a strong positive effect on teff farmers through higher output prices, wages, and land rental rates ("indirect effect"). It also lowers transaction costs and increases access to information and markets for inputs ("direct effect"), leading to greater use of inputs, higher productivity, and profits. Urbanization benefits intensification of staple crop production unlike population pressure alone. Policy should focus on infrastructure, urban growth, and input/knowledge availability to maximize these benefits.
Rural labour markets in transforming agricultural economies the case of ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes findings from research on rural labor markets and off-farm income in Ethiopia's transforming agricultural economy. Key findings include:
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of total rural household income, with wage income contributing 10%. Off-farm income is especially important for poorer households.
2) Rural wages have increased by 70% between 2004-2018, driven by agricultural growth. Higher wages provide incentives for mechanization and use of herbicides in agriculture.
3) Wage increases are linked to poverty reduction, as wages and poverty are negatively correlated. Policy implications include supporting skills development and adoption of technologies to maintain Ethiopia's low-wage advantage as wages rise.
Economy-wide Effects of PSNP in the Small and in the Largeessp2
This document summarizes research on evaluating the economy-wide effects of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) at both the local and national levels. At the local level, the researchers used a Local Economy-Wide Impact Evaluation (LEWIE) model in 8 kebeles to estimate the effects of PSNP cash transfers and public works projects on output, incomes, and welfare. At the national level, they used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate PSNP's effects on production, incomes, consumption, trade and GDP across Ethiopia. The analysis found that PSNP increased local and national economic activity beyond direct beneficiaries, with total benefits exceeding total costs. PSNP was estimated to
Investments in small scale sustainable agricultureGian Paolo Pezzi
More and Better -Nov 10, 2017
This 32 page report gives an overview of the global situation of investments in agriculture. It provides examples from several countries and present recommendations for future investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
The aim of the report is to: Increase knowledge, awareness and discussions about investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture among farmers’ organizations, NGOs, institutions and investors working in agriculture, especially in developing countries, as well as decision-makers and institutions in OECD-countries dealing with official development assistance (ODA).
Contribute to increased public and private investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
Consolidated Appeal for Djibouti 2012 Cap 2012 djiboutiParti Djibouti
The document provides details on organizations participating in the 2012 Consolidated Appeal for Djibouti. Over 200,000 vulnerable people are targeted for assistance, including 120,000 people in rural areas, 60,000 urban poor, and 26,000 refugees. A total funding request of $79 million is made to provide emergency humanitarian aid for food security, WASH, nutrition, health, early recovery, and refugee assistance programs over 12 months from January to December 2012. The appeal includes cluster response plans, a logical framework, and lists of participating organizations and projects.
Lack of access to water for irrigation drives many men in the Ganges basin to migrate for work in the dry season. Women left behind struggle to farm and remittances are insufficient to pull families out of poverty. Could more investment in water management help?
Non‐farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopiaessp2
1) The rural off-farm economy in Ethiopia contributes 18% of total rural income, with wage income making up 10%. Wage and enterprise income are especially important for the poor.
2) Between 2004-2015, real rural wages in Ethiopia increased 54% while urban wages rose 64%. Higher agricultural and economic growth have driven wage increases.
3) Rising rural wages could increase mechanization and herbicide use in agriculture while reducing poverty. However, Ethiopia's wages remain lower than other countries, potentially affecting labor-intensive industries.
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopiaessp2
Urbanization is driving agricultural transformation in Ethiopia. Proximity to urban centers has a strong positive effect on teff farmers through higher output prices, wages, and land rental rates ("indirect effect"). It also lowers transaction costs and increases access to information and markets for inputs ("direct effect"), leading to greater use of inputs, higher productivity, and profits. Urbanization benefits intensification of staple crop production unlike population pressure alone. Policy should focus on infrastructure, urban growth, and input/knowledge availability to maximize these benefits.
Rural labour markets in transforming agricultural economies the case of ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes findings from research on rural labor markets and off-farm income in Ethiopia's transforming agricultural economy. Key findings include:
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of total rural household income, with wage income contributing 10%. Off-farm income is especially important for poorer households.
2) Rural wages have increased by 70% between 2004-2018, driven by agricultural growth. Higher wages provide incentives for mechanization and use of herbicides in agriculture.
3) Wage increases are linked to poverty reduction, as wages and poverty are negatively correlated. Policy implications include supporting skills development and adoption of technologies to maintain Ethiopia's low-wage advantage as wages rise.
Economy-wide Effects of PSNP in the Small and in the Largeessp2
This document summarizes research on evaluating the economy-wide effects of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) at both the local and national levels. At the local level, the researchers used a Local Economy-Wide Impact Evaluation (LEWIE) model in 8 kebeles to estimate the effects of PSNP cash transfers and public works projects on output, incomes, and welfare. At the national level, they used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate PSNP's effects on production, incomes, consumption, trade and GDP across Ethiopia. The analysis found that PSNP increased local and national economic activity beyond direct beneficiaries, with total benefits exceeding total costs. PSNP was estimated to
Investments in small scale sustainable agricultureGian Paolo Pezzi
More and Better -Nov 10, 2017
This 32 page report gives an overview of the global situation of investments in agriculture. It provides examples from several countries and present recommendations for future investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
The aim of the report is to: Increase knowledge, awareness and discussions about investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture among farmers’ organizations, NGOs, institutions and investors working in agriculture, especially in developing countries, as well as decision-makers and institutions in OECD-countries dealing with official development assistance (ODA).
Contribute to increased public and private investments in small-scale sustainable agriculture.
Consolidated Appeal for Djibouti 2012 Cap 2012 djiboutiParti Djibouti
The document provides details on organizations participating in the 2012 Consolidated Appeal for Djibouti. Over 200,000 vulnerable people are targeted for assistance, including 120,000 people in rural areas, 60,000 urban poor, and 26,000 refugees. A total funding request of $79 million is made to provide emergency humanitarian aid for food security, WASH, nutrition, health, early recovery, and refugee assistance programs over 12 months from January to December 2012. The appeal includes cluster response plans, a logical framework, and lists of participating organizations and projects.
Lack of access to water for irrigation drives many men in the Ganges basin to migrate for work in the dry season. Women left behind struggle to farm and remittances are insufficient to pull families out of poverty. Could more investment in water management help?
The Role of Social Transfers and Rural Development Policies for Brazil's Smal...UNDP Policy Centre
edro Arruda, IPC-IG’s Research Associate, participated in the “Global Conference on Prosperity, Equality and Sustainability: Perpectives and Policies for a better World”, jointly organized by the Institute for Human Development and the World Bank Group, in New Delhi, India, from 1 to 3 June, 2016.
During the thematic session on Jobs and Economics, Mr. Arruda delivered a presentation on “The Role of Social Transfers and Rural Development Policies for Brazil’s Smallholding Farmers: An Assessment based on Flagship Policies” . The presentation is based on reports produced and recently released by the Centre, in partnership with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Non-farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopia essp2
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of rural household income in Ethiopia, with wage income contributing 10%. Agricultural wages are twice as important as non-agricultural wages.
2) Off-farm income and wages are most important for poorer households and play a significant role in livelihoods.
3) Rural wages have increased substantially in recent years, driven partly by agricultural growth performance. Real wages were 54% higher in 2015 compared to 2004.
Feminisation of agri, marginalisation_of_their_eco_stake 2005Sushil Kanathe
This document analyzes the increasing contribution of women to agricultural work in India while also highlighting their declining economic stake and marginalization. While women now make up a larger share of the agricultural workforce, they receive lower wages than men and have limited access to resources, credit, technology, education and better employment opportunities. Their work remains largely invisible and undervalued. As more men migrate out of agriculture for other jobs, women are left to take on more agricultural work with even less compensation. Overall, women's increasing role in agriculture has not improved their economic standing.
Food processing in developing countries: The case of ready-to-eat staple food...essp2
1. Ready-to-eat staple food markets are rapidly transforming in urban Ethiopia as the population grows and urbanizes. The market for prepared injera, a staple bread, has expanded significantly.
2. Injera-making microenterprises that employ women are proliferating in cities like Addis Ababa to meet demand. These businesses prepare injera using a mix of local teff and imported rice.
3. Large injera export markets are also emerging, with over $10 million in annual exports. The food processing sector in Ethiopia is undergoing significant changes with implications for trade, employment, and food security.
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia essp2
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in Africa and expected to triple urban populations by 2050. This study examines the impact of proximity to urban centers on Ethiopian farmers and their production of teff, Ethiopia's most important crop. The results show that closer proximity to cities has a strong, direct positive effect on farm prices, wages, land rental rates, input use, and profits. This is explained by lower transaction costs, increased monetization of factors like labor, and better access to information and knowledge in more urban areas. Ensuring access to markets through infrastructure and reducing transportation costs, as well as continued urban growth, could help drive agricultural transformation.
Presentación de Alain de Janvry (University of California at Berkeley) en el marco del taller de lanzamiento de la Alianza para la eliminación de la pobreza rural en América Latina, realizado en Santiago de Chile el 28 y 29 de agosto de 2017.
The future of sustainable livestock systems in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presented by Shirley Tarawali at the Expert dialogue: The future of sustainable agriculture. Let’s think about… livestock, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 28 June 2022
Assessing ex-ante impact of the complementary dairy improvement interventions...ILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta, Kidus Nigussie, Getachew Gebru, Solomon Desta and Barry Shapiro at the Annual Conference of Association of Agricultural Economists of South Africa (AEASA), South Africa, 8-10 October 2019
Livestock in ASEAN countries: Animal and human health and value chainsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger and Delia Grace at a webinar on 'The future of farming: Opportunities for Irish agritech in Southeast Asia', 27 May 2021.
The document summarizes a livestock livelihood program in the West Bank that supported over 4,000 households between 2006-2016. The program provided technical services through partners to enhance access to resources, empower women economically, develop value chains and markets. Key achievements included maintaining livelihood security for over 70% of herders and strengthening the lead partner as a service provider. However, success was constrained by Israeli restrictions and an emergency funding focus from donors. In the future, more sustainability-focused activities, gender analysis and advocacy are recommended.
Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food securityILRI
The document discusses trends in the global livestock sector and the role of smallholder producers in developing countries. It makes three key points:
1) Demand for animal-source foods will continue rising significantly in developing countries, where most production already occurs among smallholder farmers who both produce and consume locally.
2) Smallholder livestock systems present opportunities to address technical constraints around health, feed, genetics, and markets to boost production in a sustainable way that benefits livelihoods.
3) Coordinated efforts to improve smallholder and commercial systems can expand the supply of animal-source foods while transforming rural development.
No food security without food safety: Lessons from low- and middle-income cou...ILRI
ILRI is an international agricultural research organization that works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. ILRI has over 630 staff from over 30 countries working on projects related to animal and human health, sustainable livestock systems, policies and livelihoods, livestock genetics, and feed and forage development. ILRI conducts research at large campuses in Kenya and Ethiopia as well as regional and country offices in 14 countries. The presentation discusses the large health burden of foodborne diseases in developing countries and how they impact development, nutrition, livelihoods, and market access. It also examines where food and foodborne diseases originate from in developing countries and challenges with managing food
Developing a Livestock Agri-Food Systems Research Program for the CGIAR: Back...ILRI
This document discusses developing a livestock research program for the CGIAR. It begins by highlighting the importance of livestock to livelihoods, nutrition and economies in developing countries. Smallholder farmers currently produce most livestock. Three scenarios for meeting growing demand for livestock products are presented: importing, industrializing production, or transforming smallholder systems. Transforming smallholder systems in a sustainable way is argued to be the most feasible option.
The document then discusses organizing research around trajectories of livestock sector growth and challenges. Priority research areas are identified as sustainable intensification, resilience, genetics, health, feeds, environment and agri-food systems. Key criteria for selecting priority locations include opportunities for intensification, resilience and inclusion. Partnerships with other
Achieving Agenda 2030: Livestock research and the transformation of small-sca...ILRI
1) Global demand for meat, milk, and eggs is rising rapidly in developing countries, where smallholders currently produce much of the supply.
2) Transforming smallholder livestock production into a more productive and resilient system can help achieve several UN Sustainable Development Goals and benefit women and youth.
3) Livestock research plays a key role in this transformation by developing solutions to improve productivity, health, feeding, and management practices for smallholder farmers.
Mexico has implemented several key rural social programs to address food security and poverty:
1. PROGRESA/Oportunidades provides cash transfers to families conditional on health care and education to improve nutrition in the short-term.
2. PROCAMPO provides cash payments per hectare to farmers growing staple crops, benefiting smallholders but with funds concentrated among larger farms.
3. Other programs include Apoyo Alimentario providing food baskets or cash, MasAgro promoting sustainable agriculture, and PESA funding local development projects.
However, rural poverty and food insecurity remain challenges as economic growth and job creation have fallen short of goals while informal work and inequality are high. Trade
This document summarizes information from ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) about the role and importance of livestock globally. It makes three key points:
1. Livestock and animal source foods represent some of the most valuable global commodities, with an average annual value of $830 billion from 2007-2016. Demand for livestock products is projected to grow substantially in developing regions by 2030.
2. Livestock play a critical role in economies, livelihoods, and food security around the world. They contribute significantly to agricultural GDP and provide jobs and incomes. Over 70% of the world's rural poor rely on livestock.
3. While livestock bring opportunities, there are also challenges to be addressed
The Role of Social Transfers and Rural Development Policies for Brazil's Smal...UNDP Policy Centre
edro Arruda, IPC-IG’s Research Associate, participated in the “Global Conference on Prosperity, Equality and Sustainability: Perpectives and Policies for a better World”, jointly organized by the Institute for Human Development and the World Bank Group, in New Delhi, India, from 1 to 3 June, 2016.
During the thematic session on Jobs and Economics, Mr. Arruda delivered a presentation on “The Role of Social Transfers and Rural Development Policies for Brazil’s Smallholding Farmers: An Assessment based on Flagship Policies” . The presentation is based on reports produced and recently released by the Centre, in partnership with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Non-farm income and labor markets in rural Ethiopia essp2
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of rural household income in Ethiopia, with wage income contributing 10%. Agricultural wages are twice as important as non-agricultural wages.
2) Off-farm income and wages are most important for poorer households and play a significant role in livelihoods.
3) Rural wages have increased substantially in recent years, driven partly by agricultural growth performance. Real wages were 54% higher in 2015 compared to 2004.
Feminisation of agri, marginalisation_of_their_eco_stake 2005Sushil Kanathe
This document analyzes the increasing contribution of women to agricultural work in India while also highlighting their declining economic stake and marginalization. While women now make up a larger share of the agricultural workforce, they receive lower wages than men and have limited access to resources, credit, technology, education and better employment opportunities. Their work remains largely invisible and undervalued. As more men migrate out of agriculture for other jobs, women are left to take on more agricultural work with even less compensation. Overall, women's increasing role in agriculture has not improved their economic standing.
Food processing in developing countries: The case of ready-to-eat staple food...essp2
1. Ready-to-eat staple food markets are rapidly transforming in urban Ethiopia as the population grows and urbanizes. The market for prepared injera, a staple bread, has expanded significantly.
2. Injera-making microenterprises that employ women are proliferating in cities like Addis Ababa to meet demand. These businesses prepare injera using a mix of local teff and imported rice.
3. Large injera export markets are also emerging, with over $10 million in annual exports. The food processing sector in Ethiopia is undergoing significant changes with implications for trade, employment, and food security.
Cities and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia essp2
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in Africa and expected to triple urban populations by 2050. This study examines the impact of proximity to urban centers on Ethiopian farmers and their production of teff, Ethiopia's most important crop. The results show that closer proximity to cities has a strong, direct positive effect on farm prices, wages, land rental rates, input use, and profits. This is explained by lower transaction costs, increased monetization of factors like labor, and better access to information and knowledge in more urban areas. Ensuring access to markets through infrastructure and reducing transportation costs, as well as continued urban growth, could help drive agricultural transformation.
Presentación de Alain de Janvry (University of California at Berkeley) en el marco del taller de lanzamiento de la Alianza para la eliminación de la pobreza rural en América Latina, realizado en Santiago de Chile el 28 y 29 de agosto de 2017.
The future of sustainable livestock systems in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presented by Shirley Tarawali at the Expert dialogue: The future of sustainable agriculture. Let’s think about… livestock, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 28 June 2022
Assessing ex-ante impact of the complementary dairy improvement interventions...ILRI
Presented by Sirak Bahta, Kidus Nigussie, Getachew Gebru, Solomon Desta and Barry Shapiro at the Annual Conference of Association of Agricultural Economists of South Africa (AEASA), South Africa, 8-10 October 2019
Livestock in ASEAN countries: Animal and human health and value chainsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger and Delia Grace at a webinar on 'The future of farming: Opportunities for Irish agritech in Southeast Asia', 27 May 2021.
The document summarizes a livestock livelihood program in the West Bank that supported over 4,000 households between 2006-2016. The program provided technical services through partners to enhance access to resources, empower women economically, develop value chains and markets. Key achievements included maintaining livelihood security for over 70% of herders and strengthening the lead partner as a service provider. However, success was constrained by Israeli restrictions and an emergency funding focus from donors. In the future, more sustainability-focused activities, gender analysis and advocacy are recommended.
Ensuring livestock livelihoods and animal source food securityILRI
The document discusses trends in the global livestock sector and the role of smallholder producers in developing countries. It makes three key points:
1) Demand for animal-source foods will continue rising significantly in developing countries, where most production already occurs among smallholder farmers who both produce and consume locally.
2) Smallholder livestock systems present opportunities to address technical constraints around health, feed, genetics, and markets to boost production in a sustainable way that benefits livelihoods.
3) Coordinated efforts to improve smallholder and commercial systems can expand the supply of animal-source foods while transforming rural development.
No food security without food safety: Lessons from low- and middle-income cou...ILRI
ILRI is an international agricultural research organization that works to improve food security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. ILRI has over 630 staff from over 30 countries working on projects related to animal and human health, sustainable livestock systems, policies and livelihoods, livestock genetics, and feed and forage development. ILRI conducts research at large campuses in Kenya and Ethiopia as well as regional and country offices in 14 countries. The presentation discusses the large health burden of foodborne diseases in developing countries and how they impact development, nutrition, livelihoods, and market access. It also examines where food and foodborne diseases originate from in developing countries and challenges with managing food
Developing a Livestock Agri-Food Systems Research Program for the CGIAR: Back...ILRI
This document discusses developing a livestock research program for the CGIAR. It begins by highlighting the importance of livestock to livelihoods, nutrition and economies in developing countries. Smallholder farmers currently produce most livestock. Three scenarios for meeting growing demand for livestock products are presented: importing, industrializing production, or transforming smallholder systems. Transforming smallholder systems in a sustainable way is argued to be the most feasible option.
The document then discusses organizing research around trajectories of livestock sector growth and challenges. Priority research areas are identified as sustainable intensification, resilience, genetics, health, feeds, environment and agri-food systems. Key criteria for selecting priority locations include opportunities for intensification, resilience and inclusion. Partnerships with other
Achieving Agenda 2030: Livestock research and the transformation of small-sca...ILRI
1) Global demand for meat, milk, and eggs is rising rapidly in developing countries, where smallholders currently produce much of the supply.
2) Transforming smallholder livestock production into a more productive and resilient system can help achieve several UN Sustainable Development Goals and benefit women and youth.
3) Livestock research plays a key role in this transformation by developing solutions to improve productivity, health, feeding, and management practices for smallholder farmers.
Mexico has implemented several key rural social programs to address food security and poverty:
1. PROGRESA/Oportunidades provides cash transfers to families conditional on health care and education to improve nutrition in the short-term.
2. PROCAMPO provides cash payments per hectare to farmers growing staple crops, benefiting smallholders but with funds concentrated among larger farms.
3. Other programs include Apoyo Alimentario providing food baskets or cash, MasAgro promoting sustainable agriculture, and PESA funding local development projects.
However, rural poverty and food insecurity remain challenges as economic growth and job creation have fallen short of goals while informal work and inequality are high. Trade
This document summarizes information from ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) about the role and importance of livestock globally. It makes three key points:
1. Livestock and animal source foods represent some of the most valuable global commodities, with an average annual value of $830 billion from 2007-2016. Demand for livestock products is projected to grow substantially in developing regions by 2030.
2. Livestock play a critical role in economies, livelihoods, and food security around the world. They contribute significantly to agricultural GDP and provide jobs and incomes. Over 70% of the world's rural poor rely on livestock.
3. While livestock bring opportunities, there are also challenges to be addressed
Public spending on agriculture in Rwanda contributes substantially to economic growth, employment, poverty reduction, and improved diet quality. Modeling of Rwanda's current agricultural investment plan (PSTA 4) found that expenditures could be reallocated to have higher returns. Reallocating funds towards high-value crops like vegetables, coffee, and potatoes as well as small-scale irrigation projects could maximize outcomes. Additional public funding allocated efficiently, such as to agricultural research and development, irrigation, and terracing, could generate even greater gains across key development indicators over the long term.
Opportunities for public-private investment in animal health in developing co...ILRI
This document discusses opportunities for public-private investment in animal health in developing countries. It finds that demand for livestock products is growing significantly in developing countries, where smallholder producers will continue to supply the majority of production. Animal health constraints remain a major problem, but as smallholder systems commercialize, their need and demand for animal health inputs will increase. There are opportunities for synergistic public-private investments in animal health that can benefit both smallholder producers and the private sector.
Nick Juleff, Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationKisaco Research
The document provides an overview of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's livestock program. It discusses how livestock is important for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia as a source of income, nutrition, and financial security. The Foundation aims to support smallholder livestock farmers through research and development of vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics, as well as improved production, markets, and policies. Key priority countries, species, and functions are outlined.
Problems and challenges of animal husbandry extensionPreethi Sundar
This document discusses the problems and challenges of animal husbandry extension in India. It notes that the majority of the Indian population depends directly or indirectly on livestock, but that the livestock sector contributes only 4.4% to GDP. Many challenges are outlined, including how to effectively reach millions of livestock owners in diverse environments and improve their living standards with decreasing land availability. Other challenges include sustaining production with less land for fodder, changing public interest in livestock rearing, and addressing the information and technology needs of farmers and other target groups involved in the livestock sector.
Similar to Understanding the importance of the social and economic impact of PPR (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
A gentle push towards improved hygiene and food safety through ‘nudge’ interv...ILRI
Poster by Kristina Roesel, Steven Kakooza, Memory Chirwa, Denis Mugizi, Joshua Waiswa, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Dorothée Étienne, Imara Roychowdhury, Lillian Diaz and Elizabeth Cook presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
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Understanding the importance of the social and economic impact of PPR
1. Understanding the importance of the social and
economic impact of PPR
Nicoline de Haan, Pacem Kotchofa and Karl Rich
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Nairobi, Kenya and Dakar, Senegal
AGA presentation
22/05/20
Better lives through livestock
2. 2
Why is impact important
2 main reasons
Classic approach
- To understand the extent of the problem
New approach
- To build back better
Need both!
3. 3
SOCIAL and ECONOMIC impact
Understanding the
extent of the problem
better:
- To inform decision
making on funding
- To create awareness
and get funding
- To improve resource
allocation
A health approachAn economic approach
Understand
the context
Identify the weak
resource allocation
Understand
why it is weak
Reallocate resources
Adding value through
searching for optimality
A disease
becomes important
A strategy is
developed
An economic
justification is made
Disease programme begins
Adding value
through advocacy
Adapted from Rushton, 2017
4. 4
SOCIAL and ECONOMIC impact
To BUILD BACK better:
− To get a sense on who is affected
− How they are affected by the
disease
− Why they are affected
− Understanding incentives
− Targeting interventions
N
6. 5
Understanding the importance of people in PPR
THE PEOPLE
their decisions and trade offs
how do we align the decision for PPR control
7. 6
• PEOPLE in PPR – not stakeholders or actors but people who make
DECISIONS in any PPR disease control strategy
PPR ECOSYSTEM
• International community: PPR GEP and GREN, FAO DG, research organizations
• Governments: notifiable or not, who can vaccine, or make it compulsory
• Livestock owners: pay for vaccine or comply to take their animals to be vaccinated
• Producers and suppliers of vaccines
• Others: development agencies/aggregate companies
Understanding the importance of the people in PPR
10. 9
Millions
Number of rural poor livestock keepers (living below $2 income per day) in 2010
LIVELIHOOD PORTFOLIO
Source: WEF 2019 Meat: options for the livestock sector development in development and emerging economies to 2030 and beyond
11. 10
FUNCTIONS OF KEEPING LIVESTOCK IN ETHIOPIA
Farming systems
Smallholder (n=178) Pastoral/extensive (n=198)
Hsh a Hsh b Ranking Hsh a Hsh b Ranking
Regular cash income 107 69 0.20 149 80 0.22
Meat 138 16 0.19 156 22 0.16
Insurance/emergency 104 62 0.18 128 59 0.17
Manure 146 6 0,17 106 1 0.09
Planned investment 52 14 0.07 71 6 0.05
Ceremonies/Celebratio
n
73 1 0.07 141 3 0.10
Wool 21 7 0.03 44 13 0.05
Dowry 39 1 0.03 79 0 0.04
Cultural rites 12 0 0.01 62 2 0.04
Milk 8 1 0.01 29 11 0.03
Skin 35 0 0.02 30 0 0.01
Breeding 10 0 0.01 15 0 0.01
Other 24 1 0.01 46 1 0.04
Purpose of keeping sheep and the ranking of the importance of these purposes by farming systems in Kenya (Kosgey 2008)
12. 11
Multifunctionality of small holder systems
Multifunctionality
Of the animal
Of the herd composition
Of farming
determines extent of impact and approach to
building back better through incentives and
targeting
13. The OWNER
• Why is this important for PPR
disease management and build
back better?
• Smaller animal
• Limited political power
• Often a woman
14. 13
Differences in the approach
A health approachAn economic approach
Understand
the context
Identify the weak
resource allocation
Understand
why it is weak
Reallocate resources
Adding value
through searching for
optimality
A disease
becomes important
A strategy is
developed
An economic
justification is made
Disease programme begins
Adding value
through
advocacy
Adapted from Rushton, 2017
Gender outcome identified
Gender issues identified
A strategy is developed
Reconsider targeting?
Adding value
through targeting
and
inclusion/equity
A gender approach
15. 14
GENDER: MAKING THE INVISIBLE/VISIBLE
• Of the >750 million poor livestock keepers in the world, about two-
thirds are rural women.
• Women provide labor (20-60%) in livestock production. Men sell the
livestock and are in control of the returns. Women often do not get a
fair return for the labor they have provided.
• Women also do not have same access to information, credit, land, water,
animal health care to ensure productive animals.
• Women already manage the animals, give them the tools to do it better
16. 15
ALLIES IN animal health management?
Small ruminant for (economic) empowerment of women
• Women can own small ruminants easily – unlike land, which needs a
title deed
• Goats are an “ATM” – providing constant income: for household
nutrition and education; for start up investments.
• Small ruminants self-propagate so can multiply easily, no new
investments required.
• Women can take their small ruminants with them in case of divorce or
conflict.
• Small ruminants provides opportunities and approaches to move
women up on either the livestock or livelihoods ladder.
17. 16
GENDER AND PPR projects
• IDRC: ($6.3 million investment – 300K for ILRI)
• Transforming the vaccine delivery system for chickens and goats in
Ghana: what approaches and what benefits for women? Women as
consumers and entrepreneurs in vaccine value chains
• PRAPS: gender audit (gender projects in 6 countries)
• ECO- PPR: gender post doc – EU IFAD
18. 17
A typical goat and sheep marketing value chain in Ethiopia
Ancillary
services
IMPACT OF DISEASE at VALUE CHAIN LEVEL
19. 18
A “simple” value chainFarm
Intermediaries
Processors
Retailers
Products
Products
Products
Products
IMPACT OF DISEASE at VALUE CHAIN LEVEL
Rich, K.M. 2018. Animal disease control and value chain practices: a systems thinking approach. Invited speaker for the ERIAH (Economic Reasoning in Animal Health)
conference, Montpellier, France, 15 May 2018.
21. 20
Use of a social accounting matrix (SAM) to quantify economywide
effects of PPR-induced supply shocks (case studies of Ethiopia and Burkina Faso)
Basic structure of a SAM
Source: Breisinger et al., 2010, Social accounting matrices and multiplier analysis, An Introduction with Exercises. www.ifpri.org
Framework on IMPACT OF DISEASE at NATIONAL LEVEL
22. 21
Recent SAMs allow for greater disaggregation of livestock (sheep and goats as
separate economic sectors)
Jones et al. (2016) – application in quantifying benefits to PPR eradication
Types of impacts (based on a shock to animals killed by PPR):
• Sectoral impacts (change in economic output)
• Employment impacts (change in # of jobs)
• GDP impacts
• Livelihoods impacts (change in income by quartile/rural vs. urban)
Framework on IMPACT OF DISEASE at NATIONAL LEVEL
23. 22
SAM Results – Ethiopia (1)
Based on a 5% negative shock to the volume of sheep and goats due to PPR:
A reduction in GDP at factor cost (before taxes) of 0.34% and a reduction in
agricultural GDP of 0.47%
Output losses (% change in value terms)
• Goats: -3.8%
• Sheep: -3.3%
• Feed: -1.3%
• Sorghum: -0.44%
• Maize: -0.40%
• Wheat: -0.40%
Downstream effects on non-agricultural sectors (services, transport, etc.) range
from -0.01% (public administration) to -0.32% (other services)
24. 23
SAM results – Ethiopia (2)
Based on a 5% negative shock to the volume of sheep and goats due to PPR:
A reduction in jobs of nearly 220,000 (-0.5%), concentrated in the sheep (38,575
jobs lost, -4.7%) and goats (36,435 jobs lost, -4.8%) sectors, plus losses in the
cereals, feeds, and livestock sectors:
• Enset (-12,084 jobs, -1%);
• Maize (-14,657 jobs, -0.6%);
• Sorghum (-19,735 jobs, -0.6%);
• Milk (-2,547 jobs, -0.82%);
• Feed (-1,042 jobs, -0.9%)
25. 24
SAM results – Ethiopia (3)
Based on a 5% negative shock to the volume of sheep and goats due to PPR:
Livelihoods impacts (% change in income)
Household category Rural farm
households
Rural non-farm
households
Urban households
Poorest quintile -0.45% -0.29% -0.36%
Quintile 2 -0.42% -0.24% -0.31%
Quintile 3 -0.39% -0.21% -0.26%
Quintile 4 -0.36% -0.19% -0.23%
Quintile 5 -0.27% -0.16% -0.17%
26. 25
Extent of impact and ability to build back better
• Impact and smallholder NOT homogenous
• Targeting
• Incentives
• Need a mosaic approach and closer
approach with epidemiologists and vets
28. 27
Final thoughts
• Need to understand impact – as a tool to do the job better
• Better impact of disease studies
• Comparable studies
• Different levels
• Linking with advocacy
• Link with better approaches
• Owner and a whole package to improve their system
• Link with policy makers: what data do they need
• Social factors leading to emergence/endemic of the disease
• Surveillance and transboundary
29. 28
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GO TO:
Barbara Wieland, Michel Dione, Bernard Bett, Henry Kiara, Delia
Randolph, Mireille Ferrari, Jonathan Rushton, Anni McLeod
For the invitation and to you for listening!
30. About 620 ILRI staff work in Africa and Asia to enhance incomes and livelihoods, improve food security, and reduce
disease and environmental degradation. Australian animal scientist and Nobel Prize laureate Peter Doherty serves
as ILRI’s patron. Organizations that fund ILRI through their contributions to CGIAR make ILRI’s work possible.
Organizations that partner ILRI in its mission make livestock research for development a reality.
Contact us: www.ilri.org • info@ilri.org
This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
Nicoline de Haan:
n.dehaan@cgiar.org
Pacem Kotchofa
P.Kotchofa@cgiar.org
Karl Rich
k.rich@cgiar.org