edro Arruda, IPC-IG’s Research Associate, participated in the “Global Conference on Prosperity, Equality and Sustainability: Perpectives and Policies for a better World”, jointly organized by the Institute for Human Development and the World Bank Group, in New Delhi, India, from 1 to 3 June, 2016.
During the thematic session on Jobs and Economics, Mr. Arruda delivered a presentation on “The Role of Social Transfers and Rural Development Policies for Brazil’s Smallholding Farmers: An Assessment based on Flagship Policies” . The presentation is based on reports produced and recently released by the Centre, in partnership with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Rural well-being: Geography of opportunitiesOECDregions
Presentation made at the launch of the OECD publication Rural well-being: Geography of opportunities on 5 October 2020. Find out more: https://oe.cd/3g4
More about OECD work on rural development: http://www.oecd.org/regional/rural-development/
Rural well-being: Geography of opportunities
Rural development national policy: ChileOECDregions
Presentation made by Minister of Agriculture, Antonio Walker Prieto at the launch of the OECD publication, Rural Well-being: Geography of Opportunities on 5 October 2020.
More information about the book: oe.cd/3g5
More information about OECD work on rural development: oe.cd/3gt
Presentation on technological change in rural areas under Pillar 1.A. at the 12th OECD Rural Development Conference on Delivering Well-being, 24-26 September 2019, Seoul Korea. Presentation by Ms. María Emilia Undurraga, Ministry of Agriculture, Chile
More information: https://www.oecd.org/rural/rural-development-conference/
Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil?UNDP Policy Centre
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Covid19 and the peripheries: Opportunities and threatsOECDregions
Presentation made at the launch of the OECD publication, Rural Well-being: Geography of Opportunities on 5 October 2020. Presentation by by Alessandra Faggian, Gran Sasso Science Institute
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Rural well-being: Geography of opportunitiesOECDregions
Presentation made at the launch of the OECD publication Rural well-being: Geography of opportunities on 5 October 2020. Find out more: https://oe.cd/3g4
More about OECD work on rural development: http://www.oecd.org/regional/rural-development/
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More information about OECD work on rural development: oe.cd/3gt
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More information: https://www.oecd.org/rural/rural-development-conference/
Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil?UNDP Policy Centre
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A presentation by the UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) on the food security policy context in Brazil and its effects on poverty reduction and hunger alleviation.
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See http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/our-media/events for more development research events from IDS
Neoliberalism and aggravation of social problems in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The neoliberal economic model implemented in 1990 is largely responsible for worsening Brazil's social problems today. Social devastation has been the main result of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by Presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, Dilma Roussef, Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. The current economic recession, social inequality, mass unemployment and the extreme poverty of the country demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in Brazil. The social devastation suffered by Brazil with social inequality, mass unemployment and extreme poverty is demonstrated through indicators of concentration of income, unemployment, social inequality and extreme poverty.
WORKSHOP
Linkages of Agriculture, Nutrition and Economic Development
Co-Organized by IFPRI, UPNG, INA, Australian National University, and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
JUN 12, 2019 - 09:00 AM TO 12:30 PM +10
The economic and social situation in Brazil now is quite serious because the failure in social progress is added to the failure in economic progress with the economic stagnation that generates mass unemployment. This situation resulted from the fact that no governments of Brazil since 1990 planned the development of the Brazilian economy because they obeyed what the Washington Consensus establishes by adopting the neoliberal economic model that does not allow effective State intervention in the economy. In our book, Os fatores condicionantes do desenvolvimento econômico e social (The conditioning factors for economic and social development), published by Editora CRV de Curitiba in 2012, we emphasize the need for government planning to avoid anarchy in the economic activity typical of the governments of capitalist countries that only intervene in the economy at times of crisis. In that book, we affirm that in the process of governmental planning, “in the design of a country's developmental policies, it is necessary to identify the internal and external factors that condition economic and social development, and then to characterize those that are booster and restrictive”.
Brazil poverty and inequality. Where to next?Oxfam Brasil
This paper brings a multidimensional analysis of poverty and inequality in Brazil by presenting data for key indicators in recent years, exploring the main policies that contributed to or hindered progress, and indicating challenges and possible ways forward.
Despite very significant advancements in recent years, Brazil still faces severe problems and urgent challenges. By looking at the reality
of income, jobs, taxation, health, education, land distribution, food and nutrition, and citizen participation in the country, the analysis
presented here outlines areas where structural changes or specific policies are still needed, and also points to ways of perfecting
successful initiatives already in place.
This is important not only because Brazil still has a long way to go in terms of poverty and inequality reduction, but also due to the country’s growing influence in the international arena. Either by governmental engagement in bilateralism and multilateralism, or by activities of private actors supported (or not discouraged) by the government, Brazil’s development model already has significant impacts on other countries, especially in Latin America and Africa.
Naturally, in one single paper it is not possible to explore all the factors examined here with the level of detail that they deserve. However,
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Study guide ecosoc topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
Rotaract Global Model United Nations; Belgrade 26 – 30 August, 2015
Chair: Natalia Hermida, Co-Chair: Elisavet Dravalou
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
TOPIC AREA A: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF EBOLA
ON THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR AN
EFFICIENT AND MULTI-SECTORAL RESPONSE.
Dr. Douglas Southgate - More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050John Blue
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More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Understanding the importance of the social and economic impact of PPRILRI
Presented by Nicoline de Haan, Pacem Kotchofa and Karl Rich at the “FAO AGA webinar on Understanding the Importance of the Social and Economic Impact of PPR ” 22 May 2020
A presentation by the UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) on the food security policy context in Brazil and its effects on poverty reduction and hunger alleviation.
Presentation by Professor Zuo Ting,
Department of Development Management
College of Humanities and Development
China Agricultural University
Part of the Institute of Development Studies' China and Development Seminar Series
See http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/our-media/events for more development research events from IDS
Neoliberalism and aggravation of social problems in brazilFernando Alcoforado
The neoliberal economic model implemented in 1990 is largely responsible for worsening Brazil's social problems today. Social devastation has been the main result of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by Presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva, Dilma Roussef, Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro. The current economic recession, social inequality, mass unemployment and the extreme poverty of the country demonstrate the infeasibility of the neoliberal model implemented in Brazil. The social devastation suffered by Brazil with social inequality, mass unemployment and extreme poverty is demonstrated through indicators of concentration of income, unemployment, social inequality and extreme poverty.
WORKSHOP
Linkages of Agriculture, Nutrition and Economic Development
Co-Organized by IFPRI, UPNG, INA, Australian National University, and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
JUN 12, 2019 - 09:00 AM TO 12:30 PM +10
The economic and social situation in Brazil now is quite serious because the failure in social progress is added to the failure in economic progress with the economic stagnation that generates mass unemployment. This situation resulted from the fact that no governments of Brazil since 1990 planned the development of the Brazilian economy because they obeyed what the Washington Consensus establishes by adopting the neoliberal economic model that does not allow effective State intervention in the economy. In our book, Os fatores condicionantes do desenvolvimento econômico e social (The conditioning factors for economic and social development), published by Editora CRV de Curitiba in 2012, we emphasize the need for government planning to avoid anarchy in the economic activity typical of the governments of capitalist countries that only intervene in the economy at times of crisis. In that book, we affirm that in the process of governmental planning, “in the design of a country's developmental policies, it is necessary to identify the internal and external factors that condition economic and social development, and then to characterize those that are booster and restrictive”.
Brazil poverty and inequality. Where to next?Oxfam Brasil
This paper brings a multidimensional analysis of poverty and inequality in Brazil by presenting data for key indicators in recent years, exploring the main policies that contributed to or hindered progress, and indicating challenges and possible ways forward.
Despite very significant advancements in recent years, Brazil still faces severe problems and urgent challenges. By looking at the reality
of income, jobs, taxation, health, education, land distribution, food and nutrition, and citizen participation in the country, the analysis
presented here outlines areas where structural changes or specific policies are still needed, and also points to ways of perfecting
successful initiatives already in place.
This is important not only because Brazil still has a long way to go in terms of poverty and inequality reduction, but also due to the country’s growing influence in the international arena. Either by governmental engagement in bilateralism and multilateralism, or by activities of private actors supported (or not discouraged) by the government, Brazil’s development model already has significant impacts on other countries, especially in Latin America and Africa.
Naturally, in one single paper it is not possible to explore all the factors examined here with the level of detail that they deserve. However,
it is possible to present an overall picture, point to the most significant trends, and indicate key areas of concern for those who are willing to promote social justice – helping to draw comprehensive frameworks for action.
Study guide ecosoc topic-area-a rotaract global mun 2015Adrian Dan Pop
Rotaract Global Model United Nations; Belgrade 26 – 30 August, 2015
Chair: Natalia Hermida, Co-Chair: Elisavet Dravalou
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
TOPIC AREA A: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF EBOLA
ON THE AFFECTED COUNTRIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR AN
EFFICIENT AND MULTI-SECTORAL RESPONSE.
Dr. Douglas Southgate - More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050John Blue
More than Nine Billion to Feed in 2050 - Dr. Douglas Southgate, Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Understanding the importance of the social and economic impact of PPRILRI
Presented by Nicoline de Haan, Pacem Kotchofa and Karl Rich at the “FAO AGA webinar on Understanding the Importance of the Social and Economic Impact of PPR ” 22 May 2020
The role of an NGO is vital in the progress of a socio-economic environment like India. Support Akshaya Patra and secure the future of Indian children.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has open-access nature of IJAAST fosters global collaboration. Researchers from diverse geographical locations can engage with and build upon each other's work, transcending borders to collectively address the challenges and opportunities in agricultural science and technology.
PRESIDENT LULA AND HIS CHALLENGES TO GOVERN.pdfFaga1939
President-elect Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva faces six major challenges: 1) Uniting the deeply divided Brazilian people; 2) Rebuild the country after the devastation produced by the Bolsonaro government; 3) Reactivate the stagnant economy since 2014; 4) Eliminate poverty in Brazil; 5) Preserve the environment devastated during the Bolsonaro government; and, 6) Strengthen democracy threatened by neo-fascism in Brazil. The challenge of uniting the Brazilian people is fundamental because President Lula will only be able to govern the country and strengthen democracy if he puts into practice a government plan that meets the interests of the entire Brazilian population, rebuilds the country, reactivates the economy, assist the socially disinherited and preserve the environment.
Causes of and Strategies out of poverty in Brazil. Econometric analysis of the 2012 Brazilian National Sample Survey (PNAD) and continuation of David Lam and Deborah Levison's analysis from their 1992 paper: Age, Experience, and Schooling: Decomposing Earnings Inequality in the United States and Brazil, and Lorene Yap's 1976 paper: Internal Migration and Economic Development in Brazil.
Progress Report of Implementating Sustainable Development Goals in 2018.
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres has issued the advance unedited version of the 2018 edition of his yearly report on progress towards the SDGs. The report is based on selected SDG indicators for which data were available, using the latest data as of 10 May 2018.
The report titled, ‘Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals,’ is produced to inform the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). The global indicator framework used in the report was developed by the UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDGs), and later adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in July 2017 (resolution 71/313).
Strategy of bangladesh to face coronavirusM S Siddiqui
If widespread social distancing must be pursue, then effective steps must be made to get food, fuel, and cash into the hands of the people most at risk of hunger and deprivation. This is especially challenging in countries without well-developed social protection infrastructure. The government has taken a right decision based on economic benefits and support system to the needy people. Let us hope for the best.
The role of public finance in Health, education, residence, poverty, women empowerment, technology, finance & banking, agriculture, export and import facility advancement in the rural area of Bangladesh through statistical and historical data.
South african welfare state and the demographic dividend's window of opportunityFabio Torreggiani
In this paper, I analysed the main characteristics of the South African Welfare State in terms of inputs and outputs of the key policies usually identified by the literature to be useful to exploit a demographic dividend. In particular, I focused on the state of the labour market, the social assistance policies and the education and healthcare systems. To do this I studied some quantitative indicators of both inputs and outputs and I reported the qualitative analysis of some other articles of these individuals sectors. The conclusion is that, despite some important progress made by the democratic governments, there are many improvements needed to create a consistent and inclusive growth.
Poverty implicates a condition where people are unable to afford the minimal standards of food, clothing, healthcare, education, and also not capable to continue traditions that are important to them. Poverty reduction strategies now receive high attention across the world because of the negative impact on the individual and national prosperity. The average poverty rate of about 68.40 percent is a clear indication that a majority of Nigerian citizens sleep below the poverty line despite the presence of poverty reduction programmes. The exploratory research method was deployed for the study in an attempt to explore the impact of NEEDS as a poverty reduction strategy in Nigeria. Through statistical analysis, it was found that NEEDS has not made significant positive impact on poverty reduction in Nigeria.
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1. The Role of Social Transfers and Rural Development Policies for Brazil’s
Smallholding Farmers: An Assessment Based on 11 Flagship Policies
Pedro Arruda (IPC-IG, UNDP)1
Fernando Gaiger Silveira (IPEA)
Izabelle Vieira (Consultora)
Simone Battestin (Consultora)
Sergei Soares (IPEA)
Áquila Estevão Campos (IPEA-bolsista)
Wesley Silva (Consultor)
This text is based on reports produced by the IPC-IG in attendance to a demand by the IFAD (Cf. GAIGER et
al, 2016; SOARES et al, 2016). Some integral parts of this text were extracted from the IPC-IG/ FIDA
publications. This article will also be published as a Working Paper by the IPC-IG.
Plese find the full texts at: www.ipc-undp.org
1
Pedro.arruda@ipc-undp.org
2. INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF EXISTING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES
WORK OF REFENCE: GRISA, C.; SCHINEIDER, S. (2015). Três gerações de políticas públicas para a
agricultura familiar e formas de interação entre sociedade e Estado no Brasil. In: C. Grisa & S. Schneider
(orgs.). Políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural no Brasil. Porto Alegre: Editora da UFRGS, 2015. pp.19-
50.
Since the second half of the 1950s, the Brazilian government has sought the industrialisation of the
country, investing in state infrastructure, modifying the existing industrial structure, articulating private
national and international capital, formulating macroeconomic and sectorial policies and emphasising
the constitution of an industrial economy (Delgado 2010).
In the early 1960s, this strategy faces a crisis due to factors such as food shortages in the country, the
rise of inflation, the depletion of the capacity of importing fundamental goods for industrialisation and
the rising criticisms regarding the path of industrialisation, considered dependent and exclusive
(Coelho 2001; Castro 1984 apud Grisa and Schneider 2015).
3. INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF EXISTING POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES
Out of this crisis, two benchmarks arise in the public agenda: Core structural reforms (disregarded) vs
CONSERVATIVE MODERNIZATION – Export oriented agri-business of South and Southeast Brazil
(institutionalized).
The re-democratisation of the 1980s + ‘Adverse’ liberalization of the 1990 set demand for the Pronaf, in the
1990s – inaugurating the so called first generation of family farming policies: to ‘cover marked failures’.
Set of Cash Transfers that were unified and improved to be turned in Bolsa Familia CCT.
Second generation – territorial improvement and access to assets: Ex: Pronat/ PTC / MCMV Rural/
Garantia Safra
Third generation - construction of markets for food security and environmental sustainability. PAA /
PNAE/ Cultural and Identity Seals / Biofuels
4. CURRENT PROFILE OF BRAZIL’S RURAL WORLD
Graph 1 – Percentage of the poor population, by groups of
household – Brazil, 2013
Source: Soares et al (2016)
Graph 2 – Percentage of the extreme poor population, by groups
of household – Brazil, 2013
Source: Soares et al (2016)
5. CURRENT PROFILE OF BRAZIL’S RURAL WORLD
Graph 3 – Brazil’s population structure according to household
groups – Brazil, 2013
Source: Soares et al (2015)
Table 1 – Rural economic participation rates, considering the
population engaged on agricultural jobs and the main
agricultural income – Brazil, 2013.
Ano
taxa de
atividade rural
renda do
trabalho
principal
agrícola
% pop
ocupada na
agricultura
2004 66,2% 576,66 27,1%
2005 66,9% 592,19 26,3%
2006 65,2% 621,76 24,5%
2007 63,6% 662,41 22,9%
2008 62,3% 687,60 21,4%
2009 61,7% 687,13 20,7%
2011 58,3% 777,48 18,7%
2012 57,3% 838,46 17,1%
2013 56,8% 888,51 17,0%
Sourcee: PNAD 2013
6. CURRENT PROFILE OF BRAZIL’S RURAL WORLD
Table 2 - Size of public policies for rural development and combating poverty, Brazil, North and Northeast regions, as per most recent
data for each programme. Number of benefits paid (thousands), amounts paid (BRL millions)
Policies – Programmes
Brazil Northeast North
Number of benefits or
contracts
Amount
Number of benefits or
contracts
Amount
Number of benefits
or contracts
Amount
Social Security (2012 – Dec 2012)
Retirement pensions and assistance 25,176 278,778 6,561 57,288 1,074 9,459
Rural retirements and other rural pensions 8,482 60,945 4,112 28,707 712 4,831
BPC (2014 - Dec 2014) 4,130 35,141 1,500 12,741 414 3,520
Bolsa Família (2014 – June 2015)
Total 13,717 27,186 6,915 14,120 1,646 5,595
Rural 3,744 8,422 2,455 5,595 522 1,365
Pronaf (2014)
Funding 615 10,152 51 461 15,741 267
Investment 1,224 14,596 773 2,994 87,623 1,783
PAA (2013) 96 467 37 180
PNAE (2013) 3,693 1,138 253
Family farming 2,474 660 152
Harvest Insurance (2013/14) 909 773 868 738
Cisterns (2013) 77 74
Total 2003–2013 1,049 966
Green Grant (2014) 37 11 5 2 29 9
Closed-season assistance (2014) 861 2,355 437 1,195 293 802
December 2014 168
Subtotal (rural/agricultural + BPC) 97,840 39,194 8,587
Total 338,010 77,972 18,347
Source: INCRA Administrative records, MPS, MMA, MEC, Brazilian Transparency Portal.
Note: BPC = Benefício de Prestação Continuada.
7. CURRENT PROFILE OF BRAZIL’S RURAL WORLD
Together, the funds allocated to these policies in amount to almost BRL350 billion annually.
Benefits specifically targeting rural areas and populations connected to agricultural production total
BRL140 billion (40 per cent), a proportion that is closer to the social relevance of family farmers and
people living in rural areas than to their economic importance.
The amount of expenses included in Table 2, BRL338 billion, amounted to about 7 per cent of Brazil’s
gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Expenditures were concentrated in the North and Northeast
regions, where spending on these policies amounted to BRL18 and BRL78 billion, respectively, which
in turn amounted to 7 per cent and 12 per cent, respectively, of the GDP of these regions in 2012.
Viewed as a share of the GDP of the rural/agricultural universe, the resources spent (including
policies) represent 31 per cent, 27 per cent and 82 per cent for the whole country, North and
Northeast, respectively.
In the case of the Northeast region, there are more than 4 million rural retirement and other pensions
being paid, almost 2.5 million rural families receiving the Bolsa Família, 800,000 micro investment
contracts for poor family farmers, nearly 1 million farmers supported by the Garantia Safra (Harvest
Insurance) and 500,000 fisherfolk with guaranteed income during the closed season.
For the whole Northeast (not just the rural population), there are 6.5 million retirement/other pensions
and assistance, 7 million families receiving the Bolsa Família and 1.5 million beneficiaries of the
Benefício de Prestação Continuada.
8. CURRENT PROFILE OF BRAZIL’S RURAL WORLD
There are four important changes:
1) a decrease in wage-earning agricultural labour and self-employed work, due to the deepening impacts of
the technological model;
2) the removal from activity of workers employed precariously: unpaid workers, young people and women;
3) a significant expansion of formalisation among wage-earning employees, with formalisation rates going
from 33 per cent to 50 per cent;
4) an increase in the number of individuals engaged in production for self-consumption, especially in
households whose members engaged in agriculture do not receive monetary income
9. MAIN FEATURES OF FLAGSHIP RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMMES
Land Reform: Turned into colonization and lacks development support.
Land Reform Education Programme: Little coverage and doesn’t really re-engage adults who dropped
school in the past.
Credit Land reform: Little coverage, risk of excessive debt, but positive to prevent land-fragmentation due
to succession.
Pronaf: Regional and plutocratic bias, and fails to promote productive changes.
PAA: Little coverage and struggles to accommodate the poorer farmers.
PNAE: Struggles to accommodate the poorer farmers.
Garantia Safra: in practice, works as social assistance mora than rural development policy. Fails to lead to
productive changes.
Bolsa Família: vast coverage and overall positive, but not sufficient, impacts on human development-related
aspects
Social Pension: Much more substantial benefit than that of Bolsa Familia, basically shields households from
extreme poverty.
Cisterns: Took over 7 years to ‘take-off’, but now seems positive on both results and processes.
Green Grant: Small coverage, but seemingly positive environmental effects.
10. THE PERSPECTIVE OF A TWO-PRONGED DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
It purports that development must be sought by concentrating social assistance grants on poor and
vulnerable farmers so that they can be relocated to other activities (presumably becoming employees of
the agribusiness, engaging in pluriactivity, or merely migrating to seek urban opportunities).
Simultaneously, agricultural support in the form of credit, assets and access to markets, must be solely
concentrated on the agribusiness sector and on the best performing family farmers.
Impossibility of small-farming given supposedly unique productivity concentration: According to
the 2006 census, just under 30,000 establishments account for half of the country’s agricultural gross
value added (GVA), while the 3 million farms with gross income of no more than two minimum wages
account for just over 3 per cent of that amount (Navarro and Campos 2014).
Reducing weight of land-possession on productivity equations, on the food security framework, and on
rural poverty more broadly.
11. THE ‘PEASANT’S RESILIENCE’ PERSPECTIVE
It is unfair to deny the role of smallholding farm in the agribusiness-boom (ex: seasonal work, ‘subsidised
labour-market’, etc)
“In light of all of the above, then, it becomes clear that the two-pronged development hypothesis is not
only a case of misplaced fatalism but also a typical return to a dualistic view of rural Brazil that ignores
the intrinsic relationships between its different sectors and agents”.
10 per cent of the wage-earning labour in Brazilian agriculture lives in agricultural households they own;
it is also noteworthy that around a quarter of such labour comes from urban households.
Smalholding farm also expanded its productivity, even if at slower paces than the agribusiness
The singularity of the productivity concentration is questionable since it is based on cross sectional data for
one year only (only considering 2006, even though the Agricultural Census was also available for 1995/6
and 1985). How come one affirm that without longitudinal data? Meanwhile, no structural indicator of
Brazilian rural world has substantially shifted (ex: Gini of the earth kept at around 0.855 between 1985 and
2006)
12. THE ‘PEASANT’S RESILIENCE’ PERSPECTIVE
Data sources downplay the productivity of smallholding farm by not considering imputed rent and other
aspects peculiar to this form of sociability
about 40 per cent of the income earned by these families comes from non-monetary sources: home
ownership and own production.
Hoffmann (2011) estimated earnings equations using data from the 2009 PNAD, and concluded that “there is
no doubt regarding the major importance of the size of the land as a determining factor of the income earned
by individuals engaged in Brazilian agriculture, along with whether or not said individual is the owner of the
land”
Sergei et al (2016) show that almost 90% of the rural poverty is concentrated on rural micro-properties and
landless farmers
Hoffman and others show how HDI and life-expectancy have strong correlation with land-possession for the
case of rural population.
13. CONCLUDING REMARKS
On the one hand, one must recognize that productivity-focused programmes have not been effective in their
goals of maintaining employment in the field (since some 3.5 million jobs have been eliminated in self-
employed households) or creating opportunities for the poorest farmers (given that poverty remained at the same
levels in pluriactive households and that the size of this group has actually increased in relation to other
rural/agricultural population segments). On the other hand, it is not known for certain to what extent these
failures are incorrigible, or even to what extent they are not the result of an implicit two-pronged development
interpretation that skews and limits such policies from design to operation.